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Preti A, Raballo A, Kotzalidis GD, Scanu R, Muratore T, Gabbrielli M, Tronci D, Masala C, Petretto DR, Carta MG. Quick Identification of the Risk of Psychosis: The Italian Version of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2018; 14:120-131. [PMID: 29997679 PMCID: PMC5971201 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901814010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Diagnosing people during the prodromal phase of an incipient psychosis can improve the chance of better outcome. In busy clinical settings, the ideal tool is a brief, easy-to-complete self-report questionnaire. Objective: To test the psychometric properties of the Italian version of one of the most used screening tools for the identification of the risk of psychosis, the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B). Methods: Cross-sectional design. A convenience sample of college students was enrolled via snowball procedure (n=243; men: 45%). After understanding and signing the consent form, the participants received a booklet containing the following questionnaires: the 21-item Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B); the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and the 74-item Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the capacity of the PQ-B to identify individuals at risk of psychosis as independently defined based on the combination of GHQ-12 and SPQ thresholds. Results: The Italian version of the PQ-B revealed good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and adequate convergent and divergent validity. The Youden method retrieved a cut-off = 7 for the PQ-B frequency score and a cut-off = 22 for the PQ-B distress score. Both PQ-B scores had a perfect (99%) negative predictive value. Conclusion: The PQ-B is a promising screening tool in two-stage protocols. The major advantage of the PQ-B is to exclude cases that are unlikely to be at risk of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Department of Psychology, Psychopathology and Development Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Georgios D Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department, Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tamara Muratore
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mersia Gabbrielli
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Debora Tronci
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carmelo Masala
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro G Carta
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Preti A, Scanu R, Muratore T, Claudetti G, Cao A, Scerman R, Carrus M, Cadoni C, Manca A, D'Errico G, Contu A, Petretto DR. The factor structure of the short form of the Wisconsin schizotypy scales. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:128-136. [PMID: 29702304 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Chapman psychosis-proneness scales-also known as Wisconsin schizotypy scales (WSS)-are among the most used tools to measure schizotypy. The factor structure of the short-form WSS was investigated in a mixed sample of patients with chronic mental disorders and of healthy subjects from the general population. One hundred patients with a chronic mental disorder were enrolled over a 6-month period. For each patient, two controls of same sex and similar age (±5 years) were enrolled; 131 accepted to take part in the study. The unidimensional, the correlated four-factor, the second-order two-factor models, and the bifactor model with two or four orthogonally independent factors of the short-form WSS were tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Good reliability of the short-form WSS was confirmed, as its capacity of differentiating people with and without schizotypy. The bifactor models were superior to other models. However, in both bifactor models the explained common variance (ECV) attributable to the general factor and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC) were too low to use a general summary score as a measure of a single latent schizotypy variable. Symptoms scores derived from the short-form WSS can be better appreciated within a multidimensional model of schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Centro Medico "Genneruxi", Cagliari, Italy; Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tamara Muratore
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cao
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rossana Scerman
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Carrus
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlotta Cadoni
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Manca
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Errico
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusto Contu
- Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella R Petretto
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Siddi S, Petretto DR, Burrai C, Scanu R, Baita A, Trincas P, Trogu E, Campus L, Contu A, Preti A. The role of set-shifting in auditory verbal hallucinations. Compr Psychiatry 2017; 74:162-172. [PMID: 28167329 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a cardinal characteristic of psychosis. Recent research on the neuropsychological mechanism of AVHs has focused on source monitoring failure, but a few studies have suggested the involvement of attention, working memory, processing speed, verbal learning, memory, and executive functions. In this study we examined the neuropsychological profile of patients with AVHs, assuming that the mechanism underlying this symptom could be a dysfunction of specific cognitive domains. METHODS A large neuropsychological battery including set-shifting, working memory, processing speed, attention, fluency, verbal learning and memory, and executive functions was administered to 90 patients with psychotic disorders and 44 healthy controls. The group of patients was divided into two groups: 46 patients with AVHs in the current episode and 44 who denied auditory hallucinations or other modalities in the current episode. AVHs were assessed with the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS); the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale was used to measure long-term propensity to auditory verbal hallucination-like experiences (HLEs) in the sample. RESULTS Patients showed poorer performances on all neuropsychological measures compared to the healthy controls' group. In the original dataset without missing data (n=58), patients with AVHs (n=29) presented poorer set shifting and verbal learning, higher levels of visual attention, and marginally significant poorer semantic fluency compared to patients without AVHs (n=29). In the logistic model on the multiple imputed dataset (n=90, 100 imputed datasets), lower capacity of set shifting and semantic fluency distinguished patients with AVHs from those without them. CONCLUSIONS Patients experiencing persistent AVHs might fail to shift their attention away from the voices; poorer semantic fluency could be a secondary deficit of set-shifting failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Siddi
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Burrai
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Baita
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Trincas
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Emanuela Trogu
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Liliana Campus
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusto Contu
- Head, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy
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Siddi S, Petretto DR, Scanu R, Burrai C, Baita A, Trincas P, Trogu E, Campus L, Contu A, Preti A. Deficits in metaphor but not in idiomatic processing are related to verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:101-112. [PMID: 27690132 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is scant evidence that the verbal cognitive deficits observed in patients with psychosis are related to auditory verbal hallucinations. The understanding of metaphors and idiomatic expressions was investigated in a cohort of 90 patients with active psychosis, and in 44 healthy controls. The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS: verbal hallucinations subscale) was used to measure the current verbal hallucinations episode; a subscore of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale was used to measure long-term propensity to auditory verbal hallucination-like experiences (HLEs) in the sample. The concurrent influence of education, IQ, and cognitive functioning in memory, attention, fluency, and processing speed on metaphor and idioms processing was investigated. Patients performed worse than healthy controls on all neuropsychological measures. Metaphor, but not idioms processing was poorer in patients with verbal hallucinations (n=46) when compared to patients without verbal hallucinations in the current episode (n=44). By taking into account confounding variables, the ability to produce explanations of metaphors was related to scores on the verbal HLEs in the whole sample of patients. Metaphor-comprehension deficit was related to the occurrence of auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with psychosis, suggesting that abnormal pragmatic inferential abilities have an impact on the mechanisms that cause hallucinatory experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Siddi
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain, CIBERSAM; Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Burrai
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Baita
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Trincas
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Emanuela Trogu
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service II, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliary, Italy
| | - Liliana Campus
- Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service I, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusto Contu
- Head, Department of Mental Health, ASL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Preti
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy
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Preti A, Siddi S, Vellante M, Scanu R, Muratore T, Gabrielli M, Tronci D, Masala C, Petretto DR. Bifactor structure of the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ). Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:940-50. [PMID: 26607431 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) is used to characterize schizotypy, a complex construct helpful for the investigation of schizophrenia-related psychopathology and putative endophenotypes. The SPQ factor structure at item level has been rarely replicated and no study had tested a bifactor model of the SPQ so far. The unidimensional, the correlated, the second-order and the bifactor models of the SPQ were tested to evaluate whether the items converge into a major single factor defining the schizotypy-proneness of the participants, to be used for grouping purpose. Parallel principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to determine the optimal number of factors and components in a cross-sectional, survey design involving 649 college students (males: 47%). The first-order, nine-subscale model was confirmed by CFA in the whole sample. The best evidence from parallel PCA in the training set was in favor of a two-factor model; the bifactor implementation of this model showed good fit in the subsequent CFA. Two main dimensions of positive and negative symptoms underlie schizotypy in non-clinical samples, entailing specific risk of psychosis. On a measurement level, the study provided support for the use of the total scores of the SPQ to characterize schizotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Sara Siddi
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Research and development, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marcello Vellante
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tamara Muratore
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mersia Gabrielli
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Debora Tronci
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carmelo Masala
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Preti A, Corrias I, Gabbrielli M, Lai V, Muratore T, Pintus E, Pintus M, Sanna S, Scanu R, Tronci D, Vellante M, Siddi S, Petretto DR, Carta MG. The independence of schizotypy from affective temperaments--a combined confirmatory factor analysis of SPQ and the short TEMPS-A. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:145-156. [PMID: 25467700 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sparse evidence of a co-aggregation of the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder provides support for a shared but nonspecific genetic etiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Temperaments are conceptualized as trait sub-syndromic conditions of major pathologies. This study set out to test the hypothesis of a continuum between schizotypy and affective temperaments versus the alternative hypothesis of their independence based on a cross-sectional, survey design involving 649 (males: 47%) college students. The short 39-item TEMPS-A and the SPQ were used as measures of the affective temperaments and of schizotypy, respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to a unidimensional model, to a standard correlate traits model, to second-order representations of a common latent structure, and to a bifactor model. Confirmatory bifactor modeling provided evidence against a complete independence of the dimensions subsumed by the affective and the schizotypal traits. The best solution distinguished between two sub-domains grouping positive symptoms and negative symptoms as measured by the SPQ subscales, and a sub-domain related to the affective temperaments as measured by the TEMPS-A. Limitations due to the use of subscales from two different tools should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Irene Corrias
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mersia Gabbrielli
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Veronica Lai
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tamara Muratore
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Pintus
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mirra Pintus
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Sanna
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Scanu
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Debora Tronci
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello Vellante
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Siddi
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Research and development, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Donatella Rita Petretto
- Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Preti A, Vellante M, Gabbrielli M, Lai V, Muratore T, Pintus E, Pintus M, Sanna S, Scanu R, Tronci D, Corrias I, Petretto DR, Carta MG. Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance by gender, age and levels of psychological distress of the short TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord 2013; 151:995-1002. [PMID: 24054919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego - Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) is a widely used self-reported tool aimed at measuring the affective temperaments that define the bipolar spectrum, with cyclothymic, depressive, irritable, hyperthymic, and anxious subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was rarely used to confirm the expected five-factor model. Measurement invariance was never tested. METHODS Cross-sectional, survey design involving 649 Italian college students (males: 47%). The short 39-item TEMPS-A and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were used as measures of the affective temperaments and of psychological distress, respectively. CFA was applied to the TEMPS-A. Measurement invariance by gender, age and levels of psychological distress on the GHQ-12 was calculated with the establishment of subsequent equivalence constraints in the model parameters across groups. RESULTS The expected five-factor model had the best fit for all CFA indexes. Configural, metric and scalar invariance of the five-factor model of the TEMPS-A was proved across gender, age and levels of psychological distress of the participants. The hyperthymic temperament subscale has low or no links with the other affective temperament subscales, which were interrelated with medium to large effect sizes. LIMITATIONS College students might be not representative of the general population. No information on the clinical status of the students was available beyond self-report data. CONCLUSION The study proved the measurement invariance of the (short) TEMPS-A, which is a pre-requisite to compare groups or individuals in cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys. Generalizability cannot be assumed without replication of the findings in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Center of Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy; Section on Clinical Psychology, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Italy; Genneruxi Medical Center, Cagliari, Italy.
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