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Zhang Y, Minami R, Tatsuno R, Gao W, Ueno M, Yamada A, Yoshida A, Sedanza MG, Arima K, Takatani T, Yamaguchi K, Oshima Y, Arakawa O. Wheat germ agglutinin affinity chromatography enrichment and glyco-proteomic characterization of tetrodotoxin-binding proteins from the plasma of cultured tiger pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1155-1168. [PMID: 37458754 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient enrichment of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-binding proteins from the plasma of cultured tiger pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) was achieved by ammonium sulfate fractionation and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) affinity chromatography. The enrichment efficiency was validated by ultrafiltration-LC/MS-based TTX-binding assay and proteomics. Major proteins in the WGA-bound fraction were identified as isoform X1 (125 kDa) and X2 variants (88 and 79 kDa) derived from pufferfish saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin-binding protein (PSTBP) 1-like gene (LOC101075943). The 125-kDa X1 protein was found to be a novel member of the lipocalin family, having three tandemly repeated domains. X2 variants, X2α and X2β, were estimated to have two domains, and X2β is structurally related to Takifugu pardalis PSTBP2 in their domain type and arrangement. Among 11 potential N-glycosylation sites in the X2 precursor, 5 N-glycosylated Asn residues (N55, N89, N244, N308, and N449) were empirically determined. Structural relationships among PSTBP homologs and complexity of their proteoforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryoma Minami
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tatsuno
- National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagatahonmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Wei Gao
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
- Dalian Blue Peptide Technology Research & Development Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Asami Yoshida
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mary Grace Sedanza
- Institute of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Kazunari Arima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
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Tatsuno R, Yamasaki R, Mizokami K, Hayashi G, Fukuda T, Furushita M, Takahashi H, Sonoyama T, Hori S. [Tetrodotoxin Content of the Small Gastropod Nassarius sufflatus]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2023; 64:236-239. [PMID: 38171895 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.64.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Severe tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning due to small gastropods has been documented in Japan. In this study, we investigated the TTX content of the muscles and viscera of Nassarius sufflatus collected off the coast of Futaoi Island, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, to prevent the occurrence of TTX poisoning caused by this small gastropod. Live specimens were obtained, and their muscles and viscera were collected. Test solutions were prepared from tissues of specimens and analyzed for TTX by HPLC-fluorescence detection. TTX was detected in both tissues at concentrations ranging from <0.1 to 18.2 μg/g for muscle and <0.1 to 130.7 μg/g for viscera. These results suggested that N. sufflatus accumulates TTX not only in its viscera but also in its muscles, and that precautions should be taken to prevent food poisoning due to this gastropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tatsuno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Kai Mizokami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Genki Hayashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Tsubasa Fukuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Manabu Furushita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
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Tatsuno R, Umeeda M, Miyata Y, Ideguchi R, Fukuda T, Furushita M, Ino Y, Yoshikawa H, Takahashi H, Nagashima Y. [Toxicity of Takifugu exascurusCollected from the Sea of Kumano]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2021; 62:28-32. [PMID: 33658461 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.62.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine pufferfish Takifugu exascurus is not approved for human consumption due to the lack of information on its toxicity. To clarify the toxicity of T. exascurus, ten live specimens were collected from the Sea of Kumano, Japan, and the toxicity and tetrodotoxin (TTX) concentration were determined using mouse bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD), respectively. Toxicity was observed in the skin, liver, and ovaries, but the testes and muscle were non-toxic (<10 MU/g). On the other hand, HPLC-FLD revealed that TTX was detected in the muscle in two of the 10 specimens (1.4 and 1.5 MU/g). Based on the results, TTX is the main toxic component contributing to toxicity in T. exascurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tatsuno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Masato Umeeda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Yumi Miyata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Ririko Ideguchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Tsubasa Fukuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Manabu Furushita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agenc
| | - Yasuko Ino
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | - Yuji Nagashima
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University
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Kato-Unoki Y, Takai Y, Kinoshita M, Mochizuki T, Tatsuno R, Shimasaki Y, Oshima Y. Genome editing of pufferfish saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin-binding protein type 2 in Takifugu rubripes. Toxicon 2018; 153:58-61. [PMID: 30170168 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The pufferfish saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin-binding protein 2 (PSTBP2), which is involved in toxin accumulation, was knocked out in Takifugu rubripes embryos by using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome-editing technology. Treating the embryos with one of two single-guide RNA (sgRNA) resulted in mutation rates of 57.1% and 62.5%, respectively, as estimated using a heteroduplex mobility assay at 3 days postfertilization. Both sgRNAs might induced frameshift mutations that knocked out the T. rubripes PSTBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kato-Unoki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Takai
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Ryohei Tatsuno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-7-1 Nagata-Honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Tatsuno R, Gao W, Ibi K, Mine T, Okita K, Nishihara GN, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Profile differences in tetrodotoxin transfer to skin and liver in the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. Toxicon 2017; 130:73-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Furushita M, Akagi H, Kaneoka A, Maeda T, Fukuda T, Tatsuno R, Shiba T. Similarity in the Structure of tetD-Carrying Mobile Genetic Elements in Bacterial Strains of Different Genera Isolated from Cultured Yellowtail. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 21:183-6. [PMID: 27667524 DOI: 10.4265/bio.21.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Structure analysis was performed on the antibiotic-resistance-gene region of conjugative plasmids of four fish farm bacteria.The kanamycin resistance gene, IS26, and tetracycline resistance gene (tetA(D)) were flanked by two IS26s in opposite orientation in Citrobacter sp. TA3 and TA6, and Alteromonas sp. TA55 from fish farm A. IS26-Inner was disrupted with ISRSB101. The chloramphenicol resistance gene, IS26 and tetA (D) were flanked by two IS26s in direct orientation in Salmonella sp. TC67 from farm C. Structures of tetA (D) and IS26 were identical among the four bacteria, but there was no insertion within the IS26-Inner of Salmonella sp. TC67. Horizontal gene transfer between the strains of two different genera in fish farm A was suggested by the structure homologies of mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Furushita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries Univ
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Tatsuno R, Sorimachi T, Taniyama S, Oshiro N, Kubo H, Takatani T, Arakawa O. [Accumulation of tetrodotoxin from diet in two species of scavenging marine snails]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 55:152-6. [PMID: 24990762 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.55.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A feeding experiment of TTX-containing diet was conducted using the small scavenging marine snails Pliarcularia globosa and Reticunassa festiva. Seventy-five specimens of each species were divided into 15 groups of 5 individuals, of which 3 groups were directly submitted, without feeding, to toxin quantification as described below. TTX was not detected. Each of the remaining 12 groups was accommodated in a plastic case (80×70×40 mm) filled with seawater, and fed for 24 hours with ovary tissue (0.1 g) of the pufferfish Takifugu vermicularis, whose TTX content had previously been determined. Then the seawater was exchanged for fresh seawater, the snails were reared for 4 days without feeding, and then the seawater was changed again. This feeding/rearing cycle (5 days) was repeated 8 times, and 3 groups were sampled every 2 cycles. The combined viscera and combined muscle of each group were each extracted with 0.1% aqueous acetic acid, and then TTX was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The estimated amount of ingested TTX was calculated by multiplying the difference between the amounts of ovary tissue supplied and remaining by the toxin content (122-126 MU/g). Similar mean values of 5.1 MU/group/cycle in P. globosa and 5.3 MU/group/cycle in R. festiva were obtained. Toxin content (TTX amount per gram of tissue) and toxin amount (TTX amount per group) during the experimental period were 0.23-2.85 MU/g and 0.05-0.96 MU/group, respectively, in P. globosa viscera. Both values increased markedly from the 2nd cycle to the 6th cycle. In contrast, no such increase in toxin content/amount was observed throughout the experimental period in P. globosa muscle (<0.05-0.86 MU/g, <0.02-0.27 MU/group), R. festiva viscera (<0.05-0.8 MU/g, <0.02-0.33 MU/group), and R. festiva muscle (<0.05-0.81 MU/g, <0.02-0.23 MU/group). The remaining ratio of TTX (percentage of total toxin amount [sum of the toxin amount of viscera and muscle] to estimated TTX ingestion amount) was less than 4% in P. globosa, and less than 2% in R. festiva after the 4th cycle, suggesting that the possibility that these two species would accumulate TTX at levels high enough to raise food hygiene issues is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tatsuno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
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Itoi S, Yoshikawa S, Asahina K, Suzuki M, Ishizuka K, Takimoto N, Mitsuoka R, Yokoyama N, Detake A, Takayanagi C, Eguchi M, Tatsuno R, Kawane M, Kokubo S, Takanashi S, Miura A, Suitoh K, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Sakakura Y, Sugita H. Larval pufferfish protected by maternal tetrodotoxin. Toxicon 2014; 78:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Taniguchi K, Takao H, Niina S, Yamanaka Y, Okada Y, Nakajima R, Wang J, Tatsuno R, Sakakura Y, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Noguchi T. [Distribution of toxicity in liver of wild pufferfish Takifugu rubripes]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2013; 54:277-81. [PMID: 24025205 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.54.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Livers from wild pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes, can be described as having a smooth frontal side and an upper-region that is attached to the hepatic portal vein. Based on this description, the liver can be divided into 10 parts (L1-5 and R1-5), and in this work, the lethal potency of each part was determined by mouse bioassay. Among the raw livers from 58 individuals, all 10 parts of 16 individuals, and some parts of 4 individuals showed mouse lethality, but no toxicity was detected in any part of the liver from 22 individuals. In the livers of 4 individuals that were partially toxic, the lethal potency of the toxic parts was less than 4 mouse units (MU)/g, and no part showed especially high toxicity. The remaining 16 individuals were considered non-toxic based on the assay of only one part. Among 13 frozen livers, all parts of 9 individuals were toxic, while all parts of 4 individuals were non-toxic. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that all parts of a weakly toxic raw liver and a strongly toxic frozen liver had tetrodotoxin as the major toxin. Regarding the 16 raw and 9 frozen livers, whose parts were all toxic, the relative lethal potency of each part to the mean lethal potency of the individual (8.9-709 MU/g) was calculated, and subjected to a two-way analysis of variance with 2 factors (left/right and top/bottom) for each group of livers (raw or frozen). The analysis indicated non-significance among factors and interactions at a significance level of 5% in the frozen livers. However, in the raw livers, although no interaction between the 2 factors was detected, the right-side and the 4th-portion from the top were significantly higher than the left-side and the other portions, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that individual inspection using R4, which is the region that lies below the right-center location of the liver, is suitable for toxicity evaluation of liver to ensure the safe consumption of pufferfish.
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Tatsuno R, Shikina M, Soyano K, Ikeda K, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Maturation-associated changes in the internal distribution of tetrodotoxin in the female goby Yongeichthys criniger. Toxicon 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tatsuno R, Shikina M, Shirai Y, Wang J, Soyano K, Nishihara GN, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Change in the transfer profile of orally administered tetrodotoxin to non-toxic cultured pufferfish Takifugu rubripes depending of its development stage. Toxicon 2013; 65:76-80. [PMID: 23396116 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of growth (organ development) on tetrodotoxin (TTX) dynamics in the pufferfish body, TTX-containing feed homogenate was administered to 6- and 15-month old non-toxic cultured specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes at a dose of 40 mouse units (MU) (8.8 μg)/20 g body weight by oral gavage. After 24 h, the specimens were killed and the skin tissues (dorsal and ventral), muscle, liver, digestive tract, and gonads were separated. TTX content (μg/g) in each tissue, determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, revealed that the TTX distribution profile, particularly the TTX content of the liver, greatly differed between the two ages; the TTX score of 15-month old fish (3.3 μg/g) was nearly 5-fold that of 6-month old fish (0.68 μg/g). The total remaining TTX amount per individual (relative amount to the given dose) was 31% in 6-month old fish, of which 71% was in the skin, and 84% in 15-month old fish, of which 83% was in the liver. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) scores, and histologic observations of the gonads and liver suggest that although there is little difference in maturation stage between these two ages, there are clear distinctions in the developmental stage of the liver. The results suggest that the TTX dynamics in T. rubripes are linked to the development of the liver, i.e., the TTX taken up into the pufferfish body via food organisms is eliminated or transferred mainly to the skin in young fish with an undeveloped liver, but as the fish grow and the liver continues to develop, most of the TTX is transferred to and accumulated in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tatsuno
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Wang J, Araki T, Tatsuno R, Nina S, Ikeda K, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Transfer profile of orally and intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to artificial hybrid specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu porphyreus. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2012; 53:33-8. [PMID: 22450667 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.53.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was administered to artificially hybridized specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu porphyreus to investigate toxin accumulation in hybrids and TTX transfer/accumulation profiles in the pufferfish body. In test fish administered TTX-containing feed homogenate at a dose of ∼400 MU/fish by oral gavage using a syringe (OGA group), the toxin content (MU/g tissue) of the digestive tract rapidly decreased and that of the liver increased from 1 to 24 h after administration. From 24 to 120 h, the toxin content of the liver decreased gradually, and the toxin appeared in the skin. On the other hand, intramuscularly administered TTX (400 MU/fish) was rapidly transferred to the liver and skin via the blood, and only a little toxin remained in the muscle even at 1 h (IMA group). The total amount of toxin remaining in the whole body (% of administered toxin) was 31-45% in the OGA group, and 42-74% in the IMA group; the scores in the OGA group were generally lower than those in the IMA group. In both OGA and IMA groups, the greatest amount of toxin accumulated in the liver (23-52%) after 8 h, followed by the skin (11-21%) after 72 h. The TTX administration experiment, especially using the oral gavage administration method, revealed that skins and livers of 'torama' pufferfish hybrid are endowed with TTX-accumulating ability, but the muscles are not, and that TTX taken up from toxic feed to the pufferfish body is transferred first to the liver and then to the skin via the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Tatsuno R, Yamaguchi K, Takatani T, Arakawa O. 115. Two Proteins Homologous to Pufferfish Saxitoxin- and Tetrodotoxin-Binding Protein (PSTBP) Found in the Plasma of Non-Toxic Cultured Specimens of the Pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Toxicon 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Itoi S, Yoshikawa S, Tatsuno R, Suzuki M, Asahina K, Yamamoto S, Takanashi S, Takatani T, Arakawa O, Sakakura Y, Sugita H. Difference in the localization of tetrodotoxin between the female and male pufferfish Takifugu niphobles, during spawning. Toxicon 2012; 60:1000-4. [PMID: 22842064 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the sexual differences in TTX-usage in the pufferfish, Takifugu niphobles, localization of TTX and toxin amount in tissues of mature male and female specimens were investigated by immunohistochemical methods using anti-TTX antibody and LC/MS analysis. Subsequently, differences in the immunohistochemical signals were compared with the amount of TTX. The paraffin-embedded sections of the skin, muscle, liver, gonad and intestinal tract were subjected to anti-TTX monoclonal antibody based on the fluorescent immunohistochemical techniques. Immuno-positive reaction was observed in the skin and liver in males, and the skin and ovary in females. In the skin, TTX was localized at the epidermis, the basal cell layer, the mucous cells and the sacciform cells, and with intense immunoreaction at the flat epithelial cell layer and the sacciform cells. The signal from the liver cells was stronger in males than in females. The intensity of the signal from the tissues correlated with the toxin amounts therein. These results suggest that tissue distributions of TTX and toxin amount in the pufferfish were sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Wang J, Araki T, Tatsuno R, Nina S, Ikeda K, Hamasaki M, Sakakura Y, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Transfer profile of intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to artificial hybrid specimens of pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu niphobles. Toxicon 2011; 58:565-9. [PMID: 21920378 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was intramuscularly administered to artificially hybridized specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu niphobles to investigate toxin accumulation in hybrids, and TTX transfer/accumulation profiles in the pufferfish body. In the test fish administered 146 MU TTX in physiologic saline, TTX rapidly transferred from the muscle via the blood to other organs. Toxin transfer to the ovary rapidly increased to 53.5 MU/g tissue at the end of the 72-h test period. The TTX content in the liver and skin was, at most, around 4-6 MU/g tissue, and in the testis it was less than 0.01 MU/g tissue. On the other hand, based on the total amount of toxin per individual (% of the administered toxin), the skin and the liver contained higher amounts (20-54% and 2-24%, respectively), but the amount in the liver rapidly decreased after 8-12 h, and fell below the level in the ovary after 48 h. These findings suggest that part of the TTX is first taken up in the liver and then transferred/accumulated in the skin in male specimens and in the ovary in female specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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