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Sri-Ranjan K, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Swiatlowska P, Rothery S, Novak P, Gerlach S, Koeninger D, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Stevens MM, Sun SX, Gorelik J, Braga VMM. Intrinsic cell rheology drives junction maturation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4832. [PMID: 35977954 PMCID: PMC9385638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of higher eukaryotes that underpins their evolutionary success is stable cell-cell cohesion. Yet, how intrinsic cell rheology and stiffness contributes to junction stabilization and maturation is poorly understood. We demonstrate that localized modulation of cell rheology governs the transition of a slack, undulated cell-cell contact (weak adhesion) to a mature, straight junction (optimal adhesion). Cell pairs confined on different geometries have heterogeneous elasticity maps and control their own intrinsic rheology co-ordinately. More compliant cell pairs grown on circles have slack contacts, while stiffer triangular cell pairs favour straight junctions with flanking contractile thin bundles. Counter-intuitively, straighter cell-cell contacts have reduced receptor density and less dynamic junctional actin, suggesting an unusual adaptive mechano-response to stabilize cell-cell adhesion. Our modelling informs that slack junctions arise from failure of circular cell pairs to increase their own intrinsic stiffness and resist the pressures from the neighbouring cell. The inability to form a straight junction can be reversed by increasing mechanical stress artificially on stiffer substrates. Our data inform on the minimal intrinsic rheology to generate a mature junction and provide a springboard towards understanding elements governing tissue-level mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sri-Ranjan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J L Sanchez-Alonso
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Swiatlowska
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Rothery
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Novak
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - S Gerlach
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - D Koeninger
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - R Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-2: Mechanobiology, Julich, Germany
| | - M M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - J Gorelik
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Cobb AN, Sun SX. ASO Author Reflections: Inflammatory Breast Cancer with Supraclavicular Nodal Involvement-Favorable Long-Term Outcomes can be Achieved. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:6393-6394. [PMID: 35842535 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Cobb
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S X Sun
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Ni J, Sun SX, Zheng Y, Datta R, Sarkar D, Li YM. Removal of prometryn from hydroponic media using marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.). Int J Phytoremediation 2018; 20:909-913. [PMID: 29873532 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1448359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris was evaluated for its efficacy in removing prometryn from nutrient solution. Under optimized experimental conditions, up to 94.0% of the initial prometryn was removed from the hydroponic culture medium by H. vulgaris in 30 days. The concentration of prometryn decreased from the initial level of 0.55 ± 0.013 mg/L to 0.036 ± 0.001 mg/L at the end of the experimental period. The removal kinetics followed first-order kinetic equation (Ct = 0.4569e-0.09t). Half-life (t1/2) of prometryn was greatly shortened from 27.16 days (without plant) to 5.58 days (with H. vulgaris). Approximately 22% of the initial prometryn residue was found in H. vulgaris tissue, while 11.7% was degraded by the plant in 30 days. The metabolites of prometryn detected were 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (in the hydroponic culture medium) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine (in plant tissue) after 30 days. The results indicate that H. vulgaris can be used for phytoextraction of prometryn and could potentially be effective in removing other s-trazine pesticides from contaminated aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ni
- a Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , P. R. China
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - S X Sun
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - Y Zheng
- b College of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China
| | - R Datta
- c Biological Sciences Department , Michigan Technological University , Houghton , MI , USA
| | - D Sarkar
- d Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering Department , Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken , NJ , USA
| | - Y M Li
- a Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , P. R. China
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Vidal AC, Howard LE, Sun SX, Cooperberg MR, Kane CJ, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Amling CL, Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy: results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 20:72-78. [PMID: 27698439 PMCID: PMC5303130 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: At the population level, obesity is associated with prostate cancer (PC) mortality. However, few studies analyzed the associations between obesity and long-term PC-specific outcomes after initial treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 4268 radical prostatectomy patients within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Cox models accounting for known risk factors were used to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and PC-specific mortality (PCSM; primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included biochemical recurrence (BCR) and castration-resistant PC (CRPC). BMI was used as a continuous and categorical variable (normal <25 kg/m2, overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2 and obese ⩾30 kg/m2). Median follow-up among all men who were alive at last follow-up was 6.8 years (interquartile range=3.5–11.0). During this time, 1384 men developed BCR, 117 developed CRPC and 84 died from PC. Hazard ratios were analyzed using competing-risks regression analysis accounting for non-PC death as a competing risk. Results: On crude analysis, higher BMI was not associated with risk of PCSM (P=0.112), BCR (0.259) and CRPC (P=0.277). However, when BMI was categorized, overweight (hazard ratio (HR) 1.99, P=0.034) and obesity (HR 1.97, P=0.048) were significantly associated with PCSM. Obesity and overweight were not associated with BCR or CRPC (all P⩾0.189). On multivariable analysis adjusting for both clinical and pathological features, results were little changed in that obesity (HR=2.05, P=0.039) and overweight (HR=1.88, P=0.061) were associated with higher risk of PCSM, but not with BCR or CRPC (all P⩾0.114) with the exception that the association for overweight was no longer statistical significant. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity were associated with increased risk of PCSM after radical prostatectomy. If validated in larger studies with longer follow-up, obesity may be established as a potentially modifiable risk factor for PCSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Vidal
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L E Howard
- Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S X Sun
- Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C J Kane
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W J Aronson
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M K Terris
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Urology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C L Amling
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Sun SX, Li YM, Zheng Y, Hua Y, Datta R, Dan YM, Lv P, Sarkar D. Uptake of 2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine by Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) from Hydroponic Media. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 96:550-555. [PMID: 26810796 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine (prometryn) poses a risk to aquatic environments in several countries, including China, where its use is widespread, particularly due to its chemical stability and biological toxicity. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) was tested for its potential for phytoremediation of prometryn. Vetiver grass was grown in hydroponic media in a greenhouse, in the presence of prometryn, with appropriate controls. Plant uptake and removal of prometryn from the media were monitored for a period of 67 days. The results showed that the removal of the prometryn in the media was expedited by vetiver grass. The removal half-life (t1/2) was shortened by 11.5 days. Prometryn removal followed first-order kinetics (Ct = 1.8070e(-0.0601t)). This study demonstrated the potential of vetiver grass for the phytoremediation for prometryn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Sun
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Y M Li
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zheng
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Y Hua
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - R Datta
- Biological Sciences Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Y M Dan
- Yunnan Import and Export Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - P Lv
- Yunnan Import and Export Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - D Sarkar
- Earth and Environmental Studies Department, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
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Sun SX, Guo HH, Zhang J, Yu B, Sun KN, Jin QH. BMP-2 and titanium particles synergistically activate osteoclast formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:461-9. [PMID: 24820069 PMCID: PMC4086172 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) and wear debris can
separately support osteoclast formation induced by the receptor activator of NF-κB
ligand (RANKL). However, the effect of BMP-2 on wear debris-induced osteoclast
formation is unclear. In this study, we show that neither titanium particles nor
BMP-2 can induce osteoclast formation in RAW 264.7 mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage
cells but that BMP-2 synergizes with titanium particles to enhance osteoclast
formation in the presence of RANKL, and that at a low concentration, BMP-2 has an
optimal effect to stimulate the size and number of multinuclear osteoclasts,
expression of osteoclast genes, and resorption area. Our data also clarify that the
effects caused by the increase in BMP-2 on phosphorylated SMAD levels such as c-Fos
expression increased throughout the early stages of osteoclastogenesis. BMP-2 and
titanium particles stimulate the expression of p-JNK, p-P38, p-IkB, and P50 compared
with the titanium group. These data suggested that BMP-2 may be a crucial factor in
titanium particle-mediated osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - H H Guo
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - J Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
| | - B Yu
- Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - K N Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Q H Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Guo HH, Yu CC, Sun SX, Ma XJ, Yang XC, Sun KN, Jin QH. Adenovirus-mediated siRNA targeting TNF-α and overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes early osteoblast differentiation on a cell model of Ti particle-induced inflammatory response in vitro. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:831-8. [PMID: 24141610 PMCID: PMC3854310 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wear particles are phagocytosed by macrophages and other inflammatory cells,
resulting in cellular activation and release of proinflammatory factors, which
cause periprosthetic osteolysis and subsequent aseptic loosening, the most
common causes of total joint arthroplasty failure. During this pathological
process, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in
wear-particle-induced osteolysis. In this study, recombination adenovirus (Ad)
vectors carrying both target genes [TNF-α small interfering RNA (TNF-α-siRNA)
and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)] were synthesized and transfected into
RAW264.7 macrophages and pro-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively. The
target gene BMP-2, expressed on pro-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and silenced by
the TNF-α gene on cells, was treated with titanium (Ti) particles that were
assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. We showed that recombinant
adenovirus (Ad-siTNFα-BMP-2) can induce osteoblast differentiation when treated
with conditioned medium (CM) containing RAW264.7 macrophages challenged with a
combination of Ti particles and Ad-siTNFα-BMP-2 (Ti-ad CM) assessed by alkaline
phosphatase activity. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand was
downregulated in pro-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells treated with Ti-ad CM in
comparison with conditioned medium of RAW264.7 macrophages challenged with Ti
particles (Ti CM). We suggest that Ad-siTNFα-BMP-2 induced osteoblast
differentiation and inhibited osteoclastogenesis on a cell model of a Ti
particle-induced inflammatory response, which may provide a novel approach for
the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Guo
- Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yinchuan, China
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Chen Q, Zou H, Xu XH, Luo M, Wang J, Zuo YQ, Chen YH, Chen XH, Chen XL, Yao ZQ, Song N, Zeng J, Mi XY, Sun SX, Wang JX, Zhao TM. Characterization of HLA-B*5516, -B*1313, -B*9512, and -DRB1*1457 alleles identified in a southwest Chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 68:339-43. [PMID: 17026471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5516 allele differs from the B*5502 by a single 97 T --> C substitution (His to Tyr at position 33) in exon 2. The B*1313 allele results from 419 T --> A and 420 A --> C substitutions, encoding a Leu to Tyr substitution at 140 in exon 2 of the B*1301 allele. The B*9512 allele differs from B*1502 by a single 360 G --> C substitution (Gln to His at 120) in exon 3. The DRB1*1457 allele appears to be a hybrid molecule generated by recombination between the DRB1*13 and DRB1*14 alleles. The serological equivalents of these new alleles are HLA-B22, -B13, -B15, and DR13, respectively. Family studies detected two rare haplotypes: A*11, B*9512, DRB1*14 and A*24, B*52, Cw*07, DRB1*1457, DRB3*020201, DQB1*050301. The gene frequencies of these alleles in the Chinese population are less than 0.0001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Sun SX. Weighted density functional theory of the solvophobic effect. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 64:021512. [PMID: 11497594 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.021512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2000] [Revised: 04/05/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We are interested in the spatial density of a molecular fluid in the presence of a solute of arbitrary size and shape. The density functional is written as the sum of a F0[rho(r)] that effectively describes small deviations around the uniform density, plus an energy density part that is responsible for formation of liquid-vapor interface. Using the weighted density approach, we require the density functional to match with several observed properties of the fluid such as equation of state and surface tension. We also show that weighting functions for calculating the weighted density can be obtained from experimental data. Using these elements, we construct a spatial density functional theory of water and apply it to obtain densities and solvation energies of a hard-sphere solute with encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Sun GX, Wang YS, Sun SX, Bao BR. Extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid solution by N,N-dibutyldodecanamide. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02035271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang XL, Dai MS, Sun SX. [The value of saturated phosphatidylcholine determination in amniotic fluid of pregnancies in the third trimester]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1994; 29:660-1, 698-9. [PMID: 7712886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The quantity of saturated phosphatidylcholine (SPC) in amniotic fluid was measured in 50 cases of normal late pregnancy and 21 women in labor, by improved Tsai's method. Normal values of SPC in different gestational weeks were obtained. The results showed that SPC in the amniotic fluid increased with the advancing gestational weeks and more significantly after the onset of labor. This study indicated that SPC determination can predict fetal lung maturity with high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Medical University, Jinan
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Sun SX, Li JN, Pan KF, Zhang JK, Zhou XJ, Liu K, Li Z, Cai RF. [On the educational aspects of esthetic stomatology]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 1993; 2:166-8. [PMID: 15159834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S X Sun
- Faculty of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University. Hefei 230032,China
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Sun SX. [A preliminary study on the occlusal curvature and its expression]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1988; 23:257-9, 318. [PMID: 3234132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Pei J, Tokunaga K, Araki C, Yang CL, Sun SX, Mi XY, Saji H, Xiao XF, Liang WX, Tokunaga E. HLA polymorphisms in a Han Chinese population of Sichuan. Tissue Antigens 1985; 26:323-31. [PMID: 3867178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1985.tb02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the phenotype frequencies (PF) and gene frequencies (GF) of a homogeneous Sichuan Han Chinese population by typing of unrelated 229 individuals and 16 families for HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ antigens. The frequencies of Bw67, Bw71, DRw12, DRw13 and DRw14 are the first to be reported in Chinese. Two two-locus haplotypes with significant linkage disequilibrium among the Sichuan have also been listed.
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