[Research advances on burn blister fluid]

Burns often cause the damaged tissue to produce a large amount of exudate and the formation of blisters on the wound. The burn blister fluid contains a large number of molecules related to wound healing, which can reflect the state of local tissue microenvironment of the burn wound. Analyzing relevant information such as cellular components, signal mediators, and protein molecules in burn blister fluid is helpful to understand the local reaction and tissue microenvironment of burn wounds, and then help clinical burn treatment. In this article, by understanding the production mechanism of burn blister fluid, discussing its role in wound evaluation, and integrating the research progress of burn blister fluid in proteomics, metabolomics, cellular components, and pharmacokinetics, we propose our thoughts and prospects on the research of burn blister fluid, in order to provide assistance for clinical evaluation and treatment of burn wounds, and also provide idea for the follow-up study of burn blister fluid.

[Chaihu Guizhi Decoction plus or minus formula combined with capecitabine inhibits IL-6/STAT3 signaling to suppress triple-negative breast cancer xenografts in nude mice]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Chaihu Guizhi Decoction (CHGZD) combined with capecitabine on growth and apoptosis of subcutaneous triple-negative breast cancer xenografts in nude mice and explore the possible mechanism.

METHODS

Nude mouse models bearing subcutaneous triple-negative breast cancer xenografts were randomized into 6 groups (n=10) for treatment with distilled water (model group), low (10.62 g/kg), medium (21.23 g/kg) and high (42.46 g/kg) doses of CHGZD, capecitabine (0.2 mg/kg), or the combination of CHGZD (42.46 g/kg) and capecitabine (0.2 mg/k) once daily for 21 consecutive days. The general condition of mice was observed, and after 21-day treatments, the tumors were dissected for measurement of tumor volume and weight and histopathological examination with HE staining. Serum IL-6 levels of the mice were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression levels of IL-6, STAT3, p-STAT3, Bax, Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 in the tumor tissues were detected using real-time PCR and Western blotting.

RESULTS

Compared with those in the model group, the tumor-bearing mice receiving treatments with CHGZD showed significantly increased food intake with good general condition, sensitive responses, increased body weight, and lower tumor mass (P < 0.01). Compared with capecitabine treatment alone, treatment with CHGZD alone at the medium and high doses and the combined treatment all resulted in significantly higher tumor inhibition rates (P < 0.01), induced obvious tumor tissue degeneration and reduced the tumor cell density. Treatments with CHGZD, both alone and in combination with capecitabine, significantly decreased serum IL-6 level, lowered the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and STAT3, the protein expressions of IL-6, STAT3 and P-STAT3 (P < 0.05), and the mRNA and protein expressions of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 (P < 0.05), and increased the mRNA and protein expressions of Bax in the tumor tissues (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

CHGZD combined with capecitabine can significantly inhibit tumor growth in nude mice bearing triple-negative breast cancer xenografts, the mechanism of which may involve the inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and regulation of Bax, Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 expressions to suppress tumor cell proliferation and differentiation and induce cell apoptosis.

Plasma C-type lectin-like receptor 2 as a predictor of death and vascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) has prominent involvement in platelet activation, which is increased in coronary heart disease and acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and is associated with stroke progression and stroke prognosis. Here, the aim was to examine the prognostic value of CLEC-2 in death and vascular event recurrence in AIS patients.

METHODS

In all, 352 patients with AIS were studied prospectively. All patients were followed up for 1 year. Death for all vascular events and a combination of death and vascular diseases (recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, hospitalized and treated angina, hospitalized and treated peripheral arterial disease) were recorded.

RESULTS

During 1 year of follow-up, 46 patients (14.2%) experienced death or combined end-points (23 death and 46 combined end-points). Plasma CLEC-2 (pCLEC-2) was significantly associated with an increased risk of death and combined events of death and vascular diseases after adjusting for age, sex, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores. Each 1 SD higher log-transformed pCLEC-2 was associated with a 4.27-fold (hazard ratio 4.27, 95% confidence interval 1.71-10.65) increased risk for death and a 2.42-fold increased risk for combined end-points (hazard ratio 2.42, 95% confidence interval 1.52-3.86). The optimal cut-off point of pCLEC-2 for predicting death was 184.38 pg/ml.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher pCLEC-2 levels at admission were associated with increased risk of death and combined events of death and vascular diseases in patients with AIS, which indicated that pCLEC-2 is an important prognostic factor for AIS.

Genetic analysis of a hybrid sterility gene that causes both pollen and embryo sac sterility in hybrids between Oryza sativa L. and Oryza longistaminata

Oryza longistaminata originates from African wild rice and contains valuable traits conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, interspecific crosses between O. longistaminata and Oryza sativa cultivars are hindered by reproductive barriers. To dissect the mechanism of interspecific hybrid sterility, we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL) using indica variety RD23 as the recipient parent and O. longistaminata as the donor parent. Both pollen and embryo sac semi-sterility were observed in F₁ hybrids between RD23 and NIL. Cytological analysis demonstrated that pollen abortion in F₁ hybrids occurred at the early bi-nucleate stage due to a failure of the first mitosis in microspores. Partial embryo sacs in the F₁ hybrids were defective during the functional megaspore formation stage. Most notably, nearly half of the male or female gametes were aborted in heterozygotes S40ⁱS40^l, regardless of their genotypes. Thus, S40 was indicated as a one-locus sporophytic sterility gene controlling both male and female fertility in hybrids between RD23 and O. longistaminata. A population of 16 802 plants derived from the hybrid RD23/NIL-S40 was developed to fine-map S40. Finally, the S40 locus was delimited to an 80-kb region on the short arm of chromosome 1 in terms with reference sequences of cv. 93-11. Eight open reading frames (ORFs) were localized in this region. On the basis of gene expression and genomic sequence analysis, ORF5 and ORF8 were identified as candidate genes for the S40 locus. These results are helpful in cloning the S40 gene and marker-assisted transferring of the corresponding neutral allele in rice breeding programs.

Abstract P5-02-05: Biology and long-term prognosis of screening detected non-palpable breast cancer by ultrasound in hospital-based Chinese population (2001-2014)

Background: Milestone studies showed that ultrasound (US) was an effective primary screening test for breast cancer both in the western world and in China [PMID: 26712110, 26715161, and 25668012]. Ultrasound has been officially designated to be the initial imaging test for breast cancer screening in Beijing and several other cities in China, due to its improved sensitivity in Chinese women who usually have denser breasts and develop breast cancer earlier than Caucasian counterparts. Study showed that it would take 40 years to screen each woman in the target age group once [PMID: 26808342].The mainstay modality of breast cancer screening in China is the hospital-based opportunistic screening among asymptomatic self-referred women. However, there is little data about the tumor biology and long-term survival of the US-detected non-palpable breast cancer (NPBC) in hospital-based Chinese population.

Methods: From January 2001 to December 2014, 3,786 asymptomatic women with positive (BI-RADS 4 and 5) initial screening US underwent biopsies in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and 572 NPBC in 556 women were diagnosed. Women without dense breasts (defined as BI-RADS category C and D) also received screening mammography (MG) after physical examination and ultrasound. 788 patients with positive (BI-RADS 4 and 5) mammogram (MG) and normal US (BI-RADS 1, 2 and 3) underwent MG-guided biopsies and another 127 NPBC were diagnosed in 126 women. The clinicopathological features, treatment choice, 10-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were reviewed and compared between the US-detected and MG-detected NPBC. Prognostic factors of NPBC were identified.

Results: Overall, US could detect more invasive NPBC (83.4% vs 54.3%, p&lt;0.001), lymph node positive cancer (19.1% vs 10.2%, p&lt;0.001)and multifocal cancer (19.2% vs 6.3%, p&lt;0.001). In invasive NPBC, US detected more low grade cancer (21.4% vs 10.2%, p=0.001), multifocal cancer (20.7% vs 2.9%, p&lt;0.001), Her2 negative cancer (77.6% vs 62.3%, p=0.001) and larger tumor (pT1c+pT2, 53.3% vs 37.6%, p&lt;0.001). There was no significant difference in immunophenotype/subtype, treatment methods, DFS or OS between US- and MG-NPBC among ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive and all NPBC. For all NPBC and the US-NPBC, the common DFS-factors included pT, pN and p53 whereas OS-predictors were pN and immunophenotype/subtype.

Table 1. Kaplan-Meier estimates of DFS and OS between US-NPBC and MG-NPBC§.Patients (No.)10-year DFS (%)P value10-year OS (%)P valueAllUS-NPBC (572)90.60.73896.10.142 MG-NPBC (127)92.7 100.0 DCISUS-NPBC (94)100.00.060100.0- MG-NPBC (58)93.8 100.0 InvasiveUS-NPBC (478)88.60.68095.20.239 MG-NPBC (69)92.0 100.0 § Kaplan-Meier survival curves between each two subgroups would be displayed in the poster.

Conclusion: Compared to MG, US detected more invasive NPBC with positive lymph node in hospital-based asymptomatic self-referred Chinese women, who could achieve comparable 10-year DFS and OS as MG-detected NPBC. US could serve as the feasible initial imaging modality in hospital-based opportunistic screening Chinese women.

Citation Format: Yao R, Pan B, Zhu Q, Xu Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Mao F, You S, Lin Y, Shi J, Guan J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shen S, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Liang Z, Jiang Y, Sun Q. Biology and long-term prognosis of screening detected non-palpable breast cancer by ultrasound in hospital-based Chinese population (2001-2014) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-02-05.

Control of Immune Response to Allogeneic Embryonic Stem Cells by CD3 Antibody-Mediated Operational Tolerance Induction

Implantation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their differentiated derivatives into allogeneic hosts triggers an immune response that represents a hurdle to clinical application. We established in autoimmunity and in transplantation that CD3 antibody therapy induces a state of immune tolerance. Promising results have been obtained with CD3 antibodies in the clinic. In this study, we tested whether this strategy can prolong the survival of undifferentiated ESCs and their differentiated derivatives in histoincompatible hosts. Recipients of either mouse ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) or cardiac progenitors received a single short tolerogenic regimen of CD3 antibody. In immunocompetent mice, allogeneic EBs and cardiac progenitors were rejected within 20-25 days. Recipients treated with CD3 antibody showed long-term survival of implanted cardiac progenitors or EBs. In due course, EBs became teratomas, the growth of which was self-limited. Regulatory CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T cells and signaling through the PD1/PDL1 pathway played key roles in the CD3 antibody therapeutic effect. Gene profiling emphasized the importance of TGF-β and the inhibitory T cell coreceptor Tim3 to the observed effect. These results demonstrate that CD3 antibody administered alone promotes prolonged survival of allogeneic ESC derivatives and thus could prove useful for enhancing cell engraftment in the absence of chronic immunosuppression.

Evaluation of lymph node status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: comparison of diagnostic performance of ultrasound, MRI and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT

Objective:

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ultrasound, MRI and fluorine-18 fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET)/CT for the diagnosis of metastatic axillary lymph node (ALN) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and to find out histopathological factors affecting the diagnostic performance of these imaging modalities.

Methods:

From January 2012 to November 2014, 191 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent NAC before surgery were retrospectively reviewed. We included 139 patients with ALN metastasis that was confirmed on fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy at initial diagnosis.

Results:

After NAC, 39 (28%) patients showed negative conversion of ALN on surgical specimens of sentinel lymph node (LN) or ALN. The sensitivity of ultrasound, MRI and PET/CT was 50% (48/96), 72% (70/97) and 22% (16/73), respectively. The specificity of ultrasound, MRI and PET/CT was 77% (30/39), 54% (21/39) and 85% (22/26), respectively. The Az value of combination of ultrasound and PET/CT was the highest (0.634) followed by ultrasound (0.626) and combination of ultrasound, MRI and PET/CT (0.617). The size of tumour deposit in LN and oestrogen receptor was significantly associated with the diagnostic performance of ultrasound (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively) and MRI (p = 0.045 and p = 0.036, respectively). The percentage diameter decrease, size of tumour deposit in LN, progesterone receptor, HER2 and histological grade were significantly associated with the diagnostic performance of PET/CT (p = 0.023, p = 0.002, p = 0.036, p = 0.044 and p = 0.008, respectively). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, size of tumour deposit within LN was identified as being independently associated with diagnostic performance of ultrasound [odds ratio, 13.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.95–57.96] and PET/CT (odds ratio, 6.47; 95% CI, 1.407–29.737).

Conclusion:

Combination of three imaging modalities showed the highest sensitivity, and PET/CT showed the highest specificity for the evaluation of ALN metastasis after NAC. Ultrasound alone or combination of ultrasound and PET/CT showed the highest positive-predictive value. The size of tumour deposit within ALN was significantly associated with diagnostic performance of ultrasound and PET/CT.

Advances in knowledge:

This study is about the diagnostic performance of ultrasound, MRI, PET/CT and combination of each imaging modality for the evaluation of metastatic ALN after NAC. Of many histopathological factors, only the size of tumour deposit within ALN was an independent factor associated with the diagnostic performance of ultrasound and PET/CT.

Analysis of underlying causes of inter-expert disagreement in retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis. Application of machine learning principles

OBJECTIVE

Inter-expert variability in image-based clinical diagnosis has been demonstrated in many diseases including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which is a disease affecting low birth weight infants and is a major cause of childhood blindness. In order to better understand the underlying causes of variability among experts, we propose a method to quantify the variability of expert decisions and analyze the relationship between expert diagnoses and features computed from the images. Identification of these features is relevant for development of computer-based decision support systems and educational systems in ROP, and these methods may be applicable to other diseases where inter-expert variability is observed.

METHODS

The experiments were carried out on a dataset of 34 retinal images, each with diagnoses provided independently by 22 experts. Analysis was performed using concepts of Mutual Information (MI) and Kernel Density Estimation. A large set of structural features (a total of 66) were extracted from retinal images. Feature selection was utilized to identify the most important features that correlated to actual clinical decisions by the 22 study experts. The best three features for each observer were selected by an exhaustive search on all possible feature subsets and considering joint MI as a relevance criterion. We also compared our results with the results of Cohen's Kappa [36] as an inter-rater reliability measure.

RESULTS

The results demonstrate that a group of observers (17 among 22) decide consistently with each other. Mean and second central moment of arteriolar tortuosity is among the reasons of disagreement between this group and the rest of the observers, meaning that the group of experts consider amount of tortuosity as well as the variation of tortuosity in the image.

CONCLUSION

Given a set of image-based features, the proposed analysis method can identify critical image-based features that lead to expert agreement and disagreement in diagnosis of ROP. Although tree-based features and various statistics such as central moment are not popular in the literature, our results suggest that they are important for diagnosis.

Reduced expression of regeneration associated genes in chronically axotomized facial motoneurons

Chronically axotomized motoneurons progressively fail to regenerate their axons. Since axonal regeneration is associated with the increased expression of tubulin, actin and GAP-43, we examined whether the regenerative failure is due to failure of chronically axotomized motoneurons to express and sustain the expression of these regeneration associated genes (RAGs). Chronically axotomized facial motoneurons were subjected to a second axotomy to mimic the clinical surgical procedure of refreshing the proximal nerve stump prior to nerve repair. Expression of α1-tubulin, actin and GAP-43 was analyzed in axotomized motoneurons using in situ hybridization followed by autoradiography and silver grain quantification. The expression of these RAGs by acutely axotomized motoneurons declined over several months. The chronically injured motoneurons responded to a refreshment axotomy with a re-increase in RAG expression. However, this response to a refreshment axotomy of chronically injured facial motoneurons was less than that seen in acutely axotomized facial motoneurons. These data demonstrate that the neuronal RAG expression can be induced by injury-related signals and does not require acute deprivation of target derived factors. The transient expression is consistent with a transient inflammatory response to the injury. We conclude that transient RAG expression in chronically axotomized motoneurons and the weak response of the chronically axotomized motoneurons to a refreshment axotomy provides a plausible explanation for the progressive decline in regenerative capacity of chronically axotomized motoneurons.

Melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells are associated with epidermal depigmentation in a novel mouse model of vitiligo

In the present study, we established a novel murine model of vitiligo by sequential prime/boost immunizations into the hind footpad and tail dermis with tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2)-180 (SVYDFFVWL) peptide, lipopolysaccharides and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides. Immunized mice developed epidermal depigmentation in the tail skin without hair depigmentation, thereby differentiating this approach from established models of vitiligo. Following intradermal tail immunization, activated CD8(+) interferon (IFN)-γ(+) T cells were recruited locally to the tail skin. In-vivo cytotoxicity assays demonstrated specific lysis of TRP2-180-presenting cells in immunized mice. Furthermore, the extent of skin depigmentation correlated with the frequency of TRP2-180-specific splenic CD8(+) T cells, as determined by IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, and cytotoxic degranulation evidenced by CD107a staining. These findings suggest a correlation between the presence of TRP2-180-specific CD8(+) effector T cells and the development of depigmented skin lesions in our vitiligo model. This new model of vitiligo, characterized by skin depigmentation without hair depigmentation, is more similar to human disease than previous murine models. Therefore, this model is well suited to future studies on the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the development of novel therapeutics for vitiligo.

Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3+ CD4+ graft infiltrating cells

The engineered Fc-nonbinding (crystallizable fragment-nonbinding) CD3 antibody has lower mitogenicity and a precise therapeutic window for disease remission in patients with type 1 diabetes. Before anti-CD3 can be considered for use in transplantation, the most effective timing of treatment relative to transplantation needs to be elucidated. In this study anti-CD3F(ab')2 fragments or saline were administered intravenously for 5 consecutive days (early: d1-3 or delayed: d3-7) to mice transplanted with a cardiac allograft (H2(b)-to-H2(k); d0). Survival of allografts was prolonged in mice treated with the early protocol (MST = 48 days), but most were rejected by d100. In contrast, in mice treated with the delayed protocol allografts continued to survive long term. The delayed protocol significantly inhibited donor alloreactivity at d30 as compared to the early protocol. A marked increase in Foxp3(+) T cells (50.3 ± 1.6%) infiltrating the allografts in mice treated with the delayed protocol was observed (p < 0.0001 vs. early (24.9 ± 2.1%)) at d10; a finding that was maintained in the accepted cardiac allografts at d100. We conclude that the timing of treatment with anti-CD3 therapy is critical for inducing long-term graft survival. Delaying administration effectively inhibits the alloreactivity and promotes the dominance of intragraft Foxp3(+) T cells allowing long-term graft acceptance.

Induction of allograft tolerance by monoclonal CD3 antibodies: a matter of timing

Despite remarkable progress in organ transplantation through the development of a wealth of immunosuppressive drugs highly effective at controlling acute rejection, two major problems still remain, the loss of transplants due to chronic rejection and the growing number of sensitized recipients due to previous transplants, transfusions or pregnancies. Induction of immune tolerance appears to be the only way to curb this complex situation. Here we describe that a therapy, already successfully used to restore immune tolerance to self-antigens in overt autoimmunity, is effective at promoting transplant tolerance. We demonstrate that a short low-dose course with CD3 antibodies started after transplantation, at the time of effector T cell priming to alloantigens, induces permanent acceptance of fully mismatched islet allografts. Mechanistic studies revealed that antigen-specific regulatory and effector T cells are differentially affected by the treatment. CD3 antibody treatment preferentially induces apoptosis of activated alloreactive T cells which is mandatory for tolerance induction. In contrast, regulatory T cells are relatively spared from CD3 antibody-induced depletion and can transfer antigen-specific tolerance thus arguing for their prominent role in sustaining long-term graft survival.

OBSERVER AND FEATURE ANALYSIS ON DIAGNOSIS OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease affecting low-birth weight infants and is a major cause of childhood blindness. However, human diagnoses is often subjective and qualitative. We propose a method to analyze the variability of expert decisions and the relationship between the expert diagnoses and features. The analysis is based on Mutual Information and Kernel Density Estimation on features. The experiments are carried out on a dataset of 34 retinal images diagnosed by 22 experts. The results show that a group of observers decide consistently with each other and there are popular features that have a high correlation with labels.

Principal curve based semi-automatic segmentation of organs in 3D-CT

Radiation therapy plays an important and effective role in the treatment of cancer. A main goal in radiation therapy is to deliver high radiation doses to the perceived tumors while minimizing radiation to surrounding normal tissues. Manual delineation of tumors and organs-at-risk(OARs) on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) is both a time-consuming and labor intensive task, and there maybe variability between manual delineations by different radiation oncologists. In this paper, we present a semi-supervised method to segment the contours of organs represented by piecewise linear segments connected with a small number of points given the user's input in one or more slices as an approximate initialization. This method detects ridge samples from the kernel interpolation of the edge map and approximates the shape of organs using piecewise linear segments among those sample points based on the principal curve score. Results are provided in two 3D-CT scans. Evaluation of the efficacy of our semiautomatic segmentation method is based on the overlapping ratio between the manually delineated contours and the semiautomatic segmented contours represented by a small number of points. The preserved points can be as low as 10 percent of the initial manual points, and the Dice Coefficients are approximately 0.93 for lung segmentation.

In vitro study of enhanced osteogenesis induced by HIF-1α-transduced bone marrow stem cells

OBJECTIVES

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a pivotal regulator of hypoxic and ischaemic vascular responses that drives transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in vascular reactivity, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Previous reports based on gene knockout technology have demonstrated that HIF-1α can promote osteogenesis. However, this protein is easily degraded in a normoxic state, which makes in vitro studies of HIF-1α-induced mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) osteogenesis difficult. For better understanding of HIF-1α promoting osteogenesis, the role of HIF-1α-induced MSC osteogenesis in the normoxic state has been investigated here.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HIF-1α was made to overexpress using a lentiviral vector, and its effects on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenesis were investigated. Real-time quantitative and western blotting (to assess expression levels of angiogenic and osteogenic related genes regulated by Lenti-HIF-1α), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red-S staining analyses, were performed.

RESULTS

In HIF-1α gene-transfected BMSCs, expression levels of angiogenic, cartilaginous and osteogenic genes were all increased significantly compared to Lenti LacZ-transfected cells, at both mRNA and protein levels. ALP activity and alizarin red-S staining were significantly enhanced in HIF-1α transduced cells compared to control cells, on day 21.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that Lenti-HIF-1α can induce BMSC overexpression levels of angiogenic and osteogenic genes in vitro in the normoxic state. Further study will be focused on whether HIF-1α can also improve bone repair in vivo.

Extraction of samples from airway and vessel trees in 3D lung CT based on a multi-scale principal curve tracing algorithm

The extraction of airway and vessel trees plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of lung diseases. However, this is a challenging task due to the small size of the anatomical structures, noise, or artifacts in the image. The similar intensity values between the lung parenchyma and airway lumen, the airway wall and the blood vessels make extraction particularly difficult. Our method detailed herein presents an automatic extraction of samples of both the airways and vessels from the three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) based on the multi-scale principal curve algorithm. The image is first thresholded to find airway or vessel candidates according to their corresponding Hounsfield units (HU). The Frangi filter is then used to extract the tubular structures and remove background noise. Finally, a multi-scale principal curve projection and tracing algorithm is applied on the filtered image to identify the centerlines of the airway and vessel trees.

99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: immune therapies of type 1 diabetes: new opportunities based on the hygiene hypothesis

Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes is a prototypic organ-specific autoimmune disease resulting from the selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells within pancreatic islets of Langerhans by an immune-mediated inflammation involving autoreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes which infiltrate pancreatic islets. Current treatment is substitutive, i.e. chronic use of exogenous insulin which, in spite of significant advances, is still associated with major constraints (multiple daily injections, risks of hypoglycaemia) and lack of effectiveness over the long term in preventing severe degenerative complications. Finding a cure for autoimmune diabetes by establishing effective immune-based therapies is a real medical health challenge, as the disease incidence increases steadily in industrialized countries. As the disease affects mainly children and young adults, any candidate immune therapy must therefore be safe and avoid a sustained depression of immune responses with the attendant problems of recurrent infection and drug toxicity. Thus, inducing or restoring immune tolerance to target autoantigens, controlling the pathogenic response while preserving the host reactivity to exogenous/unrelated antigens, appears to be the ideal approach. Our objective is to review the major progress accomplished over the last 20 years towards that aim. In addition, we would like to present another interesting possibility to access new preventive strategies based on the 'hygiene hypothesis', which proposes a causal link between the increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases, including diabetes, and the decrease of the infectious burden. The underlying rationale is to identify microbial-derived compounds mediating the protective activity of infections which could be developed therapeutically.

A genital tract peptide epitope vaccine targeting TLR-2 efficiently induces local and systemic CD8+ T cells and protects against herpes simplex virus type 2 challenge

The next generation of needle-free mucosal vaccines is being rationally designed according to rules that govern the way in which the epitopes are recognized by and stimulate the genital mucosal immune system. We hypothesized that synthetic peptide epitopes extended with an agonist of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), that are abundantly expressed by dendritic and epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa, would lead to induction of protective immunity against genital herpes. To test this hypothesis, we intravaginally (IVAG) immunized wild-type B6, TLR-2 (TLR2(-/-)) or myeloid differentiation factor 88 deficient (MyD88(-/-)) mice with a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope extended by a palmitic acid moiety (a TLR-2 agonist). IVAG delivery of the lipopeptide generated HSV-2-specific memory CD8+ cytotoxic T cells both locally in the genital tract draining lymph nodes and systemically in the spleen. Moreover, lipopeptide-immunized TLR2(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice developed significantly less HSV-specific CD8+ T-cell response, earlier death, faster disease progression, and higher vaginal HSV-2 titers compared to lipopeptide-immunized wild-type B6 mice. IVAG immunization with self-adjuvanting lipid-tailed peptides appears to be a novel mucosal vaccine approach, which has attractive practical and immunological features.

Inhibitory effects ofLactobacillus acidophiluslysates on the cytotoxic activity of shiga-like toxin 2 produced fromEscherichia coliO157:H7

AIMS

The purpose of this study was to characterize the degree to which four cell lysates obtained from Lactobacillus acidophilus strains affected the cytotoxic activity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In a cytotoxic inhibition test that used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and toxin-binding ELISA assays, the activity of shiga-like toxin 2 (Stx-2) was inhibited profoundly by the cell lysates (10 mg ml(-1)) from two strains of L. acidophilus A4 and 30SC (>85% of survival rates compared with the control) among the five strains tested. In particular, a significant decline in the virulence level of E. coli O157:H7, under the presence of the cell lysates of L. acidophilus A4, was observed by killing assay of Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo model.

CONCLUSIONS

According to our results, L. acidophilus strains might be capable of attenuating the virulence of Stx-2 produced from E. coli O157:H7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The cell lysates of L. acidophilus can be applied to a variety of foods, and can be used as adjuncts for the inhibition of Stx-2-mediated cytotoxicity.