Tailoring the physical and chemical properties of Sn1-xCoxO2 nanoparticles: an experimental and theoretical approach

In this work, we present a coupled experimental and theoretical first-principles investigation on one of the more promising oxide-diluted magnetic semiconductors, the Sn_1-xCo_xO₂ nanoparticle system, in order to see the effect of cobalt doping on the physical and chemical properties. Our findings suggest that progressive surface enrichment with dopant ions plays an essential role in the monotonous quenching of the surface disorder modes. That weakening is associated with the passivation of the oxygen vacancies as the Co excess at the surface becomes larger. Room-temperature ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy data analysis revealed the occurrence of a distribution of isomer shifts, related to the different non-equivalent surroundings of Sn⁴⁺ ions and the coexistence of Sn²⁺/Sn⁴⁺ at the particle surfaces provoked by the inhomogeneous distribution of Co ions, in agreement with the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Magnetic measurements revealed a paramagnetic behavior of the Co ions dispersed in the rutile-type matrix with antiferromagnetic correlations, which become stronger as the Co content is increased. Theoretical calculations show that a defect with two Co mediated by a nearby oxygen vacancy is the most likely defect. The predicted effects of this defect complex are in accordance with the experimental results.

Difusão do Peróxido de Hidrogênio em Dentes Submetidos a Diferentes Protocolos de Clareamento

Objetivos: avaliar a concentração de Peróxido de Hidrogênio (PH) que alcança a câmara pulpar, utilizando géis clareadores de mesma marca comercial. Métodos: 90 pré-molares foram divididos em 9 grupos de acordo com o tratamento: Controle (sem tratamento clareador) [C], Peróxido de Carbamida (PC) 10% [PC10%], PC 16% [PC16%], PC 22% [PC22%], Peróxido de Hidrogênio (PH) 4% [PH4%], PH 6% [PH6%], PH 7 ½% [PH7 ½%], PH 10% [PH10%] e PH 35% [PH35%]. Os dentes foram seccionados e inserido tampão de acetato na câmara pulpar. Os géis clareadores foram aplicados de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes. A solução de tampão foi removida e adicionada a esta, soluções de leucocristal violeta e enzima peroxidase. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e teste de Tukey para contraste das médias (a 0,05). Resultados: Maior quantidade de PH foi observado em protocolo de consultório [PH 35%] quando comparado com clareamento caseiro (p 0,000). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante   (p 0,649) entre os protocolos caseiros. O [PC 10%] libera aproximadamente 3,5% de PH, o qual se difunde na câmara pulpar em quantidades semelhantes ao grupo [PH 4%]. Os grupos [PC 22%] e [PH 10%] também foram similares. Conclusões: A quantidade de PH que alcança a câmara pulpar não é proporcional a concentração inicial de PH dos géis clareadores.Palavras-chave: Peróxido de Hidrogênio. Clareamento Dental. Permeabilidade do Esmalte Dentário.

Efeito de Restaurações que Apresentam Resina Composta Fluida em Lesões Cervicais não Cariosas: Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise

O objetivo foi avaliar se a resina composta fluida em lesões cervicais não cariosas (LCNCs) melhora as taxas de retenção, descoloração marginal e adaptação, em pacientes adultos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática e metanálise. Foram pesquisadas sem restrições as bibliotecas Medline, Scopus, Web  of Science, Lilacs, BBO, Cochrane Library e SIGLE (bases cinzentas), resumos do IADR     e registros de ensaios clínicos (REBEC). Dissertações e teses também foram pesquisadas através das bases de dados ProQuest Dissertações e Periódicos Capes Teses. Foram incluídos apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados que compararam as restaurações com resina composta fluida e resina composta de viscosidade regular em LCNCs. A ferramenta da Cochrane Collaboration foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de viés dos estudos elegíveis. A ferramenta GRADE foi usada para avaliar a qualidade da evidência para cada estudo, de acordo com seus resultados. Após a remoção de duplicatas e avaliação por títulos e abstracts, 8 estudos mantiveram-se para a análise qualitativa. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto a retenção nem descoloração marginal em todos os períodos avaliados (1 a 3 anos). Observou-se melhor adaptação marginal para as restaurações que foram realizadas com resina fluida. A qualidade da evidência foi classificada como moderada para perda ou retenção aos 3 anos e baixa e/ou muito baixa para todos os outros desfechos. Concluiu-se que a viscosidade da resina composta não influencia as taxas de retenção e descoloração marginal das restaurações em LCNCs.Palavras-chave: Lesões Cervicais. Flow. Ensaio Clínico Randomizado. Revisão Sistemática.

Effect of Different Protocols in Preconditioning With EDTA in Sclerotic Dentin and Enamel Before Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-etch Mode

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) conditioning on the etching pattern and immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel and sclerotic dentin.

Methods and Materials:

Forty bovine teeth with sclerotic dentin and 20 human third molars were randomly divided into eight groups resulting from the combination of the main factors surface treatment (none, two-minute EDTA conditioning manual application, 30-second EDTA manual application, 30-second EDTA sonic application) and adhesives systems (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU] and Prime & Bond Elect [PBE]). Resin-dentin and enamel-dentin bond specimens were prepared and tested under the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests, respectively. The etching pattern produced on the unground enamel and the sclerotic dentin surfaces under the different protocols and adhesive systems was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy.

Results:

For enamel, only the main factor adhesive was significant (p<0.0001), with SBU showing the highest μSBS. In sclerotic dentin, the lowest mean was observed for the group without EDTA application and the highest mean in the group with EDTA application with the sonic device for 30 seconds. Regardless of the EDTA protocol, the highest means of μTBS were observed for SBU (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

EDTA conditioning improves the bonding performance of universal adhesives in the self-etch mode on sclerotic dentin, mainly when applied for 30 seconds with the aid of a sonic device. EDTA pretreatment also improves the retentive etching pattern of enamel, but it does not result in higher enamel bond strength.

Effects of the concentration and composition of in-office bleaching gels on hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber

In tooth whitening, the hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffuses in the enamel and dentin, reaching the pulp. This in vitro study aimed to quantify the penetration of HP in the pulp chamber in teeth submitted to bleaching agents of different concentrations of HP without calcium (HP 20% [20CF], HP 35% [35CF]) and with calcium (HP 20% [20CC], HP 35% [35CC]).

METHOD

Fifty human premolars were sectioned 3 mm from the cemento-enamel junction and the pulp tissue was removed. The teeth were divided into five groups according to treatment and with a control group (n=10). An acetate buffer solution was placed in the pulp chamber of all teeth. The control group was exposed only to distilled water, while the other groups were treated with a bleaching procedure, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. After treatment, the acetate buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube in which leuco-crystal violet and peroxidase solutions were added, resulting in a blue solution. The optical density of this blue solution was determined spectrophotometrically and converted into micrograms equivalent to the HP. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α=0.05).

RESULTS

The HP concentration did not affect the HP inside the pulp chamber, but the presence of calcium significantly reduced it (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The amount of HP that reaches the pulp chamber depends on the bleaching protocol and the product employed, and it seems to be less affected by HP concentration.

Effects of light activated in-office bleaching on permeability, microhardness, and mineral content of enamel

The aim of this study was to evaluate the permeability (PE), microhardness (KHN), and mineral change in enamel after LED/laser activated in-office bleaching. For PE, the coronal portion of premolars (n=51) was subjected to bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP Maxx, FGM Dental Products, Joinville, SC, Brazil). The samples were stained via the histochemical method, which involves a copper sulphate solution and rubeanic acid. The penetration of dye into the enamel was measured. The KHN of enamel was assessed before treatment, immediately after the bleaching treatment, and again after one week. The calcium and phosphorus content were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray (JSM 6360LV, Jeol Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The data set from each test was subjected to appropriate parametric statistical analysis (α=0.05). No significant differences were observed for PE in NLA and LA compared to the control group (p=0.98), as well as for calcium (p=0.16) and phosphorus (p=0.80) content. Significant reduction of KHN after bleaching occurred for both groups (p<0.001). After immersion in artificial saliva, the KHN of the enamel for all groups was similar to that seen before bleaching. Light activation during in-office bleaching does not produce significant changes in the enamel compared to a non-light-activated technique.