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Šipr O, Bornemann S, Ebert H, Minár J. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy for adatoms and monolayers on non-magnetic substrates: where does it come from? J Phys Condens Matter 2014; 26:196002. [PMID: 24762802 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/19/196002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The substrate contribution to the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of supported nanostructures can be assessed by a site-selective manipulation of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and of the effective exchange field Bex. A systematic study of Co adatoms and Co monolayers on the (1 1 1) surfaces of Cu, Ag, Au, Pd and Pt is performed to study common trends in this class of materials. It is found that for adatoms, the influence of the substrate SOC and Bex is relatively small (10-30% of the MAE) while for monolayers, this influence can be substantial. The influence of the substrate SOC is much more important than the influence of the substrate Bex, except for highly polarizable substrates with a strong SOC (such as Pt). The substrate always promotes the tendency to an out-of-plane orientation of the easy magnetic axis for all the investigated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Šipr
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR vvi, Cukrovarnická 10, CZ-162 53 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sergueev I, Dubrovinsky L, Ekholm M, Vekilova OY, Chumakov AI, Zając M, Potapkin V, Kantor I, Bornemann S, Ebert H, Simak SI, Abrikosov IA, Rüffer R. Hyperfine splitting and room-temperature ferromagnetism of Ni at multimegabar pressure. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:157601. [PMID: 24160629 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.157601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic and elastic properties of Ni metal have been studied up to 260 GPa by nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation with the 67.4 keV Mössbauer transition of 61Ni. The observed magnetic hyperfine splitting confirms the ferromagnetic state of Ni up to 260 GPa, the highest pressure where magnetism in any material has been observed so far. Ab initio calculations reveal that the pressure evolution of the hyperfine field, which features a maximum in the range of 100 to 225 GPa, is a relativistic effect. The Debye energy obtained from the Lamb-Mössbauer factor increases from 33 meV at ambient pressure to 60 meV at 100 GPa. The change of this energy over volume compression is well described by a Grüneisen parameter of 2.09.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sergueev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Ouazi S, Vlaic S, Rusponi S, Moulas G, Buluschek P, Halleux K, Bornemann S, Mankovsky S, Minár J, Staunton JB, Ebert H, Brune H. Atomic-scale engineering of magnetic anisotropy of nanostructures through interfaces and interlines. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1313. [PMID: 23271648 PMCID: PMC3535417 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central goals of nanoscale magnetic materials science are the self-assembly of the smallest structure exhibiting ferromagnetic hysteresis at room temperature, and the assembly of these structures into the highest density patterns. The focus has been on chemically ordered alloys combining magnetic 3d elements with polarizable 5d elements having high spin–orbit coupling and thus yielding the desired large magneto-crystalline anisotropy. The chemical synthesis of nanoparticles of these alloys yields disordered phases requiring annealing to transform them to the high-anisotropy L10 structure. Despite considerable efforts, so far only part of the nanoparticles can be transformed without coalescence. Here we present an alternative approach to homogeneous alloys, namely the creation of nanostructures with atomically sharp bimetallic interfaces and interlines. They exhibit unexpectedly high magnetization reversal energy with values and directions of the easy magnetization axes strongly depending on chemistry and texture. We find significant deviations from the expected behaviour for commonly used element combinations. Ab-initio calculations reproduce these results and unravel their origin. The design and assembly of nanostructures exhibiting ferromagnetic hysteresis at room temperature are recognized goals for high-density data storage. Here, the authors engineer nanostructures with atomically sharp bimetallic interfaces and interlines, which exhibit large magnetic anisotropy and high temperature hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ouazi
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 3, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bornemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Tate & Lyle Group Research &Technology, PO Box 68, Reading, Berks, RG6 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Cassells
- The Technology Partnership, Melbourn Science Park, Cambridge Road, Melbourn, Royston, Herts, SG8 6EE, UK
- Tate & Lyle Group Research &Technology, PO Box 68, Reading, Berks, RG6 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - J. S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Tate & Lyle Group Research &Technology, PO Box 68, Reading, Berks, RG6 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Hacking
- Dextra Laboratories Ltd., Innovation Centre, PO Box 68, Reading, RG6 2BX, UK
- Tate & Lyle Group Research &Technology, PO Box 68, Reading, Berks, RG6 2BX, United Kingdom
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Bornemann S, Crout DHG, Dalton H, Hutchinson DW. Activities in Crude Porcine Pancreatic Lipase: Enantioselectivity in Hydrolysis of the Diacetate of 2-Phenylpropane-1,3-Diol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242429209014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bornemann
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - D. H. G. Crout
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - H. Dalton
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - D. W. Hutchinson
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Honolka J, Lee TY, Kuhnke K, Enders A, Skomski R, Bornemann S, Mankovsky S, Minár J, Staunton J, Ebert H, Hessler M, Fauth K, Schütz G, Buchsbaum A, Schmid M, Varga P, Kern K. Magnetism of FePt surface alloys. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:067207. [PMID: 19257632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.067207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex correlation of structure and magnetism in highly coercive monoatomic FePt surface alloys is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and ab initio theory. Depending on the specific lateral atomic coordination of Fe either hard magnetic properties comparable to that of bulk FePt or complex noncollinear magnetism due to Dzyaloshinski-Moriya interactions are observed. Our calculations confirm the subtle dependence of the magnetic anisotropy and spin alignment on the local coordination and suggest that 3D stacking of Fe and Pt layers in bulk L1_{0} magnets is not essential to achieve high-anisotropy values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Honolka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Dlubek G, Bamford D, Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Bornemann S, Stejny J, Schade B, Alam MA, Arnold M. Free volume, glass transition, and degree of branching in metallocene-based propylene/?-olefin copolymers: Positron lifetime, density, and differential scanning calorimetric studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tanner A, Bowater L, Fairhurst SA, Bornemann S. Oxalate decarboxylase requires manganese and dioxygen for activity. Overexpression and characterization of Bacillus subtilis YvrK and YoaN. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:43627-34. [PMID: 11546787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis oxalate decarboxylase (EC ), YvrK, converts oxalate to formate and CO(2). YvrK and the related hypothetical proteins YoaN and YxaG from B. subtilis have been successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant YvrK and YoaN were found to be soluble enzymes with oxalate decarboxylase activity only when expressed in the presence of manganese salts. No enzyme activity has yet been detected for YxaG, which was expressed as a soluble protein without the requirement for manganese salts. YvrK and YoaN were found to catalyze minor side reactions: oxalate oxidation to produce H(2)O(2); and oxalate-dependent, H(2)O(2)-independent dye oxidations. The oxalate decarboxylase activity of purified YvrK was O(2)-dependent. YvrK was found to contain between 0.86 and 1.14 atoms of manganese/subunit. EPR spectroscopy showed that the metal ion was predominantly but not exclusively in the Mn(II) oxidation state. The hyperfine coupling constant (A = 9.5 millitesla) of the main g = 2 signal was consistent with oxygen and nitrogen ligands with hexacoordinate geometry. The structure of YvrK was modeled on the basis of homology with oxalate oxidase, canavalin, and phaseolin, and its hexameric oligomerization was predicted by analogy with proglycinin and homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. Although YvrK possesses two potential active sites, only one could be fully occupied by manganese. The possibility that the C-terminal domain active site has no manganese bound and is buried in an intersubunit interface within the hexameric enzyme is discussed. A mechanism for oxalate decarboxylation is proposed, in which both Mn(II) and O(2) are cofactors that act together as a two-electron sink during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanner
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Osborne A, Thorneley RN, Abell C, Bornemann S. Studies with substrate and cofactor analogues provide evidence for a radical mechanism in the chorismate synthase reaction. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:35825-30. [PMID: 10956653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005796200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorismate synthase catalyzes the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) to chorismate. The strict requirement for a reduced FMN cofactor and a trans-1,4-elimination are unusual. (6R)-6-Fluoro-EPSP was shown to be converted to chorismate stoichiometrically with enzyme-active sites in the presence of dithionite. This conversion was associated with the oxidation of FMN to give a stable flavin semiquinone. The IC(50) of the fluorinated substrate analogue was 0.5 and 250 microm with the Escherichia coli enzyme, depending on whether it was preincubated with the enzyme or not. The lack of dissociation of the flavin semiquinone and chorismate from the enzyme appears to be the basis of the essentially irreversible inhibition by this analogue. A dithionite-dependent transient formation of flavin semiquinone during turnover of (6S)-6-fluoro-EPSP has been observed. These reactions are best rationalized by radical chemistry that is strongly supportive of a radical mechanism occurring during normal turnover. The lack of activity with 5-deaza-FMN provides additional evidence for the role of flavin in catalysis by the E. coli enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osborne
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has been shown to express a cytosolic oxalate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.2). The enzyme was induced in acidic growth media, particularly at pH 5.0, but not by oxalate. The enzyme was purified, and N-terminal sequencing identified the protein to be encoded by yvrK. The role of the first oxalate decarboxylase to be identified in a prokaryote is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanner
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, United Kingdom
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Bornemann S, Theoclitou ME, Brune M, Webb MR, Thorneley RN, Abell C. A Secondary beta Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Chorismate Synthase Reaction. Bioorg Chem 2000; 28:191-204. [PMID: 11034781 DOI: 10.1006/bioo.2000.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chorismate synthase (EC 4.6.1.4) is the shikimate pathway enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) to chorismate. The enzyme reaction is unusual because it involves a trans-1,4 elimination of the C-3 phosphate and the C-6 proR hydrogen and it has an absolute requirement for reduced flavin. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the cofactor requirement and stereochemistry of the reaction, including a radical mechanism. This paper describes the synthesis of [4-(2)H]EPSP and the observation of kinetic isotope effects using this substrate with both Neurospora crassa and Escherichia coli chorismate synthases. The magnitude of the effects were (D)(V) = 1.08 +/- 0.01 for the N. crassa enzyme and 1.10 +/- 0.02 on phosphate release under single-turnover conditions for the E. coli enzyme. The effects are best rationalised as substantial secondary beta isotope effects. It is most likely that the C(3)-O bond is cleaved first in a nonconcerted E1 or radical reaction mechanism. Although this study alone cannot rule out a concerted E2-type mechanism, the C(3)-O bond would have to be substantially more broken than the proR C(6)-H bond in a transition state of such a mechanism. Importantly, although the E. coli and N. crassa enzymes have different rate limiting steps, their catalytic mechanisms are most likely to be chemically identical. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bornemann
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Edwards A, Borthakur A, Bornemann S, Venail J, Denyer K, Waite D, Fulton D, Smith A, Martin C. Specificity of starch synthase isoforms from potato. Eur J Biochem 1999; 266:724-36. [PMID: 10583366 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants several isoforms of starch synthase contribute to the extension of glucan chains in the synthesis of starch. Different isoforms are responsible for the synthesis of essentially linear amylose chains and branched, amylopectin chains. The activity of granule-bound starch synthase I from potato has been compared with that of starch synthase II from potato following expression of both isoforms in Escherichia coli. Significant differences in their activities are apparent which may be important in determining their specificities in vivo. These differences include affinities for ADPglucose and glucan substrates, activation by amylopectin, response to citrate, thermosensitivity and the processivity of glucan chain extension. To define regions of the isoforms determining these characteristic traits, chimeric proteins have been produced by expression in E. coli. These experiments reveal that the C-terminal region of granule-bound starch synthase I confers most of the specific properties of this isoform, except its processive elongation of glucan chains. This region of granule-bound starch synthase I is distinct from the C-terminal region of other starch synthases. The specific properties it confers may be important in defining the specificity of granule-bound starch synthase I in producing amylose in vivo.
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Arnold M, Knorr J, Köller F, Bornemann S. MODIFIED POLYPROPENES VIA METALLOCENE CATALYSIS. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 1999. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Oxalate oxidase (EC 1.2.3.4) catalyses the conversion of oxalate and dioxygen into CO(2) and H(2)O(2). The barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedling root enzyme was purified to homogeneity and shown by metal analysis and EPR spectroscopy to contain Mn(II) at up to 0.80 atom per subunit. The involvement of Mn and neither flavin, Cu nor Fe in the direct conversion of dioxygen to H(2)O(2) makes oxalate oxidase unique. A model of the active site of the holoenzyme based on a homology model of the apoenzyme is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Requena
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
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Macheroux P, Schönbrunn E, Svergun DI, Volkov VV, Koch MH, Bornemann S, Thorneley RN. Evidence for a major structural change in Escherichia coli chorismate synthase induced by flavin and substrate binding. Biochem J 1998; 335 ( Pt 2):319-27. [PMID: 9761730 PMCID: PMC1219785 DOI: 10.1042/bj3350319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chorismate synthase (EC 4.6.1.4) catalyses the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) into chorismate, and requires reduced FMN as a cofactor. The enzyme can bind first oxidized FMN and then EPSP to form a stable ternary complex which does not undergo turnover. This complex can be considered to be a model of the ternary complex between enzyme, EPSP and reduced FMN immediately before catalysis commences. It is shown that the binding of oxidized FMN and EPSP to chorismate synthase affects the properties and structure of the protein. Changes in small-angle X-ray scattering data, decreased susceptibility to tryptic digestion and altered Fourier-transform (FT)-IR spectra provide the first strong evidence for major structural changes in the protein. The tetrameric enzyme undergoes correlated screw movements leading to a more overall compact shape, with no change in oligomerization state. The changes in the FT-IR spectrum appear to reflect changes in the environment of the secondary-structural elements rather than alterations in their distribution, because the far-UV CD spectrum changes very little. Changes in the mobility of the protein during non-denaturing PAGE indicate that the ternary complex may exhibit less conformational flexibility than the apoprotein. Increased enzyme solubility and decreased tryptophan fluorescence are discussed in the light of the observed structural changes. The secondary structure of the enzyme was investigated using far-UV CD spectroscopy, and the tertiary structure was predicted to be an alpha-beta-barrel using discrete state-space modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Macheroux
- ETH-Zürich, Institute of Plant Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- L Requena
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
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Anderson LA, Palmer T, Price NC, Bornemann S, Boxer DH, Pau RN. Characterisation of the molybdenum-responsive ModE regulatory protein and its binding to the promoter region of the modABCD (molybdenum transport) operon of Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem 1997; 246:119-26. [PMID: 9210473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum-dependent repression of transcription of the Escherichia coli modABCD operon, which encodes the high-affinity molybdate transporter, is mediated by the ModE protein. This regulatory protein was purified as an N-terminal His6-tagged derivative and characterised both with and without the N-terminal oligohistidine extension. Equilibrium centrifugation showed that ModE is at least a 57-kDa homodimer. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that when molybdate or tungstate bind to ModE there is little change in its alpha-helical content, but a major change in the environment of tryptophan and tyrosine residues occurs. Addition of molybdate or tungstate to the protein results in almost 50% quenching of the fluorescence attributed to tryptophan. Titration of fluorescence quenching showed that two molecules of molybdenum bind to each dimer of ModE with a Kd of 0.8 microM. DNA mobility-shift assays showed that ModE requires molybdenum, or tungstate, to bind with high affinity (approximate Kd of 30 nM ModE) to the modABCD promoter region. In accord with ModE's role as a molybdenum-dependent transcriptional repressor, DNase I footprinting experiments showed that the ModE-molybdenum complex binds to a single 31-bp region around the transcription start of the modABCD promoter. This region contains a 6-base palindromic sequence CGTTAT-N12-ATAACG.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, UK
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Macheroux P, Bornemann S, Ghisla S, Thorneley RN. Studies with flavin analogs provide evidence that a protonated reduced FMN is the substrate-induced transient intermediate in the reaction of Escherichia coli chorismate synthase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:25850-8. [PMID: 8824216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.25850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorismate synthase catalyzes the 1,4-elimination of phosphate and the C-(6-pro-R) hydrogen from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) to generate chorismate. Although this reaction does not involve an overall change in redox state, the enzyme requires reduced FMN. To investigate the role of the flavin in catalysis we have employed chemically modified flavins: 1- and 5-deaza-, 2- and 4-thio-, 6-hydroxy-, 8-nor-6-methyl-, 8-methyl-sulfonyl-, 8-chloro-, 8-fluoro-, 8-nor-methyl-, 8-S-methyl-, 8-methoxy, 8-mercapto- and 8-amino-FMN. Photoreduction of 4-thio-FMN in the presence of chorismate synthase at pH 7.5 produced a reduced flavin species with an absorbance maximum at lambda = 410 nm indicative of monoanionic, reduced 4-thio-FMN. Binding of 8-mercapto- and 6-hydroxy-FMN to chorismate synthase in the presence of EPSP or (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP resulted in an increase of the flavin analogs' pKa values by 4 and 1 pH units, respectively. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that chorismate synthase preferentially binds neutral flavin species, including the protonated reduced form, rather than anionic flavin species in the presence of EPSP or the 6-fluoro-substrate analog. Further support for this conclusion was obtained using 5-deaza- and 4-thio-FMN. Addition of EPSP to enzyme-bound, reduced 5-deaza-FMN produced spectral changes consistent with protonation of the flavin. Photoreduction of 4-thio-FMN in the presence of enzyme and the (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP generated a reduced flavin species with absorbance properties of a neutral, reduced 4-thio-flavin. These results and their implications for the nature and kinetic properties of an observed flavin intermediate are discussed in the context of a possible role of reduced flavin as an electron donor to bound EPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Macheroux
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Bornemann S, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN. The transient kinetics of Escherichia coli chorismate synthase: substrate consumption, product formation, phosphate dissociation, and characterization of a flavin intermediate. Biochemistry 1996; 35:9907-16. [PMID: 8703965 DOI: 10.1021/bi952958q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chorismate synthase is the seventh enzyme of the shikimate pathway and catalyzes the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) to chorismate. The reaction involves the 1,4-elimination of phosphate and the C-(6proR) hydrogen of the substrate with unusual anti stereochemistry and requires a reduced flavin cofactor. This paper describes the kinetics of the formation and decay of a flavin intermediate, EPSP consumption, chorismate and phosphate formation, and phosphate dissociation during single and multiple turnover experiments, determined using rapid reaction techniques. The kinetics of phosphate dissociation using the substrate analogues (6R)-[6-2H]EPSP and (6S)-6-fluoro-EPSP have also been determined. The observations are consistent with a nonconcerted chorismate synthase reaction. The flavin intermediate is not simply associated with the conversion of substrate to product because it forms before the substrate is consumed. The transient spectral changes must be associated primarily with events such as protonation of the reduced flavin, a charge transfer complex between reduced flavin and an aromatic amino acid, or a conformational change in the protein. This does not rule out the direct role of flavin in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bornemann
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, UK
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Macheroux P, Petersen J, Bornemann S, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN. Binding of the oxidized, reduced, and radical flavin species to chorismate synthase. An investigation by spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and electron paramagnetic resonance and electron nuclear double resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1996; 35:1643-52. [PMID: 8634296 DOI: 10.1021/bi951705u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chorismate synthase (EC 4.6.1.4) binds oxidized riboflavin-5'-phosphate mononucleotide (FMN) with a KD of 30 microM at 25 degrees C, but in the presence of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP), the KD decreases to ca. 20 nM. Similar effects occur with the substrate analogue (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP (KD = 36 nM) and chorismate (KD = 540 nM). Fluorescence of oxidized FMN is slightly quenched in the presence of chorismate synthase. Addition of EPSP or the (6R)-6-fluoro analogue causes a shift of the fluorescence from 520 to 495 nm. Chorismate causes no shift in, but a quenching of, the fluorescence emission maximum. In the presence of EPSP, (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP, or chorismate, the neutral flavinsemiquinone is generated. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) line width of the flavin radical is indicative of a neutral flavinsemiquinone. Frozen solution electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) of the radical with (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP shows a number of proton ENDOR line pairs. The largest splitting is assigned to a hyperfine coupling to the methyl group beta-protons at position 8 of the isoalloxazine ring. The hyperfine-coupling (hfc) components have values of A perpendicular = 8.07 MHz and A parallel = 9.60 MHz, giving Aiso of 8.58 MHz, consistent with a neutral semiquinone form. The isotropic hfc coupling of the 8-methyl protons with (6R)-6-fluoro-EPSP decreases by about 0.5 MHz when chorismate is bound, indicating that the spin density distribution within the isoalloxazine ring system depends critically on the nature of the ligand. The redox potential of FMN in the presence of chorismate synthase was 95 mV more positive than that of free FMN (at pH 7.0), equivalent to a 1660-fold tighter binding of reduced FMN. The pH dependence of the redox potential of chorismate synthase-bound FMN exhibits a slope of -30 mV per pH unit between pH 6 and 9, indicating that the two-electron reduction of the flavin is associated with the uptake of one proton; this, and the UV-visible spectrum, is consistent with the reduced flavin being bound to chorismate synthase in its monoanionic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Macheroux
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bornemann
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, U.K
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Bornemann S, Ramjee MK, Balasubramanian S, Abell C, Coggins JR, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN. Escherichia coli chorismate synthase catalyzes the conversion of (6S)-6-fluoro-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate to 6-fluorochorismate. Implications for the enzyme mechanism and the antimicrobial action of (6S)-6-fluoroshikimate. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:22811-5. [PMID: 7559411 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.39.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorismate synthase catalyzes the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate to chorismate. It is the seventh enzyme of the shikimate pathway, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic metabolites from glucose. The chorismate synthase reaction involves a 1,4-elimination with unusual anti-stereochemistry and requires a reduced flavin cofactor. The substrate analogue (6S)-6-fluoro-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of Neurospora crassa chorismate synthase (Balasubramanian, S., Davies, G. M., Coggins, J. R., and Abell, C. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 8945-8946). We have shown that this analogue is converted to 6-fluorochorismate by Escherichia coli chorismate synthase at a rate 2 orders of magnitude slower than the normal substrate. The decreased rate of reaction is consistent with the destabilization of an allylic cationic intermediate. The formation of chorismate and 6-fluorochorismate involves a common protein-bound flavin intermediate although the fluoro substituent does influence the spectral characteristics of this intermediate. The fluoro substituent also decreased the rate of decay of the flavin intermediate by 280 times. These results are consistent with the antimicrobial activity of (6S)-6-fluoroshikimate not being mediated by the inhibition of chorismate synthase but by the inhibition of 4-aminobenzoic acid synthesis as previously proposed (Davies, G. M., Barrett-Bee, K. J., Jude, D. A., Lehan, M., Nichols, W. W., Pinder, P. E., Thain, J. L., Watkins, W. J., and Wilson, R. G. (1994) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 403-406).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bornemann
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Bornemann S, Balasubramanian S, Coggins JR, Abell C, Lowe DJ, Thorneley RN. Escherichia coli chorismate synthase: a deuterium kinetic-isotope effect under single-turnover and steady-state conditions shows that a flavin intermediate forms before the C-(6proR)-H bond is cleaved. Biochem J 1995; 305 ( Pt 3):707-10. [PMID: 7848266 PMCID: PMC1136315 DOI: 10.1042/bj3050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of a deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the conversion of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate into chorismate (6proR2HV = 1.13 +/- 0.03) using recombinant chorismate synthase from Escherichia coli. Similar isotope effects were observed for the decay of a spectroscopically characterized flavin intermediate (6proR2Hk = 1.17 +/- 0.04) during single-turnover experiments. The main rate-limiting steps and C-(6proR)-H bond breaking are therefore distinct and both must occur after the formation of the flavin intermediate and either before or concomitant with its decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bornemann
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K
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Sladen-Dew N, Bigelow DA, Buckley R, Bornemann S. The Greater Vancouver Mental Health Service Society: 20 years' experience in urban community mental health. Can J Psychiatry 1993; 38:308-14. [PMID: 8348468 DOI: 10.1177/070674379303800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Caring for people in the community with persistent and disabling mental illnesses presents a major challenge to government, planners and mental health professionals. The success with which mentally disabled people are integrated into community life says much about the society in which we live. This article describes the experience of the Greater Vancouver Mental Health Service Society in offering community-based mental health services to persons with schizophrenia and other major mental disorders over the past 20 years. The key to its success lies in a decentralized, relatively non hierarchical organizational structure which allows committed and skilled multidisciplinary teams to work with patients and their families in their community. The resulting services are fully integrated within the fabric of the community and are responsive to local needs. Partnerships among professionals, patients, families and community agencies result in work that is creative, productive and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sladen-Dew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Bornemann S, Schlimme E. [Catabolic properties of 5',5"-linked dinucleosidephosphates in rat liver nuclei]. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 1982; 37:818-23. [PMID: 6958134 DOI: 10.1515/znc-1982-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on the enzymatic degradation of 14C-labelled 5',5"-linked dinucleoside triphosphates Gp3A, 2-O-mGp3A, 2'dGp3A, 2'3"ddGp3A and m7Gp3A in rat liver nuclei. The 2'-desoxy- and 2',3'-didesoxy compounds are poorer substrates than the other cap-structured dinucleotides investigated.
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Bornemann S, Schlimme E. [P1, P3-(5'-guanosyl-5''-[14C]adenosyl)triphosphate: preparation of the cap parent compound and its catabolic properties towards rat liver subcellular fractions (author's transl)]. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 1980; 35:57-64. [PMID: 7405361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the chemical preparation of 14C-labeled P1, P3-(5'-guanosyl-5''-adenosyl)triphosphate (1) which is the parent compound of 5'-terminal cap structures of most eukaryotic mRNAs. Incubation experiments of cap (1)- and non cap-structured nucleotides as Ap2A (2) as well as their ribose ring opened derivatives (3, 4) with rat liver subcellular fractions show that cap-degrading nucleases being able to unblock 5' termini are present in nuclei but not in mitochondria.
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