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Jover Ó, Martín-Jiménez A, Franklin HM, Koenig RM, Martínez JI, Martín N, Lauwaet K, Miranda R, Gallego JM, Stevenson S, Otero R. Nanotube-Like Electronic States in [5,5]-C 90 Fullertube Molecules. Small 2024; 20:e2307611. [PMID: 37863821 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Fullertubes, that is, fullerenes consisting of a carbon nanotube moiety capped by hemifullerene ends, are emerging carbon nanomaterials whose properties show both fullerene and carbon nanotube (CNT) traits. Albeit it may be expected that their electronic states show a certain resemblance to those of the extended nanotube, such a correlation has not yet been found or described. Here it shows a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) characterization of the adsorption, self-assembly, and electronic structure of 2D arrays of [5,5]-C90 fullertube molecules on two different noble metal surfaces, Ag(111) and Au(111). The results demonstrate that the shape of the molecular orbitals of the adsorbed fullertubes corresponds closely to those expected for isolated species on the grounds of density functional theory calculations. Moreover, a comparison between the electronic density profiles in the bands of the extended [5,5]-CNT and in the molecules reveals that some of the frontier orbitals of the fullertube molecules can be described as the result of the quantum confinement imposed by the hemifullerene caps to the delocalized band states in the extended CNT. The results thus provide a conceptual framework for the rational design of custom fullertube molecules and can potentially become a cornerstone in the understanding of these new carbon nanoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Jover
- Dep. De Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Hannah M Franklin
- Dep. Of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Dep. Of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - José I Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Dep. De Química OrgánicaFacultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Rodolfo Miranda
- Dep. De Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - José M Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Dep. Of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - Roberto Otero
- Dep. De Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Bourret E, Liu X, Noble CA, Cover K, Davidson TP, Huang R, Koenig RM, Reeves KS, Vlassiouk IV, Côté M, Baxter JS, Lupini AR, Geohegan DB, Dorn HC, Stevenson S. Colossal C 130 Fullertubes: Soluble [5,5] C 130-D 5h(1) Pristine Molecules with 70 Nanotube Carbons and Two 30-Atom Hemifullerene End-caps. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25942-25947. [PMID: 37890151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the seminal experimental isolation and DFT characterization of pristine [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. This achievement represents the largest soluble carbon molecule obtained in its pristine form. The [5,5] C130 species is the highest aspect ratio fullertube purified to date and now surpasses the recent gigantic [5,5] C120-D5d(1). In contrast to C90, C100, and C120 fullertubes, the longer C130-D5h has more nanotubular carbons (70) than end-cap fullerenyl atoms (60). Starting from 39,393 possible C130 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) structures and after analyzing polarizability, retention time, and UV-vis spectra, these three layers of data remarkably predict a single candidate isomer and fullertube, [5,5] C130-D5h(1). This structural assignment is augmented by atomic resolution STEM data showing distinctive and tubular "pill-like" structures with diameters and aspect ratios consistent with [5,5] C130-D5h(1) fullertubes. The high selectivity of the aminopropanol reaction with spheroidal fullerenes permits facile separation and removal of fullertubes from soot extracts. Experimental analyses (HPLC retention time, UV-vis, and STEM) were synergistically used (with polarizability and DFT property calculations) to down select and confirm the C130 fullertube structure. Achieving the isolation of a new [5,5] C130-D5h fullertube opens the door to application development and fundamental studies of electron confinement, fluorescence, and metallic character for a fullertube series of molecules with systematic tubular elongation. This [5,5] fullertube family also invites comparative studies with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), nanohorns (SWCNHs), and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bourret
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Cora A Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Tanisha P Davidson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - K Shawn Reeves
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ivan V Vlassiouk
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michel Côté
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jefferey S Baxter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
- FIRST Molecules Center, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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Liu X, Bourret E, Noble CA, Cover K, Koenig RM, Huang R, Franklin HM, Feng X, Bodnar RJ, Zhang F, Tao C, Sublett DM, Dorn HC, Stevenson S. Gigantic C 120 Fullertubes: Prediction and Experimental Evidence for Isomerically Purified Metallic [5,5] C 120-D 5d(1) and Nonmetallic [10,0] C 120-D 5h(10766). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16287-16291. [PMID: 36037095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the first experimental characterization of isomerically pure and pristine C120 fullertubes, [5,5] C120-D5d(1) and [10,0] C120-D5h(10766). These new molecules represent the highest aspect ratio fullertubes isolated to date; for example, the prior largest empty cage fullertube was [5,5] C100-D5d(1). This increase of 20 carbon atoms represents a gigantic leap in comparison to three decades of C60-C90 fullerene research. Moreover, the [10,0] C120-D5d(10766) fullertube has an end-cap derived from C80-Ih and is a new fullertube whose C40 end-cap has not yet been isolated experimentally. Theoretical and experimental analyses of anisotropic polarizability and UV-vis assign C120 isomer I as a [5,5] C120-D5d(1) fullertube. C120 isomer II matches a [10,0] C120-D5h(10766) fullertube. These structural assignments are further supported by Raman data showing metallic character for [5,5] C120-D5d(1) and nonmetallic character for C120-D5h(10766). STM imaging reveals a tubular structure with an aspect ratio consistent with a [5,5] C120-D5d(1) fullertube. With microgram quantities not amenable to crystallography, we demonstrate that DFT anisotropic polarizability, augmented by long-accepted experimental analyses (HPLC retention time, UV-vis, Raman, and STM) can be synergistically used (with DFT) to down select, predict, and assign C120 fullertube candidate structures. From 10 774 mathematically possible IPR C120 structures, this anisotropic polarizability paradigm is quite favorable to distinguish tubular structures from carbon soot. Identification of isomers I and II was surprisingly facile, i.e., two purified isomers for two possible structures of widely distinguishing features. These metallic and nonmetallic C120 fullertube isomers open the door to both fundamental research and application development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emmanuel Bourret
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2 V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cora A Noble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hannah M Franklin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert J Bodnar
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Chenggang Tao
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - D Matthew Sublett
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering, and Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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Schiemenz S, Koenig RM, Stevenson S, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Vibrational anatomy of C 90, C 96, and C 100 fullertubes: probing Frankenstein's skeletal structures of fullerene head endcaps and nanotube belt midsection. Nanoscale 2022; 14:10823-10834. [PMID: 35829712 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01870e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fullertubes are tubular fullerenes with nanotube-like middle section and fullerene-like endcaps. To understand how this intermediate form between spherical fullerenes and nanotubes is reflected in the vibrational modes, we performed comprehensive studies of IR and Raman spectra of fullertubes C90-D5h, C96-D3d, and C100-D5d. An excellent agreement between experimental and DFT-computed spectra enabled a detailed vibrational assignment and allowed an analysis of the localization degree of the vibrational modes in different parts of fullertubes. Projection analysis was performed to establish an exact numerical correspondence between vibrations of the belt midsection and fullerene headcaps to the modes of nanotubes and fullerene C60-Ih. As a result, we could not only identify fullerene-like and CNT-like vibrations of fullertubes, but also trace their origin in specific vibrational modes of CNT and C60-Ih. IR spectra were found to be dominated by vibrations of fullerene-like caps resembling IR-active modes of C60-Ih, whereas in Raman spectra both caps and belt vibrations are found to be equally active. Unlike the resonance Raman spectra of CNTs, in which only two single-phonon bands are detected, the Raman spectra of fullertubes exhibit several CNT-like vibrations and thus provide additional information on nanotube phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Stevenson S, Liu X, Sublett DM, Koenig RM, Seeler TL, Tepper KR, Franklin HM, Wang X, Huang R, Feng X, Cover K, Troya D, Shanaiah N, Bodnar RJ, Dorn HC. Semiconducting and Metallic [5,5] Fullertube Nanowires: Characterization of Pristine D 5h(1)-C 90 and D 5d(1)-C 100. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4593-4599. [PMID: 33733775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although fullerenes were discovered nearly 35 years ago, scientists still struggle to isolate "single molecule" tubular fullerenes larger than C90. In similar fashion, there is a paucity of reports for pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In spite of Herculean efforts, the isolation and properties of pristine members of these carbonaceous classes remain largely unfulfilled. For example, the low abundance of spherical and tubular higher fullerenes in electric-arc extracts (<0.01-0.5%) and multiplicity of structural isomers remain a major challenge. Recently, a new isolation protocol for highly tubular fullerenes, also called f ullertubes, was reported. Herein, we describe spectroscopic characterization including 13C NMR, XPS, and Raman results for purified [5,5] fullertube family members, D5h-C90 and D5d-C100. In addition, DFT computational HOMO-LUMO gaps, polarizability indices, and electron density maps were also obtained. The Raman and 13C NMR results are consistent with semiconducting and metallic properties for D5h-C90 and D5d-C100, respectively. Our report suggests that short [5,5] fullertubes with aspect ratios of only ∼1.5-2 are metallic and could exhibit unique electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - D Mathew Sublett
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Tiffany L Seeler
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Katelyn R Tepper
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Hannah M Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin Cover
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Robert J Bodnar
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Koenig RM, Tian HR, Seeler TL, Tepper KR, Franklin HM, Chen ZC, Xie SY, Stevenson S. Fullertubes: Cylindrical Carbon with Half-Fullerene End-Caps and Tubular Graphene Belts, Their Chemical Enrichment, Crystallography of Pristine C 90- D5h(1) and C 100- D5d(1) Fullertubes, and Isolation of C 108, C 120, C 132, and C 156 Cages of Unknown Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15614-15623. [PMID: 32830484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a chemical separation method to isolate fullertubes: a new and soluble allotrope of carbon whose structure merges nanotube, graphene, and fullerene subunits. Fullertubes possess single-walled carbon nanotube belts resembling a rolled graphene midsection, but with half-fullerene end-caps. Unlike nanotubes, fullertubes are reproducible in structure, possess a defined molecular weight, and are soluble in pristine form. The high reactivity of amines with spheroidal fullerene cages enables their removal and allows a facile isolation of C96-D3d(3), C90-D5h(1), and C100-D5d(1) fullertubes. A nonchromatographic step (Stage 1) uses a selective reaction of carbon cages with aminopropanol to permit a highly enriched sample of fullertubes. Spheroidal fullerenes are reacted and removed by attaching water-soluble groups onto their cage surfaces. With this enriched (100-1000 times) fullertube mixture, Stage 2 becomes a simple HPLC collection with a single column. This two-stage separation approach permits fullertubes in scalable quantities. Characterization of purified C100-D5d(1) fullertubes is done with samples isolated in pristine and unfunctionalized form. Surprisingly, C60 and C100-D5d(1) are both purplish in solution. For X-ray crystallographic analysis, we used decapyrrylcorannulene (DPC). Isomerically purified C90 and C100 fullertubes were mixed with DPC to obtain black cocrystals of 2DPC{C90-D5h(1)}·4(toluene) and 2DPC{C100-D5d(1)}·4(toluene), respectively. A serendipitous outcome of this chemical separation approach is the enrichment and purification of several unreported larger carbon species, e.g., C120, C132, and C156. Isolation of these higher cage species represents a significant advance in the unknown experimental arena of C100-C200 structures. Our findings represent seminal experimental evidence for the existence of two mathematically predicted families of fullertubes: one family with an axial hexagon with the other series based on an axial pentagon ring. Fullertubes have been predicted theoretically, and herein is their experimental evidence, isolation, and initial characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tiffany L Seeler
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Katelyn R Tepper
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Hannah M Franklin
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
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