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Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Anthony D, Vyazov L, Fournier R, Ringbauer H, Olalde I, Khokhlov AA, Kitov EP, Shishlina NI, Ailincăi SC, Agapov DS, Agapov SA, Batieva E, Bauyrzhan B, Bereczki Z, Buzhilova A, Changmai P, Chizhevsky AA, Ciobanu I, Constantinescu M, Csányi M, Dani J, Dashkovskiy PK, Évinger S, Faifert A, Flegontov PN, Frînculeasa A, Frînculeasa MN, Hajdu T, Higham T, Jarosz P, Jelínek P, Khartanovich VI, Kirginekov EN, Kiss V, Kitova A, Kiyashko AV, Koledin J, Korolev A, Kosintsev P, Kulcsár G, Kuznetsov P, Magomedov R, Malikovich MA, Melis E, Moiseyev V, Molnár E, Monge J, Negrea O, Nikolaeva NA, Novak M, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Pálfi G, Popovici S, Rykun MP, Savenkova TM, Semibratov VP, Seregin NN, Šefčáková A, Serikovna MR, Shingiray I, Shirokov VN, Simalcsik A, Sirak K, Solodovnikov KN, Tárnoki J, Tishkin AA, Trifonov V, Vasilyev S, Akbari A, Brielle ES, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Curtis E, Flegontova O, Iliev L, Kearns A, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Micco A, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Qiu L, Noah Workman J, Zalzala F, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Palamara PF, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.17.589597. [PMID: 38659893 PMCID: PMC11042377 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The Yamnaya archaeological complex appeared around 3300BCE across the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, and by 3000BCE reached its maximal extent from Hungary in the west to Kazakhstan in the east. To localize the ancestral and geographical origins of the Yamnaya among the diverse Eneolithic people that preceded them, we studied ancient DNA data from 428 individuals of which 299 are reported for the first time, demonstrating three previously unknown Eneolithic genetic clines. First, a "Caucasus-Lower Volga" (CLV) Cline suffused with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) ancestry extended between a Caucasus Neolithic southern end in Neolithic Armenia, and a steppe northern end in Berezhnovka in the Lower Volga. Bidirectional gene flow across the CLV cline created admixed intermediate populations in both the north Caucasus, such as the Maikop people, and on the steppe, such as those at the site of Remontnoye north of the Manych depression. CLV people also helped form two major riverine clines by admixing with distinct groups of European hunter-gatherers. A "Volga Cline" was formed as Lower Volga people mixed with upriver populations that had more Eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG) ancestry, creating genetically hyper-variable populations as at Khvalynsk in the Middle Volga. A "Dnipro Cline" was formed as CLV people bearing both Caucasus Neolithic and Lower Volga ancestry moved west and acquired Ukraine Neolithic hunter-gatherer (UNHG) ancestry to establish the population of the Serednii Stih culture from which the direct ancestors of the Yamnaya themselves were formed around 4000BCE. This population grew rapidly after 3750-3350BCE, precipitating the expansion of people of the Yamnaya culture who totally displaced previous groups on the Volga and further east, while admixing with more sedentary groups in the west. CLV cline people with Lower Volga ancestry contributed four fifths of the ancestry of the Yamnaya, but also, entering Anatolia from the east, contributed at least a tenth of the ancestry of Bronze Age Central Anatolians, where the Hittite language, related to the Indo-European languages spread by the Yamnaya, was spoken. We thus propose that the final unity of the speakers of the "Proto-Indo-Anatolian" ancestral language of both Anatolian and Indo-European languages can be traced to CLV cline people sometime between 4400-4000 BCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Anthony
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hartwick College, Dept. of Anthropology, USA
| | - Leonid Vyazov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | | | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU,Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Egor P. Kitov
- Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Danila S. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Sergey A. Agapov
- Samara Regional Public Organization “Historical, ecological and cultural Association “Povolzje”
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov, Russia
| | | | - Zsolt Bereczki
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Piya Changmai
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Andrey A. Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ion Ciobanu
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Mihai Constantinescu
- Fr. I Rainer Institute of Anthropology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - János Dani
- Department of Archaeology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Déri Museum, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter K. Dashkovskiy
- Department of Regional Studies of Russia, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Anthropology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anatoly Faifert
- Research Institute GAUK RO “Don Heritage”, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel N. Flegontov
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alin Frînculeasa
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Mădălina N. Frînculeasa
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University Valahia of Târgoviște, Târgovişte, Romania
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Eötvös Loránd University (Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tom Higham
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paweł Jarosz
- Department of Mountain and Highland Archaeology, Institute Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pavol Jelínek
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Valeri I. Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eduard N. Kirginekov
- State Autonomous Cultural Institution of the Republic of Khakassia “Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L.R. Kyzlasova”, Republic of Khakassia, Abakan, Russia
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandera Kitova
- Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexeiy V. Kiyashko
- Department of Archaeology and History of the Ancient World of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - Arkady Korolev
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Pavel Kosintsev
- Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gabriella Kulcsár
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Kuznetsov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Rabadan Magomedov
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dagestan branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Makhachkala. Dagestan, Russia
| | | | - Eszter Melis
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Physical Anthropology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janet Monge
- Independent Researcher, 106 Federal Street, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Octav Negrea
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, Ploiești, Romania
| | - Nadezhda A. Nikolaeva
- Department of General History, Historical and Literary Institute of the State University of Education, Ministry of Education Moscow, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Maria Ochir-Goryaeva
- Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Elista, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sergiu Popovici
- National Agency for Archaeology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | - Vladimir P. Semibratov
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Nikolai N. Seregin
- Laboratory of Ancient and Medieval Archaeology of Eurasia, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Irina Shingiray
- University of Oxford, Faculty of History, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir N. Shirokov
- Center for Stone Age Archeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Angela Simalcsik
- Orheiul Vechi Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
- Olga Necrasov Centre for Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch, Iași, Romania
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantin N. Solodovnikov
- Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A. Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Viktov Trifonov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther S. Brielle
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Curtis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Flegontova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aisling Kearns
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise Keating
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pier Francesco Palamara
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Kiss K, Bálint M, Gémes A, Marcsik A, Dávid Á, Évinger S, Gróf P, Gróh D, Gyenesei KÉ, János I, Kolozsi B, Kovács LO, Mateovics-László O, Líbor C, Merczi M, Molnár E, Németh CE, Pálfi G, Perémi Á, Rácz Z, Spekker O, Szőke BM, Tóth IZ, Tóth Z, Hajdu T, Szeniczey T. More than one millennium (2nd-16th century CE) of the White Plague in the Carpathian Basin - New cases, expanding knowledge. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143S:102387. [PMID: 38012922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis is still a widespread pathogen, which caused the death of ca. 1.6 million people globally in 2021. The paleopathological study of human remains revealed the antiquity of the disease and its continuous presence throughout the history of humankind. The Carpathian Basin has always been a biocultural melting pot, since it has seen several migrations over the centuries, and served as a location of admixture and interaction for numerous populations of different cultures. Thus, this geographical territory is ideal for the examination of the coevolutionary processes of hosts and their pathogens. We aimed to reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis cases excavated inside the borders of Hungary between the 2nd and 16th centuries CE. We established a comprehensive database by collecting 114 already published cases and introducing 39 new cases. The involved cases include those that have been confirmed by different molecular methods, as well as possible infections that were identified based on the presence of macromorphological and radiological alterations. The progress of future molecular and paleopathological studies can be facilitated by our dataset, as it presents spatial and temporal information concerning the spread of the disease in the Carpathian Basin, as well as the biological profile and detailed paleopathological description of lesions illustrated by photo- and radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Kiss
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros B3-B4 épület, Hungary.
| | - Marianna Bálint
- Hajdúsági Museum, Kossuth Lajos u. 1, 4220, Hajdúböszörmény, Hungary.
| | - Anett Gémes
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Áron Dávid
- Salisbury Kft., Sánc utca 7., 1016, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Gróf
- Mátyás Király Museum, Hungarian National Museum, Fő utca 29., 2025, Visegrád, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Gróh
- Mátyás Király Museum, Hungarian National Museum, Fő utca 29., 2025, Visegrád, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Éva Gyenesei
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István János
- Institute of Environmental Science, University of Nyíregyháza, Sóstói út 31/B, 4400, Nyíregyháza, Hungary.
| | | | | | - Orsolya Mateovics-László
- National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Múzeum krt. 14-16, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Líbor
- Hungarian National Museum, Múzeum krt. 14-16, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Merczi
- Bálint Balassa Museum, Hungarian National Museum, Mindszenty hercegprímás tere 5, 2500, Esztergom, Hungary.
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Emese Németh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágota Perémi
- Laczkó Dezső Múzeum, Török Ignác u. 7., 8200, Veszprém, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Rácz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/b, 1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Olga Spekker
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/b, 1088, Budapest, Hungary; Ancient and Modern Human Genomics Competence Centre, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Béla Miklós Szőke
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for Humanities, Hungarian Research Network, Tóth Kálmán u. 4, 1097, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Zoltán Tóth
- Archaeological Collection, István Dobó Castle Museum, Vár 1, 3300, Eger, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Vyas DN, Koncz I, Modi A, Mende BG, Tian Y, Francalacci P, Lari M, Vai S, Straub P, Gallina Z, Szeniczey T, Hajdu T, Pejrani Baricco L, Giostra C, Radzevičiūtė R, Hofmanová Z, Évinger S, Bernert Z, Pohl W, Caramelli D, Vida T, Geary PJ, Veeramah KR. Fine-scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5th-6th century Pannonia. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3951-3961.e11. [PMID: 37633281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
As the collapse of the Western Roman Empire accelerated during the 4th and 5th centuries, arriving "barbarian" groups began to establish new communities in the border provinces of the declining (and eventually former) empire. This was a time of significant cultural and political change throughout not only these border regions but Europe as a whole.1,2 To better understand post-Roman community formation in one of these key frontier zones after the collapse of the Hunnic movement, we generated new paleogenomic data for a set of 38 burials from a time series of three 5th century cemeteries3,4,5 at Lake Balaton, Hungary. We utilized a comprehensive sampling approach to characterize these cemeteries along with data from 38 additional burials from a previously published mid-6th century site6 and analyzed them alongside data from over 550 penecontemporaneous individuals.7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 The range of genetic diversity in all four of these local burial communities is extensive and wider ranging than penecontemporaneous Europeans sequenced to date. Despite many commonalities in burial customs and demography, we find that there were substantial differences in genetic ancestry between the sites. We detect evidence of northern European gene flow into the Lake Balaton region. Additionally, we observe a statistically significant association between dress artifacts and genetic ancestry among 5th century genetically female burials. Our analysis shows that the formation of early Medieval communities was a multifarious process even at a local level, consisting of genetically heterogeneous groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven N Vyas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/B, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alessandra Modi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Tóth Kálmán utca 4, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yijie Tian
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luisella Pejrani Baricco
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Torino, piazza San Giovanni 2, 10122 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Giostra
- Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Radzevičiūtė
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zuzana Hofmanová
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Arna Nováka 1/1, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bernert
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Pohl
- Institute for Medieval Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Austrian Historical Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/B, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Patrick J Geary
- School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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4
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Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Khussainova E, Kahbatkyzy N, Musralina L, Spyrou MA, Bianco RA, Radzeviciute R, Martins NFG, Freund C, Iksan O, Garshin A, Zhaniyazov Z, Bekmanov B, Kitov E, Samashev Z, Beisenov A, Berezina N, Berezin Y, Bíró AZ, Évinger S, Bissembaev A, Akhatov G, Mamedov A, Onggaruly A, Voyakin D, Chotbayev A, Kariyev Y, Buzhilova A, Djansugurova L, Jeong C, Krause J. Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/13/eabe4414. [PMID: 33771866 PMCID: PMC7997506 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Scythians were a multitude of horse-warrior nomad cultures dwelling in the Eurasian steppe during the first millennium BCE. Because of the lack of first-hand written records, little is known about the origins and relations among the different cultures. To address these questions, we produced genome-wide data for 111 ancient individuals retrieved from 39 archaeological sites from the first millennia BCE and CE across the Central Asian Steppe. We uncovered major admixture events in the Late Bronze Age forming the genetic substratum for two main Iron Age gene-pools emerging around the Altai and the Urals respectively. Their demise was mirrored by new genetic turnovers, linked to the spread of the eastern nomad empires in the first centuries CE. Compared to the high genetic heterogeneity of the past, the homogenization of the present-day Kazakhs gene pool is notable, likely a result of 400 years of strict exogamous social rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elmira Khussainova
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurzhibek Kahbatkyzy
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyazzat Musralina
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raffaela A Bianco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rita Radzeviciute
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nuno Filipe Gomes Martins
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Caecilia Freund
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Olzhas Iksan
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander Garshin
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhassulan Zhaniyazov
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakhytzhan Bekmanov
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Egor Kitov
- Kazakh National University by al-Farabi, 050040, al-Farabi Ave., 71 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Center of Human Ecology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," village Zhambyl, Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, 070906, Kazakhstan
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 010011, Republic Ave., 24, of. 511, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Beisenov
- Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Natalia Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya Str. 11, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Yakov Berezin
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya Str. 11, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation
| | - András Zsolt Bíró
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
| | - Arman Bissembaev
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 010011, Republic Ave., 24, of. 511, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
- Regional Center of History, Ethnography and Archeology of Aktobe region, Turgenev Str. 86, Aktobe 030020, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaziz Akhatov
- Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aslan Mamedov
- Aktobe Regional Historical Museum, Oraza Tateuly Ave. 3, Batys-2 microdistrict, Astana district, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhan Onggaruly
- Scientific-Research Institute "Halyq qazynasy," National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Tauelsizdik Ave. 54, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitriy Voyakin
- Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- International Institute for Central Asian Studies, University Boulevard Street 9, Samarkand 140129, Uzbekistan
| | - Aidos Chotbayev
- Institute of Arсhaeology by A.Kh. Margulan, 050010, Dostyk Ave., 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Yeldos Kariyev
- Scientific Center "Altaytanu" of East-Kazakhstan State University by S.A. Amanzholov, Kazakhstan Str. 55, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya Str. 11, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Leyla Djansugurova
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, 050060, al-Farabi Ave., 93 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Choongwon Jeong
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Sirak K, Fernandes D, Cheronet O, Harney E, Mah M, Mallick S, Rohland N, Adamski N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Anders A, Bartík J, Coppa A, Dashtseveg T, Évinger S, Farkaš Z, Hajdu T, Bayarsaikhan J, McIntyre L, Moiseyev V, Okumura M, Pap I, Pietrusewsky M, Raczky P, Šefčáková A, Soficaru A, Szeniczey T, Miklós Szőke B, Van Gerven D, Vasilyev S, Bell L, Reich D, Pinhasi R. Corrigendum: Human auditory ossicles as an alternative optimal source of ancient DNA. Genome Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/gr.266098.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Sirak K, Fernandes D, Cheronet O, Harney E, Mah M, Mallick S, Rohland N, Adamski N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Anders A, Bartík J, Coppa A, Dashtseveg T, Évinger S, Farkaš Z, Hajdu T, Bayarsaikhan J, McIntyre L, Moiseyev V, Okumura M, Pap I, Pietrusewsky M, Raczky P, Šefčáková A, Soficaru A, Szeniczey T, Szőke BM, Van Gerven D, Vasilyev S, Bell L, Reich D, Pinhasi R. Human auditory ossicles as an alternative optimal source of ancient DNA. Genome Res 2020. [PMID: 32098773 DOI: 10.1101/654749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA recovery from ancient human remains has revolutionized our ability to reconstruct the genetic landscape of the past. Ancient DNA research has benefited from the identification of skeletal elements, such as the cochlear part of the osseous inner ear, that provides optimal contexts for DNA preservation; however, the rich genetic information obtained from the cochlea must be counterbalanced against the loss of morphological information caused by its sampling. Motivated by similarities in developmental processes and histological properties between the cochlea and auditory ossicles, we evaluate the ossicles as an alternative source of ancient DNA. We show that ossicles perform comparably to the cochlea in terms of DNA recovery, finding no substantial reduction in data quantity and minimal differences in data quality across preservation conditions. Ossicles can be sampled from intact skulls or disarticulated petrous bones without damage to surrounding bone, and we argue that they should be used when available to reduce damage to human remains. Our results identify another optimal skeletal element for ancient DNA analysis and add to a growing toolkit of sampling methods that help to better preserve skeletal remains for future research while maximizing the likelihood that ancient DNA analysis will produce useable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Eadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Candilio
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Juraj Bartík
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Tumen Dashtseveg
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zdeněk Farkaš
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
- National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210146, Mongolia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mercedes Okumura
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Pietrusewsky
- Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Department of Anthropology, Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrei Soficaru
- "Fr. J. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Romanian Academy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Miklós Szőke
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dennis Van Gerven
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Lynne Bell
- Centre for Forensic Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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7
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Sirak K, Fernandes D, Cheronet O, Harney E, Mah M, Mallick S, Rohland N, Adamski N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Candilio F, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Anders A, Bartík J, Coppa A, Dashtseveg T, Évinger S, Farkaš Z, Hajdu T, Bayarsaikhan J, McIntyre L, Moiseyev V, Okumura M, Pap I, Pietrusewsky M, Raczky P, Šefčáková A, Soficaru A, Szeniczey T, Szőke BM, Van Gerven D, Vasilyev S, Bell L, Reich D, Pinhasi R. Human auditory ossicles as an alternative optimal source of ancient DNA. Genome Res 2020; 30:427-436. [PMID: 32098773 PMCID: PMC7111520 DOI: 10.1101/gr.260141.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA recovery from ancient human remains has revolutionized our ability to reconstruct the genetic landscape of the past. Ancient DNA research has benefited from the identification of skeletal elements, such as the cochlear part of the osseous inner ear, that provides optimal contexts for DNA preservation; however, the rich genetic information obtained from the cochlea must be counterbalanced against the loss of morphological information caused by its sampling. Motivated by similarities in developmental processes and histological properties between the cochlea and auditory ossicles, we evaluate the ossicles as an alternative source of ancient DNA. We show that ossicles perform comparably to the cochlea in terms of DNA recovery, finding no substantial reduction in data quantity and minimal differences in data quality across preservation conditions. Ossicles can be sampled from intact skulls or disarticulated petrous bones without damage to surrounding bone, and we argue that they should be used when available to reduce damage to human remains. Our results identify another optimal skeletal element for ancient DNA analysis and add to a growing toolkit of sampling methods that help to better preserve skeletal remains for future research while maximizing the likelihood that ancient DNA analysis will produce useable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Eadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA and Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Candilio
- Earth Institute and School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Juraj Bartík
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Tumen Dashtseveg
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zdeněk Farkaš
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia.,National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210146, Mongolia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mercedes Okumura
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Cidade Universitária 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Pietrusewsky
- Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Department of Anthropology, Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, 810 06 Bratislava 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrei Soficaru
- "Fr. J. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Romanian Academy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Miklós Szőke
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dennis Van Gerven
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, RAS, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Lynne Bell
- Centre for Forensic Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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8
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Szeniczey T, Marcsik A, Ács Z, Balassa T, Bernert Z, Bakó K, Czuppon T, Endrődi A, Évinger S, Farkas Z, Hlavenková L, Hoppál K, Kálmán Kiss C, Kiss K, Kocsis K, Kovács LO, Kovács PF, Köhler K, Költő L, Kővári I, László O, Lovász G, Lovranits J, Lukács J, Masek Z, Merczi M, Molnár E, Németh CE, Ódor JG, Paja L, Pap I, Patay R, Rácz I, Rácz Z, Ritoók Á, Szenthe G, Szilas G, Szőke BM, Tóth Z, Vida T, Wolff K, Finnegan M, Hajdu T. Hyperostosis frontalis interna in ancient populations from the Carpathian Basin - A possible relationship between lifestyle and risk of development. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 24:108-118. [PMID: 30342349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) was examined in different periods of the Carpathian Basin from 4900 BCE to 17th century AD. The study seeks to evaluate temporal changes in HFI and the possible impact of lifestyle on it. MATERIALS The studied material consisted of 4668 crania from Hungary and Serbia. METHODS The crania were analyzed employing macroscopic and endoscopic examination. RESULTS In historic periods, sex and age played a pivotal role in HFI development. Among predominantly pastoralist populations of the 5th-8th and 10th centuries, prevalence of HFI was considerably higher than in the medieval populations of the 9th-17th centuries. CONCLUSIONS In addition to age and sex, other factors could be implicated in HFI development. The physiological effects of the pastoralist lifestyle and diet on insulin regulation could explain the increased risk of developing HFI in the 5th-8th and 10th-century populations. SIGNIFICANCE The study provides the first comprehensive dataset of HFI from different archaeological periods from the Carpathian Basin. It has implications for lifestyle and risk of HFI development in past populations. LIMITATIONS The archaeological periods are not equally represented. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH In order to better understand the etiology of HFI, lifestyle factors can be used to elucidate the risk of developing HFI in ancient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Ács
- Department of Archaeological Excavations and Artefact Processing, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | | | - Zsolt Bernert
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Katalin Bakó
- Budavári Ingatlanfejlesztő és Üzemeltető Nonprofit Ltd., Budapest, H-1013, Hungary
| | | | - Anna Endrődi
- Department of Prehistoric and Migration Period, Budapest History Museum, Aquincum Museum and Archaeological Park, H-1014, H-1031, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | | | - Lucia Hlavenková
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, Charles University, Prague, 121 08, Czech Republic
| | - Krisztina Hoppál
- Silk Road Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Eötvös Loránd University-Szeged University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztián Kiss
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Kocsis
- Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary; Neuronal Network and Behavior Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Loránd Olivér Kovács
- Department of Archaeological Excavations and Artefact Processing, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | | | - Kitti Köhler
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | | | - Ivett Kővári
- International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland
| | - Orsolya László
- Archaeological Heritage Directorate, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | | | - Júlia Lovranits
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - József Lukács
- Budavári Ingatlanfejlesztő és Üzemeltető Nonprofit Ltd., Budapest, H-1013, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Masek
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | | | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Csilla Emese Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | | | - László Paja
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Róbert Patay
- Ferenczy Museum Center, Szentendre, H-2000, Hungary
| | - István Rácz
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary; Department of Archaeometry and Archaeological Methodology, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Rácz
- Department of Early Medieval and Historical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Ritoók
- Department of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szenthe
- Department of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szilas
- Department of Prehistoric and Migration Period, Budapest History Museum, Aquincum Museum and Archaeological Park, H-1014, H-1031, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Miklós Szőke
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Tóth
- Dobó István Castle Museum, Eger, H-3300, Hungary
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Department of Early Medieval and Historical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Katalin Wolff
- Department of Early Medieval and Historical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - Michael Finnegan
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
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9
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Évinger S, Hajdu T, Biró G, Zádori P, Marcsik A, Molnár E, Wolff K. A case of unilateral coronal synostosis from Medieval Hungary (9th century A.D.). Anthropol Anz 2015; 73:81-8. [PMID: 26555924 DOI: 10.1127/anthranz/2015/0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A unique single suture craniosynostosis case from the 9(th) century is presented in this paper. Although craniosynostosis is a fairly common pediatric anomaly nowadays, its occurrence in archaeological collections is an uncommon precedent. Since the diagnosis and treatment of premature cranial suture closure usually happens at an early age, evaluation of the whole developmental process is a rare opportunity. The right-sided coronal suture synostosis of this 30-35 years old woman gives an interesting opportunity to observe the effect of this phenomenon in adulthood. Only slight distortion of the viscerocranium and no bony signs of elevated intracranial pressure can be seen on the skull. The women suffered remarkable bending of the whole face and cranial base of the midsagittal plane. Besides the aesthetic disorder, the condition might have contributed to a chronic headache and visual disturbances. The lack of any other typical symptom suggests the diagnosis of isolated craniosynostosis or a milder type of syndromic craniosynostosis, the possibility of an underlying causative mutation cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary.,Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary
| | - Gergely Biró
- Kaposvár University, Health Center, Guba Sándor utca 40, Kaposvár, H-7400 Hungary
| | - Péter Zádori
- Kaposvár University, Health Center, Guba Sándor utca 40, Kaposvár, H-7400 Hungary
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52 Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52 Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Katalin Wolff
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary.,Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091 Hungary
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