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Zou B, Long Y, Yang ZM, Gao RS, Lin QF, Dai XJ, Yi G, Wang QZ, Zhou Q, Zhang XB. [Epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer in Hunan]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2022; 28:786-791. [PMID: 37839003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics of PCa and provide some strategies for the clinical prevention and treatment of the malignancy. METHODS This study included 1 594 cases of pathologically diagnosed PCa after radical prostatectomy in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020. We collected the basic information about the patients, their main complaints and clinicopathological results, and analyzed the epidemiological and clinicopathological data. RESULTS The patients were aged from 28 to 93 years, and the number of PCa cases showed an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2020. Urinary system symptoms were most common (62.53%) as initial symptoms, followed by increased PSA (17.82%), PCa, prostate nodule, prostate mass (8.43%) and bone metastasis (2.94%) found at physical examinations, and the cases of PSA elevation among the clinic visitors increased year by year from 2010 to 2020. Gleason score 7 was found in a largest proportion of the PCa patients, and adenocarcinoma was the main pathological type (78.6%). Logistic regression analysis showed that high Gleason score, instead of age and expressions of Ki67, AR and ERG, was an independent risk factor for intraductal carcinoma. CONCLUSION The incidence of PCa shows an increasing trend, and is more common in those over 50 years old. PSA screening is gradually popularized in China. Intraductal carcinoma, as a major risk factor for aggressive PCa and poor prognosis of the malignancy, is significantly correlated with high Gleason scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yan Long
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rui-Song Gao
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
| | - Qun-Fang Lin
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410021, China
| | - Xin-Jun Dai
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Gang Yi
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qin-Zheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Gao RS, Zhou Q, Zhang XB, Zeng PH, Tian XF, Long Y, Shu Y, Luo XJ. [Clinical features and epidemiological trend of prostate cancer in the Changsha area of Hunan Province: Analysis of 2 877 cases]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2020; 26:309-315. [PMID: 33351296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of PCa in the Changsha area of Hunan Province and provide some reference for the formulation of the strategies for the prevention and control of the malignancy. METHODS We collected the data on the age, pathological type and TCM syndrome type of 2 877 PCa patients diagnosed and treated in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine and the Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Research Institute of Chinese Medicine from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. We analyzed the data obtained and the current prevalence and epidemiological trend of PCa. RESULTS Of the total number of cases of PCa diagnosed and treated, there were 291 in 2010, 315 in 2011, 213 in 2012, 220 in 2013, 159 in 2014, 226 in 2015, 199 in 2016, 180 in 2017, 577 in 2018 and 497 in 2019. The age-related incidence rate was the lowest in the <40-year-olds (1.77%) and the highest in the 65- to 79-year-olds (18.4%). The incidence rate was increased year by year in the 65- to 79-year-olds, elevated to 63.9% in the 10 years, and most significantly in the ≥80-year-olds, soaring to 97.9% in the 10 years. As for the pathological types, prostatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) accounted for 50.1% (n = 1 441), acinar cell PAC 7.0% (n = 201), follicular PAC 1.29% (n = 37), ductal PCa 0.94% (n = 27), non-specific PCa 9.49% (n = 273), and other PACs 5.77% (n = 166). TCM syndrome differentiation was performed for 157 cases, which revealed kidney-yin deficiency in 40 cases (25.5%) and kidney-yang deficiency in 69 cases (43.9%). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of PCa from 2010 to 2019 showed an aging-related trend in the Changsha area of Hunan Province, the highest among 65- to 69-year-olds. Males aged 65-79 years are a high-risk population for PCa, which calls for strengthened health education, early diagnosis and early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Song Gao
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Xiangya International Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41008, Hunan, China
| | - Pu-Hua Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Research Institute of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xue-Fei Tian
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yan Long
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yi Shu
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xin-Jun Luo
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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Zhou X, Li BN, Zhou HL, He QH, Zhou Q, Xiong W, Gao RS, Lin QF, Shang XJ. [Xiongcan Yishen Prescription up-regulates the expressions of cholesterol transport proteins, steroidogenic enzymes and SF-1 in the Leydig cells of rats with late-onset hypogonadism]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2020; 26:258-264. [PMID: 33346967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Xiongcan Yishen Prescription (XYP) on the expressions of cholesterol transport proteins, steroidogenic enzymes and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) in the Leydig cells of the rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS Twenty-five 18-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number, LOH model control, testosterone propionate (TP) and low-, medium- and high-dose XYP, and another 5 two-month-old male SD rats included as normal controls. After modeling, the animals in the TP group were treated by intramuscular injection of TP at 5.21 mg/kg qd alt, those in the low-, medium- and high-dose XYP groups intragastrically with XYP at 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 g/kg qd alt respectively, and those in the LOH model and normal control groups with saline, all for 28 successive days. Then, all the rats were sacrificed for determination of the expressions of the cholesterol transport proteins StAR and TSPO, steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, HSD3B7 and HSD17B4, and SF-1 in the Leydig cells by Western blot. RESULTS The expressions of StAR, TSPO, CYP11A1, HSD3B7, HSD17B4 and SF-1 in the Leydig cells were significantly decreased in the LOH model controls compared with those in the normal controls (P< 0.05), but remarkably increased in the low-, medium- and high-dose XYP groups in comparison with those in the LOH model control group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Xiongcan Yishen Prescription can up-regulate the expressions of the cholesterol transport proteins StAR and TSPO, steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1, HSD3B7 and HSD17B4, and SF-1 in the rat Leydig cells, which might be one of the possible mechanisms of the prescription in the treatment of LOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- Department ofAndrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
- Department of Andrology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Bo-Nan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qing-Hu He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department ofAndrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department ofAndrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Rui-Song Gao
- Department ofAndrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Qun-Fang Lin
- Department ofAndrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xue-Jun Shang
- Department of Andrology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
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Zhou Q, Xiong W, Zhou X, Gao RS, Lin QF, Liu HY, Li JN, Tian XF. CTHRC1 and PD‑1/PD‑L1 expression predicts tumor recurrence in prostate cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4244-4252. [PMID: 31545446 PMCID: PMC6797961 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) is a gene that has been associated with tumor progression in human prostate cancer (PC). The tumor immune microenvironment has been linked with disease outcome in PC. In the present study, the correlation between CTHRC1 with PC recurrence and the tumor immunological microenvironment was investigated. Using the data supplied by the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), the expression of CTHRC1, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining of CTHRC1, PD-1 and PD-L1 was performed using a tissue microarray construction of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) specimens. In PRAD, an association was reported between the CTHRC1 expression and the disease free survival (DFS) rate (P=0.022). Overexpression of CTHRC1 was correlated with increased levels of PD-1 (R=0.272, P=0.021) and PD-L1 (R=0.298, P=0.016), elevated levels of infiltrating B cells (P=9.51e−11), CD4+ cells (P=1.51e−11), macrophages (P=8.25e−5), neutrophils (P=2.17e−9) and dendritic cells (P=3.13e−13). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that CTHRC1 was correlated with the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9, mucin 1 and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 genes, which exert an influence in PRAD. The occurrence of this condition is most likely to be associated with regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Taken together, we demonstrated that the prognosis and immunity of PC are closely linked to CTHRC1 upregulation. Furthermore, these results suggest that the immune function of PC may be suppressed by CTHRC1-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Song Gao
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Fang Lin
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Ni Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Fei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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5
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Rollins AW, Thornberry TD, Watts LA, Yu P, Rosenlof KH, Mills M, Baumann E, Giorgetta FR, Bui TV, Höpfner M, Walker KA, Boone C, Bernath PF, Colarco PR, Newman PA, Fahey DW, Gao RS. The Role of Sulfur Dioxide in Stratospheric Aerosol Formation Evaluated Using In-Situ Measurements in the Tropical Lower Stratosphere. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:4280-4286. [PMID: 29225384 PMCID: PMC5719884 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl072754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stratospheric aerosols (SAs) are a variable component of the Earth's albedo that may be intentionally enhanced in the future to offset greenhouse gases (geoengineering). The role of tropospheric-sourced sulfur dioxide (SO2) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in-situ measurements of SO2 at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. Here we clarify the role of SO2 in maintaining SAs by using new in-situ SO2 measurements to evaluate climate models and satellite retrievals. We then use the observed tropical tropopause SO2 mixing ratios to estimate the global flux of SO2 across the tropical tropopause. These analyses show that the tropopause background SO2 is about 5 times smaller than reported by the average satellite observations that have been used recently to test atmospheric models. This shifts the view of SO2 as a dominant source of SAs to a near-negligible one, possibly revealing a significant gap in the SA budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Rollins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T D Thornberry
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L A Watts
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Yu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K H Rosenlof
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Mills
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E Baumann
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F R Giorgetta
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T V Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - M Höpfner
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K A Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - C Boone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P F Bernath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - P R Colarco
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - P A Newman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA Corresponding author: Andrew Rollins
| | - D W Fahey
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R S Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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Lin QF, Huang P, Shang XJ, Tian XF, Zhang GM, Gao RS, Zhou X, Liu HY, Zhou Q. [Combination of musk and olibanum promotes proliferation of prostate stem cells in mice: An experimental study]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017; 23:157-163. [PMID: 29658255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of muskolibanum combination on the proliferation and differentiation of prostate stem cells. METHODS We cultured prostate epithelial cells and urogenital sinus mesenchymal (UGSM) cells from 7-10 d old C57BL/6 mice and 16-18 d old pregnant C57BL/6 mice, transplanted the mixed suspension of the two types of cells under the kidney envelope of SCIDCB.17 male mice, and harvested the transplants 30 days later. We randomly divided the SCIDCB.17 mice into four groups to be treated intragastrically with musk (n = 8), olibanum (n = 8), musk+olibanum (n = 7), and normal saline (blank control, n = 8)) respectively, all for 14 days. Then we collected the kidney tissue for observation of the morphology of the glandular tubes and differentiation of different subsets of stem cells by HE staining and determination of the expressions and distribution of P63, CD133, CD117 and Sca1 by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS A system was successfully established for the isolation and mixed culture of Sca1 Lin+ CD49f+ (LSC) cells of prostate stem cells and UGSM cells of the mouse embryonic prostate. Immunohistochemistry showed positive expressions of P63, CD133, Sca1, and CD117 in the prostatic acinar epithelia and proved the presence of prostatic acinar epithelial structure in the transplants. Compared with the blank control group, the expressions of CD133, Sca1 and CD117 were significantly increased in the musk, olibanum, and musk+olibanum groups (P< 0.05), higher in the musk+olibanum than in the musk or olibanum group (P< 0.05), and their protein expressions were even more elevated in the musk+olibanum group (P< 0.01), with statistically significant difference from the olibanum group (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combination of musk and olibanum can improve the proliferation and differentiation of prostate stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Fang Lin
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xue-Jun Shang
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu,210002, China
| | - Xue-Fei Tian
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Guo-Min Zhang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Rui-Song Gao
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
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Gao RS, Thornberry TD, McLaughlin RJ, Fahey DW. Note: Compact, two-dimension translatable slit aperture. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:116103. [PMID: 24289444 DOI: 10.1063/1.4829619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A compact, light-weight, two-dimension translatable slit aperture is described. The slit dimensions are scalable, allowing for wide application. With all metal construction, the device would be suitable for high temperature degassing and vacuum compatible. Alternatively, the main structure may be printed using a 3D printer for rapid prototyping and/or lighter weight. The precision of the slit movement is 0.014 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gao
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, 325 Broadway, R∕CSD6, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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8
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Schwarz JP, Samset BH, Perring AE, Spackman JR, Gao RS, Stier P, Schulz M, Moore FL, Ray EA, Fahey DW. Global-scale seasonally resolved black carbon vertical profiles over the Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 2013; 40:5542-5547. [PMID: 26311916 PMCID: PMC4542199 DOI: 10.1002/2013gl057775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
[1] Black carbon (BC) aerosol loadings were measured during the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaign above the remote Pacific from 85°N to 67°S. Over 700 vertical profiles extending from near the surface to max ∼14 km altitude were obtained with a single-particle soot photometer between early 2009 and mid-2011. The data provides a climatology of BC in the remote regions that reveals gradients of BC concentration reflecting global-scale transport and removal of pollution. BC is identified as a sensitive tracer of extratropical mixing into the lower tropical tropopause layer and trends toward surprisingly uniform loadings in the lower stratosphere of ∼1 ng/kg. The climatology is compared to predictions from the AeroCom global model intercomparison initiative. The AeroCom model suite overestimates loads in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (∼10×) more severely than at lower altitudes (∼3×), with bias roughly independent of season or geographic location; these results indicate that it overestimates BC lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Corresponding author: J. P. Schwarz, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway R-CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. ()
| | - B H Samset
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO)Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Perring
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J R Spackman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Science and Technology CorporationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R S Gao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - M Schulz
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'EnvironnementGif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F L Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric A Ray
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
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9
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Yang SL, Gao RS, Niu PL, Zou ZY, Yu RH. Arc Discharge Synthesis and Photoluminescence of 3D Feather-like AlN Nanostructures. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:12. [PMID: 27502636 PMCID: PMC3211165 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A complex three-dimensional (3D) feather-like AlN nanostructure was synthesized by a direct reaction of high-purity Al granules with nitrogen using an arc discharge method. By adjusting the discharge time, a coral-like nanostructure, which evolved from the feather-like nanostructure, has also been observed. The novel 3D feather-like AlN nanostructure has a hierarchical dendritic structure, which means that the angle between the trunk stem and its branch is always about 30° in any part of the structure. The fine branches on the surface of the feather-like nanostructure have shown a uniform fish scale shape, which are about 100 nm long, 10 nm thick and several tens of nanometers in width. An alternate growth model has been proposed to explain the novel nanostructure. The spectrum of the feather-like products shows a strong blue emission band centered at 438 nm (2.84 eV), which indicates their potential application as blue light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Astronaut Center of China, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China.
| | - R S Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - P L Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - R H Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
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10
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Marcy TP, Fahey DW, Gao RS, Popp PJ, Richard EC, Thompson TL, Rosenlof KH, Ray EA, Salawitch RJ, Atherton CS, Bergmann DJ, Ridley BA, Weinheimer AJ, Loewenstein M, Weinstock EM, Mahoney MJ. Quantifying Stratospheric Ozone in the Upper Troposphere with in Situ Measurements of HCl. Science 2004; 304:261-5. [PMID: 15073371 DOI: 10.1126/science.1093418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for precise in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from a high-altitude aircraft. In measurements at subtropical latitudes, minimum HCl values found in the upper troposphere (UT) were often near or below the detection limit of the measurements (0.005 parts per billion by volume), indicating that background HCl values are much lower than a global mean estimate. However, significant abundances of HCl were observed in many UT air parcels, as a result of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport events. We developed a method for diagnosing the amount of stratospheric ozone in these UT parcels using the compact linear correlation of HCl with ozone found throughout the lower stratosphere (LS). Expanded use of this method will lead to improved quantification of cross-tropopause transport events and validation of global chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Marcy
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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Gao RS, Popp PJ, Fahey DW, Marcy TP, Herman RL, Weinstock EM, Baumgardner DG, Garrett TJ, Rosenlof KH, Thompson TL, Bui PT, Ridley BA, Wofsy SC, Toon OB, Tolbert MA, Kärcher B, Peter T, Hudson PK, Weinheimer AJ, Heymsfield AJ. Evidence That Nitric Acid Increases Relative Humidity in Low-Temperature Cirrus Clouds. Science 2004; 303:516-20. [PMID: 14739457 DOI: 10.1126/science.1091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) and of nitric acid (HNO3) were made in both natural and contrail cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. At temperatures lower than 202 kelvin, RHi values show a sharp increase to average values of over 130% in both cloud types. These enhanced RHi values are attributed to the presence of a new class of HNO3-containing ice particles (Delta-ice). We propose that surface HNO3 molecules prevent the ice/vapor system from reaching equilibrium by a mechanism similar to that of freezing point depression by antifreeze proteins. Delta-ice represents a new link between global climate and natural and anthropogenic nitrogen oxide emissions. Including Delta-ice in climate models will alter simulated cirrus properties and the distribution of upper tropospheric water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gao
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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12
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Fahey DW, Gao RS, Carslaw KS, Kettleborough J, Popp PJ, Northway MJ, Holecek JC, Ciciora SC, McLaughlin RJ, Thompson TL, Winkler RH, Baumgardner DG, Gandrud B, Wennberg PO, Dhaniyala S, McKinney K, Peter T, Salawitch RJ, Bui TP, Elkins JW, Webster CR, Atlas EL, Jost H, Wilson JC, Herman RL, Kleinböhl A, von König M. The detection of large HNO3-containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere. Science 2001; 291:1026-31. [PMID: 11161213 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Large particles containing nitric acid (HNO3) were observed in the 1999/2000 Arctic winter stratosphere. These in situ observations were made over a large altitude range (16 to 21 kilometers) and horizontal extent (1800 kilometers) on several airborne sampling flights during a period of several weeks. With diameters of 10 to 20 micrometers, these sedimenting particles have significant potential to denitrify the lower stratosphere. A microphysical model of nitric acid trihydrate particles is able to simulate the growth and sedimentation of these large sizes in the lower stratosphere, but the nucleation process is not yet known. Accurate modeling of the formation of these large particles is essential for understanding Arctic denitrification and predicting future Arctic ozone abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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Smith GJ, Gao RS, Lindsay BG, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for the scattering of kilo-electron-volt O atoms. Phys Rev A 1996; 53:1581-1588. [PMID: 9913051 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wennberg PO, Cohen RC, Stimpfle RM, Koplow JP, Anderson JG, Salawitch RJ, Fahey DW, Woodbridge EL, Keim ER, Gao RS, Webster CR, May RD, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Proffitt MH, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Chan KR, Wofsy SC. Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO. Science 1994; 266:398-404. [PMID: 17816682 DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5184.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous in situ measurements of the concentrations of OH, HO(2), ClO, BrO, NO, and NO(2) demonstrate the predominance of odd-hydrogen and halogen free-radical catalysis in determining the rate of removal of ozone in the lower stratosphere during May 1993. A single catalytic cycle, in which the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO(2) with ozone, accounted for nearly one-half of the total O(3) removal in this region of the atmosphere. Halogen-radical chemistry was responsible for approximately one-third of the photochemical removal of O(3); reactions involving BrO account for one-half of this loss. Catalytic destruction by NO(2), which for two decades was considered to be the predominant loss process, accounted for less than 20 percent of the O(3) removal. The measurements demonstrate quantitatively the coupling that exists between the radical families. The concentrations of HO(2) and ClO are inversely correlated with those of NO and NO(2). The direct determination of the relative importance of the catalytic loss processes, combined with a demonstration of the reactions linking the hydrogen, halogen, and nitrogen radical concentrations, shows that in the air sampled the rate of O(3) removal was inversely correlated with total NOx, loading.
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Gao RS, Dutta CM, Lane NF, Smith KA, Stebbings RF, Kimura M. Experimental and theoretical studies of the He2+-He system: Differential cross sections for direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering at keV energies. Phys Rev A 1992; 45:6388-6394. [PMID: 9907759 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao RS, Johnson LK, Smith GJ, Hakes CL, Smith KA, Lane NF, Stebbings RF, Kimura M. Collisions between H+ and H2 at kilo-electron-volt energies: Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering. Phys Rev A 1991; 44:5599-5604. [PMID: 9906617 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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17
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Smith GJ, Johnson LK, Gao RS, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for electron capture and loss by kilo-electron-volt hydrogen atoms. Phys Rev A 1991; 44:5647-5652. [PMID: 9906625 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao RS, Johnson LK, Hakes CL, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Collisions of kilo-electron-volt H+ and He+ with molecules at small angles: Absolute differential cross sections for charge transfer. Phys Rev A 1990; 41:5929-5933. [PMID: 9902992 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao RS, Johnson LK, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Collisions of keV-energy H atoms with the rare gases: Absolute differential cross sections at small angles. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1989; 40:4914-4919. [PMID: 9902748 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Johnson LK, Gao RS, Hakes CL, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Direct and charge-transfer scattering of keV-energy H+ and He+ projectiles from rare-gas atoms to obtain small-angle absolute differential cross sections. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1989; 40:4920-4925. [PMID: 9902749 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Johnson LK, Gao RS, Dixson RG, Smith KA, Lane NF, Stebbings RF, Kimura M. Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle H+-He direct and charge-transfer scattering at keV energies. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1989; 40:3626-3631. [PMID: 9902574 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao RS, Johnson LK, Schafer DA, Newman JH, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle He+-He elastic and charge-transfer scattering at keV energies. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1988; 38:2789-2793. [PMID: 9900694 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.38.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Johnson LK, Gao RS, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for very-small-angle scattering of keV H and He atoms by H2 and N2. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1988; 38:2794-2797. [PMID: 9900695 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.38.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Chitnis CE, Gao RS, Pinedo J, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Large-angle keV-energy He-He scattering measurements with use of a correlated two-particle coincidence detector. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1988; 37:687-691. [PMID: 9899711 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.37.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gao RS, Johnson LK, Nitz DE, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle elastic scattering in helium-rare-gas collisions at keV energies. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 36:3077-3082. [PMID: 9899221 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Nitz DE, Gao RS, Johnson LK, Smith KA, Stebbings RF. Absolute differential cross sections for very-small-angle elastic scattering in He+He collisions at keV energies. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1987; 35:4541-4547. [PMID: 9898058 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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