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Xing R, Mustapha O, Ali T, Rehman M, Zaidi SS, Baseer A, Batool S, Mukhtiar M, Shafique S, Malik M, Sohail S, Ali Z, Zahid F, Zeb A, Shah F, Yousaf A, Din F. Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of SLN-Loaded Thermoresponsive Hydrogel System of Topotecan as Biological Macromolecule for Colorectal Delivery. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021:9968602. [PMID: 34285920 PMCID: PMC8275402 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic drugs cause severe toxicities if administered unprotected, without proper targeting, and controlled release. In this study, we developed topotecan- (TPT-) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for their chemotherapeutic effect against colorectal cancer. The TPT-SLNs were further incorporated into a thermoresponsive hydrogel system (TRHS) (TPT-SLNs-TRHS) to ensure control release and reduce toxicity of the drug. Microemulsion technique and cold method were, respectively, used to develop TPT-SLNs and TPT-SLNs-TRHS. Particle size, polydispersive index (PDI), and incorporation efficiency (IE) of the TPT-SLNs were determined. Similarly, gelation time, gel strength, and bioadhesive force studies of the TPT-SLNs-TRHS were performed. Additionally, in vitro release and pharmacokinetic and antitumour evaluations of the formulation were done. RESULTS TPT-SLNs have uniformly distributed particles with mean size in nanorange (174 nm) and IE of ~90%. TPT-SLNs-TRHS demonstrated suitable gelation properties upon administration into the rat's rectum. Moreover, drug release was exhibited in a control manner over an extended period of time for the incorporated TPT. Pharmacokinetic studies showed enhanced bioavailability of the TPT with improved plasma concentration and AUC. Further, it showed significantly enhanced antitumour effect in tumour-bearing mice as compared to the test formulations. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that SLNs incorporated in TRHS could be a potential source of the antitumour drug delivery with better control of the drug release and no toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-characteristic Profiling for Evaluation of Rational Drug Use, Beijing 100038, China
| | - O. Mustapha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DOW University of Health Sciences, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - T. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DOW University of Health Sciences, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M. Rehman
- HE.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - S. S. Zaidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DOW University of Health Sciences, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - A. Baseer
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - S. Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M. Mukhtiar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan
| | - S. Shafique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, DOW University of Health Sciences, 74200 Karachi, Pakistan
| | - M. Malik
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S. Sohail
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Z. Ali
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - F. Zahid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A. Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Sector G-7/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - F. Shah
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Sector G-7/4, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - A. Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - F. Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract
Thirty male pesticide formulators exposed to the dust and liquid formulation of endosulfan, quinalphos, chlorpyriphos, monocrotophos, lindane, parathion, phorate, and fenvalerate and 20 comparable control subjects from the same area of study were examined for the evaluation of thyroid function tests. The level of TSH was elevated (about 28%) in pesticide formulators as compared to a control group, but the increase was statistically insignificant. Based on the individual TSH measurement, 3 of 30 formulators had isolated elevated levels of TSH and seem to have acquired sub-clinical hypothyroidism; five had TSH values slightly elevated to the upper boarder line (4.03 muIU/ml); and the majority of formulators (N= 22) had TSH values in the normal range varying from 1.29 to 3.9 muIU/ml. Total T3 was suppressed significantly (P< 0.01) in formulators, while marginal decrease (about 7%) was noticed in T4 level. This study indicated thyroid function impairment in few pesticide formulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zaidi
- National Institute of Occupational Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad
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Zaidi SS. A simple chemical method for the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate; application of the method for the estimation of ketone bodies. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1993; 30:58-61. [PMID: 8509127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple one-step method employing potassium persulphate as an oxidising agent in presence of catalyst, Ag2+, for the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) to acetoacetate (AcAc) has been developed and standardized. Under the condition of assay, beta-OHB (0.079-0.395 microM) was quantitatively transformed to AcAc. The reaction linearity was observed from 0.079 to 0.634 microM. Optimum conditions were: pH, 6.2; temp., 40 degrees C; persulphate saturation, 40% and catalyst, 1.82 mM. Under the experimental condition, no reversal of inhibition caused by chloride (22.96 mM) was observed at Ag+ concentrations (9.09 and 18.18 mM), while higher conc. of Ag+ (27.27 mM) caused significant reversal of inhibition (about 60%). The maximum reversal of inhibition was achieved at Ag+ (36.36 mM). The level of ketone bodies, when estimated by the present method, was greatly enhanced during starvation period and about 2- and 12-fold higher level of ketone bodies was observed (compared to control) in rats fasted for 24 and 48 hr respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zaidi
- National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, India
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Zaidi SS, Bhatnagar VK. Spectral evidence for the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate: diminution of spectra by glucose and chloride. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1992; 29:487-9. [PMID: 1294466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) to acetoacetate (AcAc) has been carried out by a simple and new method employing potassium persulphate as an oxidising agent. Under the conditions of assay, beta-OHB (0.079-0.395 microM) was instantaneously oxidised to AcAc and the authenticity of the oxidised product was proved by absorption spectroscopy. A common absorption maxima at about 446 nm was observed in all the spectra recorded for the product (AcAc-complex) obtained after the oxidation of beta-OHB (0.079-0.395 microM) to AcAc followed by coupling with diazotized p-nitroaniline. This absorption maxima was almost equal to that obtained for AcAc-complex using AcAc as reference standard. It implies that AcAc formed by the chemical oxidation of beta-OHB is identically similar to the AcAc used as reference standard for the study. This fact was further strengthened when absorption spectra, recorded either individually or in combination (mixed-type), exhibited a single peak with a common absorption maxima at about 446 nm. Absorption spectra was found to be partially diminished by glucose (1.77 microM) and chloride (17.1 microM), while almost complete diminution of absorption spectra was observed at higher concentration of glucose (8.88 microM) and chloride (51.3 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zaidi
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad
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Abstract
2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA) was extracted from acidified urine at pH 2 by benzene. It was complexed by partitioning with crystal violet in acetic to yield a blue color which was quantitated at 610 nm. Its identity was confirmed by paper chromatographic separation. The DDA excretion in nine subjects ranged from 0.024 to 0.130 microgram/ml with a mean of 0.065 while that determined by gas chromatography ranged from 0.038 to 0.120 with a mean of 0.069.
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