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Mangeri L, Righi F, Benevenia R, Galuppini E, Tilola M, Bertasi B, Tranquillo V, Rubini S, Losio MN, Filipello V. Monitoring and Genotyping of Norovirus in Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish from Northern Italian Seas (2018-2020). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:27-35. [PMID: 37878812 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric virus with foodborne transmission. Bivalve shellfish are a main source of infections and outbreaks. In Italy a voluntary based monitoring plan to check the safety of bivalve shellfish was set up at provincial level. This study describes the occurrence and distribution of NoV in the Northern Adriatic Sea and in the Ligurian Sea. From October 2018 to September 2020, 807 bivalve shellfish samples (n = 205 oysters, n = 182 mussels, n = 348 clams, n = 72 other bivalve shellfish) were tested by One-Step Retrotranscription Real-time polymerase chain reaction for NoV GI and GII and quantified according to the ISO 15216-2:2013 and ISO 15216-1:2017. Positive samples were further analyzed to determine genotype by sequencing of the ORF1/ORF2 junction of the viral genome. A total of 126 samples were positive for NoV, mussels, and oysters had the highest probability of being positive and positive samples were found mainly in the colder season. Of these samples, 46% were NoV GII, 13% NoV GI, and 40% carried both genogroups. Thirty-seven samples were typeable (GI n = 12 and GII n = 25) with GI samples belonging to four genotypes and GII samples belonging to five genotypes. GII.3 genotype was the most prevalent, followed by GII.4, particularly Sydney 2012 subtype, a leading cause of infections worldwide, was found in three oysters' and three clams' samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a high heterogeneity among the species that are scattered in several clusters. Considering the low infectious dose the overall presence of NoV in edible shellfish, particular those to be eaten raw or undercooked, is moderately high. The presence of genotypes frequently involved in human infections strengthens the need for ongoing monitoring, which should be extended at national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mangeri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Benevenia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Galuppini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Tilola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Vito Tranquillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Silva Rubini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Cassana, Italy
| | - Marina Nadia Losio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
| | - Virginia Filipello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Milano, Italy
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Arnaboldi S, Benevenia R, Bertasi B, Galuppini E, Mangeri L, Tilola M, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS, Stroppa A, Varisco G. Validation of a real-time PCR method on pta gene for Clostridium tyrobutyricum quantification in milk. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Finazzi G, Bertasi B, Bornati L, Benevenia R, Losio MN, Varisco G. Diagnosis of human botulism in Northern Italy during 2012-2016. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx186.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Finazzi
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - B Bertasi
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - L Bornati
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | | | - MN Losio
- IZSLER Microbiology Dep., Brescia, Italy
| | - G Varisco
- IZSLER National Reference Centre for emerging risks in food safety, Milano, Italy
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