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Falconer L, Cutajar K, Krupandan A, Capuzzo E, Corner RA, Ellis T, Jeffery K, Mikkelsen E, Moore H, O'Beirn FX, O'Donohoe P, Ruane NM, Shilland R, Tett P, Telfer TC. Planning and licensing for marine aquaculture. Rev Aquac 2023; 15:1374-1404. [PMID: 38505117 PMCID: PMC10947445 DOI: 10.1111/raq.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Marine aquaculture has the potential to increase its contribution to the global food system and provide valuable ecosystem services, but appropriate planning, licensing and regulation systems must be in place to enable sustainable development. At present, approaches vary considerably throughout the world, and several national and regional investigations have highlighted the need for reforms if marine aquaculture is to fulfil its potential. This article aims to map and evaluate the challenges of planning and licensing for growth of sustainable marine aquaculture. Despite the range of species, production systems and circumstances, this study found a number of common themes in the literature; complicated and fragmented approaches to planning and licensing, property rights and the licence to operate, competition for space and marine spatial planning, emerging species and diversifying marine aquaculture production (seaweed production, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture [IMTA], nutrient and carbon offsetting with aquaculture, offshore aquaculture and co-location and multiuse platforms), and the need to address knowledge gaps and use of decision-support tools. Planning and licensing can be highly complicated, so the UK is used as a case study to show more detailed examples that highlight the range of challenges and uncertainty that industry, regulators and policymakers face across interacting jurisdictions. There are many complexities, but this study shows that many countries have undergone, or are undergoing, similar challenges, suggesting that lessons can be learned by sharing knowledge and experiences, even across different species and production systems, rather than having a more insular focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Falconer
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Karl Cutajar
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Amalia Krupandan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Elisa Capuzzo
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture ScienceDorsetUK
| | | | - Tim Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture ScienceDorsetUK
| | - Keith Jeffery
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture ScienceDorsetUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robyn Shilland
- The Association for Coastal Ecosystem ServicesLochend CottageDunbarUK
| | - Paul Tett
- Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanUK
| | - Trevor C. Telfer
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
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Dencer-Brown AM, Shilland R, Friess D, Herr D, Benson L, Berry NJ, Cifuentes-Jara M, Colas P, Damayanti E, García EL, Gavaldão M, Grimsditch G, Hejnowicz AP, Howard J, Islam ST, Kennedy H, Kivugo RR, Lang'at JKS, Lovelock C, Malleson R, Macreadie PI, Andrade-Medina R, Mohamed A, Pidgeon E, Ramos J, Rosette M, Salim MM, Schoof E, Talukder B, Thomas T, Vanderklift MA, Huxham M. Integrating blue: How do we make nationally determined contributions work for both blue carbon and local coastal communities? Ambio 2022; 51:1978-1993. [PMID: 35503201 PMCID: PMC9063623 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue Carbon Ecosystems (BCEs) help mitigate and adapt to climate change but their integration into policy, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), remains underdeveloped. Most BCE conservation requires community engagement, hence community-scale projects must be nested within the implementation of NDCs without compromising livelihoods or social justice. Thirty-three experts, drawn from academia, project development and policy, each developed ten key questions for consideration on how to achieve this. These questions were distilled into ten themes, ranked in order of importance, giving three broad categories of people, policy & finance, and science & technology. Critical considerations for success include the need for genuine participation by communities, inclusive project governance, integration of local work into national policies and practices, sustaining livelihoods and income (for example through the voluntary carbon market and/or national Payment for Ecosystem Services and other types of financial compensation schemes) and simplification of carbon accounting and verification methodologies to lower barriers to entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Shilland
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
| | - Daniel Friess
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dorothée Herr
- Global Marine and Polar Program, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Benson
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, Suffolk, UK
| | | | - Miguel Cifuentes-Jara
- CATIE - Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica
| | - Patrick Colas
- Conservation Finance Africa Field Division - Conservation International, Ndege Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ellyn Damayanti
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Elisa López García
- CINVESTAV - Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km 6, CP 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Resiliencia Azul (NPO), Mogi das Cruzes, Mexico
| | - Marina Gavaldão
- Ubá Sustainability Institute - Blue Carbon Hub, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Grimsditch
- United Nations Environment Programme, UN Avenue, PO Box 67578, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adam P Hejnowicz
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jennifer Howard
- Blue Carbon Program, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 600, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Sheikh Tawhidul Islam
- Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Hilary Kennedy
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Wales, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Rahma Rashid Kivugo
- Mikoko Pamoja Community Base Organization, P.O. BOX 178-80404, Msambweni, Kenya
| | - Joseph K S Lang'at
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P. O. Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Catherine Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruth Malleson
- University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Rosalía Andrade-Medina
- CINVESTAV - Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km 6, CP 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Resiliencia Azul (NPO), Mogi das Cruzes, Mexico
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- United Nations Environment Programme, UN Avenue, PO Box 67578, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily Pidgeon
- Center for Oceans, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Jorge Ramos
- Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 6087, South Bunbury, WA, 6230, Australia
| | - Minerva Rosette
- CINVESTAV - Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km 6, CP 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Resiliencia Azul (NPO), Mogi das Cruzes, Mexico
| | - Mwanarusi Mwafrica Salim
- Vanga Blue Forest Community Based Organization, P.O Box 115-80402, Lungalunga, Kwale County, Kenya
| | - Eva Schoof
- Plan Vivo Foundation, Thorn House, 5 Rose Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PR, UK
| | - Byomkesh Talukder
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tamara Thomas
- International Ocean Policy, Global Policy and Government Relations, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 600, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Huxham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, Scotland
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