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Graham MK, Wang R, Chikarmane R, Wodu B, Vaghasia A, Gupta A, Zheng Q, Hicks J, Sysa-Shah P, Pan X, Castagna N, Liu J, Meyers J, Skaist A, Zhang Y, Schuebel K, Simons BW, Bieberich CJ, Nelson WG, Lupold SE, DeWeese TL, De Marzo AM, Yegnasubramanian S. Convergent alterations in the tumor microenvironment of MYC-driven human and murine prostate cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.07.553268. [PMID: 37905029 PMCID: PMC10614732 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.07.553268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment in prostate cancer is profoundly altered. While such alterations have been implicated in driving prostate cancer initiation and progression to aggressive disease, how prostate cancer cells and their precursors mediate those changes is unclear, in part due to the inability to longitudinally study the disease evolution in human tissues. To overcome this limitation, we performed extensive single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and rigorous molecular pathology of the comparative biology between human prostate cancer and key time points in the disease evolution of a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of prostate cancer. Our studies of human tissues, with validation in a large external data set, revealed that cancer cell-intrinsic activation of MYC signaling was the top up-regulated pathway in human cancers, representing a common denominator across the well-known molecular and pathological heterogeneity of human prostate cancer. Likewise, numerous non-malignant cell states in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including non-cancerous epithelial, immune, and fibroblast cell compartments, were conserved across individuals, raising the possibility that these cell types may be a sequelae of the convergent MYC activation in the cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we employed a GEMM of prostate epithelial cell-specific MYC activation in two mouse strains. Cell communication network and pathway analyses suggested that MYC oncogene-expressing neoplastic cells, directly and indirectly, reprogrammed the TME during carcinogenesis, leading to the emergence of cascading cell state alterations in neighboring epithelial, immune, and fibroblast cell types that paralleled key findings in human prostate cancer. Importantly, among these changes, the progression from a precursor-enriched to invasive-cancer-enriched state was accompanied by a cell-intrinsic switch from pro-immunogenic to immunosuppressive transcriptional programs with coinciding enrichment of immunosuppressive myeloid and Treg cells in the immune microenvironment. These findings implicate activation of MYC signaling in reshaping convergent aspects of the TME of prostate cancer as a common denominator across the otherwise well-documented molecular heterogeneity of human prostate cancer.
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Graham MK, Chikarmane R, Wang R, Vaghasia A, Gupta A, Zheng Q, Wodu B, Pan X, Castagna N, Liu J, Meyers J, Skaist A, Wheelan S, Simons BW, Bieberich C, Nelson WG, DeWeese TL, De Marzo AM, Yegnasubramanian S. Single-cell atlas of epithelial and stromal cell heterogeneity by lobe and strain in the mouse prostate. Prostate 2023; 83:286-303. [PMID: 36373171 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the complex interplay of cell types in the tissue microenvironment is critical to understanding the origin and progression of diseases in the prostate and potential opportunities for intervention. Mouse models are an essential tool to investigate the molecular and cell-type-specific contributions of prostate disease at an organismal level. While there are well-documented differences in the extent, timing, and nature of disease development in various genetically engineered and exposure-based mouse models in different mouse strains and prostate lobes within each mouse strain, the underlying molecular phenotypic differences in cell types across mouse strains and prostate lobes are incompletely understood. METHODS In this study, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) methods to assess the single-cell transcriptomes of 6-month-old mouse prostates from two commonly used mouse strains, friend virus B/NIH jackson (FVB/NJ) (N = 2) and C57BL/6J (N = 3). For each mouse, the lobes of the prostate were dissected (anterior, dorsal, lateral, and ventral), and individual scRNA-seq libraries were generated. In situ and pathological analyses were used to explore the spatial and anatomical distributions of novel cell types and molecular markers defining these cell types. RESULTS Data dimensionality reduction and clustering analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed that basal and luminal cells possessed strain-specific transcriptomic differences, with luminal cells also displaying marked lobe-specific differences. Gene set enrichment analysis comparing luminal cells by strain showed enrichment of proto-Oncogene targets in FVB/NJ mice. Additionally, three rare populations of epithelial cells clustered independently of strain and lobe: one population of luminal cells expressing Foxi1 and components of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump (Atp6v0d2 and Atp6v1g3), another population expressing Psca and other stem cell-associated genes (Ly6a/Sca-1, Tacstd2/Trop-2), and a neuroendocrine population expressing Chga, Chgb, and Syp. In contrast, stromal cell clusters, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and immune cell types, were conserved across strain and lobe, clustering largely by cell type and not by strain or lobe. One notable exception to this was the identification of two distinct fibroblast populations that we term subglandular fibroblasts and interstitial fibroblasts based on their strikingly distinct spatial distribution in the mouse prostate. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data provide a practical reference of the transcriptional profiles of mouse prostate from two commonly used mouse strains and across all four prostate lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy K Graham
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roshan Chikarmane
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rulin Wang
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajay Vaghasia
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bulouere Wodu
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Castagna
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jianyong Liu
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Meyers
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyza Skaist
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Wheelan
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian W Simons
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Nelson
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Brennen WN, Zhu Y, Coleman IM, Dalrymple SL, Antony L, Patel RA, Hanratty B, Chikarmane R, Meeker AK, Zheng SL, Hooper JE, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Corey E, Xu J, Yegnasubramanian S, Haffner MC, Nelson PS, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT. Resistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibition does not necessitate development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146827. [PMID: 33724955 PMCID: PMC8119192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to AR signaling inhibitors (ARSis) in a subset of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPCs) occurs with the emergence of AR– neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) coupled with mutations/deletions in PTEN, TP53, and RB1 and the overexpression of DNMTs, EZH2, and/or SOX2. To resolve whether the lack of AR is the driving factor for the emergence of the NE phenotype, molecular, cell, and tumor biology analyses were performed on 23 xenografts derived from patients with PC, recapitulating the full spectrum of genetic alterations proposed to drive NE differentiation. Additionally, phenotypic response to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated AR KO in AR+ CRPC cells was evaluated. These analyses document that (a) ARSi-resistant NEPC developed without androgen deprivation treatment; (b) ARS in ARSi-resistant AR+/NE+ double-positive “amphicrine” mCRPCs did not suppress NE differentiation; (c) the lack of AR expression did not necessitate acquiring a NE phenotype, despite concomitant mutations/deletions in PTEN and TP53, and the loss of RB1 but occurred via emergence of an AR–/NE– double-negative PC (DNPC); (d) despite DNPC cells having homogeneous genetic driver mutations, they were phenotypically heterogeneous, expressing basal lineage markers alone or in combination with luminal lineage markers; and (e) AR loss was associated with AR promoter hypermethylation in NEPCs but not in DNPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yezi Zhu
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L Dalrymple
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Radhika A Patel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Hanratty
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Roshan Chikarmane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jody E Hooper
- Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Urology and
| | - William G Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center (SKCCC), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, SKCCC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Leone R, Sun IM, Chikarmane R, Viswanathan R, Patwari S, Arwood M, Ghiaur G, Powell J. Abstract 2991: Targeting glutamine metabolism leads to terminal differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of All Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) to induce terminal differentiation in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) has revolutionized treatment for this deadly subset of AML. Unfortunately, identifying targets that induce differentiation in non-APL cases of AML has met with limited success. Our lab has been interested in the role of glutamine metabolism in cellular differentiation programs. As such, we have investigated the degree to which glutamine contributes to the maintenance of an undifferentiated state in AML. Herein, we report that in vitro incubation with the glutamine blocking agent, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) robustly induces differentiation in the human AML cell line, U937. DON treatment induces phenotypic and molecular changes indicative of differentiation, including increased granularity and vacuolization, and upregulation of differentiation markers CD11b and CD14. The differentiation of these cells was confirmed by their highly abrogated growth in methylcellulose-based colony-forming assays. Differentiated AML cells were not exposed to DON during colony-forming assays, suggesting an irreversible change in cellular differentiation triggered by short-term pretreatment. We have demonstrated that DON-induced cellular differentiation is active in other AML cell lines as well. Importantly, the differentiating effect of DON can be abrogated by the addition of a cell permeable form of α-ketoglutarate (αKG), dimethyl-2-ketoglutarate (DMK). αKG is a key metabolite in glutamine metabolism and is also a critical cofactor for a range of demethylase enzymes involved in epigenetic remodeling. Indeed, we have noted a robust increase in histone methylation marks, such as H3K27Me3, during DON-induced differentiation. Further, we have observed a dramatic increase in the transcription of critical transcription factors (CEBPA, FLT3, MYB, SOX4) twenty-four hours after DON treatment, a time point immediately preceding observed phenotypic differentiation changes. In light of these findings, experiments are currently underway to use DON differentiation therapy as a means of treating mouse models of AML. Taken as a whole, these data support the use of glutamine blockade as a novel differentiating therapy in AML. Given the remarkable curative potential of differentiation therapy and the poor survival rates of adults with AML (particularly older patients), our findings represent a particularly novel approach to treating this deadly disease.
Citation Format: Robert Leone, Im-Meng Sun, Roshan Chikarmane, Radhika Viswanathan, Sanjeda Patwari, Matthew Arwood, Gabriel Ghiaur, Jonathan Powell. Targeting glutamine metabolism leads to terminal differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2991.
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Powis Z, Petrik I, Cohen J, Escolar D, Burton J, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C, Sival D, Stegmann A, Kleefstra T, Pfundt R, Chikarmane R, Begtrup A, Huether R, Tang S, Shinde D. De novo variants in KLF7
are a potential novel cause of developmental delay/intellectual disability, neuromuscular and psychiatric symptoms. Clin Genet 2018; 93:1030-1038. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Powis
- Ambry Genetics; Aliso Viejo California
| | - I. Petrik
- Ambry Genetics; Aliso Viejo California
| | - J.S. Cohen
- Kennedy Krieger Institute; Baltimore Maryland
| | - D. Escolar
- Kennedy Krieger Institute; Baltimore Maryland
| | - J. Burton
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; Peoria Illinois
| | - C.M.A. van Ravenswaaij-Arts
- Department of Genetics; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - D.A. Sival
- Department of Neurology; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - A.P.A. Stegmann
- Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - T. Kleefstra
- Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - R. Pfundt
- Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - S. Tang
- Ambry Genetics; Aliso Viejo California
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Stern D, Cho MT, Chikarmane R, Willaert R, Retterer K, Kendall F, Deardorff M, Hopkins S, Bedoukian E, Slavotinek A, Schrier Vergano S, Spangler B, McDonald M, McConkie-Rosell A, Burton BK, Kim KH, Oundjian N, Kronn D, Chandy N, Baskin B, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Wentzensen IM, McLaughlin HM, McKnight D, Chung WK. Association of the missense variant p.Arg203Trp in PACS1 as a cause of intellectual disability and seizures. Clin Genet 2017; 92:221-223. [PMID: 28111752 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphical abstract key: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, atrial septal defect; DD, developmental delay; EEG, electroencephalogram; Ht, height; ID, intellectual disability; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; OFC, open fontanelle; PDA, patent ductus arteriosis; PFO, patent foramen ovale; VSD, ventricular septal defect; Wt, weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stern
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M T Cho
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - F Kendall
- VMP Genetics, Roswell, GA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M Deardorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Hopkins
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Bedoukian
- Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Schrier Vergano
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - B Spangler
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - M McDonald
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A McConkie-Rosell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B K Burton
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects & Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K H Kim
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects & Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - D Kronn
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - N Chandy
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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