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Gyebi GA, Ogunyemi OM, Ibrahim IM, Ogunro OB, Afolabi SO, Ojo RJ, Anyanwu GO, El-Saber Batiha G, Adebayo JO. Identification of potential inhibitors of cholinergic and β-secretase enzymes from phytochemicals derived from Gongronema latifolium Benth leaf: an integrated computational analysis. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10658-y. [PMID: 37338673 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are associated with increased activities of the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and β-secretase enzyme (BACE1). Inhibition of these enzymes affords therapeutic option for managing NDDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although, Gongronema latifolium Benth (GL) has been widely documented in ethnopharmacological and scientific reports for the management of NDDs, there is paucity of information on its underlying mechanism and neurotherapeutic constituents. Herein, 152 previously reported Gongronema latifolium derived-phytochemicals (GLDP) were screened against hAChE, hBChE and hBACE-1 using molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy of binding calculations and cluster analysis. The result of the computational analysis identified silymarin, alpha-amyrin and teraxeron with the highest binding energies (-12.3, -11.2, -10.5 Kcal/mol) for hAChE, hBChE and hBACE-1 respectively as compared with those of the reference inhibitors (-12.3, -9.8 and - 9.4 for donepezil, propidium and aminoquinoline compound respectively). These best docked phytochemicals were found to be orientated in the hydrophobic gorge where they interacted with the choline-binding pocket in the A-site and P-site of the cholinesterase and subsites S1, S3, S3' and flip (67-75) residues of the pocket of the BACE-1. The best docked phytochemicals complexed with the target proteins were stable in a 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation. The interactions with the catalytic residues were preserved during the simulation as observed from the MMGBSA decomposition and cluster analyses. The presence of these phytocompounds most notably silymarin, which demonstrated dual high binding tendencies to both cholinesterases, were identified as potential neurotherapeutics subject to further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.M.B 005, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
- Natural Products and Structural (Bio-Chem)-informatics Research Laboratory (NpsBC-Rl), Bingham University, Nasarawa, Nigeria.
| | - Oludare M Ogunyemi
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olalekan B Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O Afolabi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Rotimi J Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel O Anyanwu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.M.B 005, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Gyebi GA, Ogunyemi OM, Adefolalu AA, Rodríguez-Martínez A, López-Pastor JF, Banegas-Luna AJ, Pérez-Sánchez H, Adegunloye AP, Ogunro OB, Afolabi SO. African derived phytocompounds may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 RNA capping machinery via inhibition of 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase: An in silico perspective. J Mol Struct 2022; 1262:133019. [PMID: 35431328 PMCID: PMC9002684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ongoing vaccination against the life-threatening COVID-19, there is need for viable therapeutic interventions. The S-adenosyl-l-Methionine (SAM) dependent 2-O'-ribose methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a therapeutic target against COVID-19 infection. In a bid to profile bioactive principles from natural sources, a custom-made library of 226 phytochemicals from African medicinal plants with especially anti-malarial activity was screened for direct interactions with SARS-CoV-2 2'-O-MTase (S2RMT) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as well as binding free energies methods. Based on minimal binding energy lower than sinefungin (a reference methyl-transferase inhibitor) and binding mode analysis at the catalytic site of S2RMT, a list of 26 hit phytocompounds was defined. The interaction of these phytocompounds was compared with the 2'-O-MTase of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Among these compounds, the lead phytocompounds (LPs) viz: mulberrofuran F, 24-methylene cycloartenol, ferulate, 3-benzoylhosloppone and 10-hydroxyusambarensine interacted strongly with the conserved KDKE tetrad within the substrate binding pocket of the 2'-O-MTase of the coronavirus strains which is critical for substrate binding. The thermodynamic parameters analyzed from the MD simulation trajectories of the LPs-S2RMT complexes presented an eminent structural stability and compactness. These LPs demonstrated favorable druggability and in silico ADMET properties over a diverse array of molecular computing descriptors. The LPs show promising prospects in the disruption of S2RMT capping machinery in silico. However, these LPs should be validated via in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria,Corresponding authors
| | - Oludare M. Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | | | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Martínez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Juan F. López-Pastor
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Antonio J. Banegas-Luna
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Spain,Corresponding authors
| | | | - Olalekan B. Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O. Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Gyebi GA, Ogunyemi OM, Adefolalu AA, López-Pastor JF, Banegas-Luna AJ, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Pérez-Sánchez H, Adegunloye AP, Ogunro OB, Afolabi SO, Baazeem A, Alotaibi SS, Batiha GES. Antimalarial phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 guanine N7-methyltransferase (nsp 14): an integrated computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-23. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2078408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
- Natural Products and Structural (Bio-Chem)-Informatics Research Laboratory (NpsBC-Rl), Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
| | - Oludare M. Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | | | - Juan F. López-Pastor
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Banegas-Luna
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Martínez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High-Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Computer Engineering Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Olalekan B. Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O. Afolabi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Gyebi GA, Adegunloye AP, Ibrahim IM, Ogunyemi OM, Afolabi SO, Ogunro OB. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry: insight from in silico interaction of drug-like alkaloids with spike glycoprotein, human ACE2, and TMPRSS2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:2121-2145. [PMID: 33089728 PMCID: PMC7594191 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1835726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, an enveloped positive sense RNA virus. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) are essential for the host cell-mediated viral entry. Targeting these proteins represent viable options to stop the first stage of infection and transmission. Hence, 97 alkaloids from African medicinal plants with reported antiviral activity were evaluated for this purpose via in silico studies. These alkaloids were docked for their interactions with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, ACE2, and TMPRSS2. Top 20 alkaloids with highest binding affinities were further screened for their interactions with spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and with ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain complex (ACE2-RBD). The energy profiling, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), binding free energy base on Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA), clustering of MDS trajectories, and virtual physicochemical and pharmacokinetic screening of the best docked alkaloids were performed. Results revealed that more than 15 alkaloids interacted better than the reference compounds. 10-Hydroxyusambarensine and Cryptospirolepine were docked in a similar binding pattern to the S1-specificy pocket of TMPRSS2 as camostat (reference inhibitor). The strong binding affinities, stability of the alkaloid-protein complexes and amino acid interactions displayed by cryptospirolepine, 10-hydroxyusambarensine, and cryptoquindoline with important binding hotspots of the proteins suggest these alkaloids have the potential of altering the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 membrane mediated host cell entry. Further in vitro and in vivo evaluation of these "drug-like" alkaloids as potential inhibitors of coronavirus cell entry is proposed.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Gyebi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | | | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biophysics, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Saheed O. Afolabi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan B. Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Gyebi GA, Ogunyemi OM, Ibrahim IM, Ogunro OB, Adegunloye AP, Afolabi SO. SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry: an in silico investigation of potential inhibitory roles of terpenoids. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:113. [PMID: 34351542 PMCID: PMC8339396 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting viral cell entry proteins is an emerging therapeutic strategy for inhibiting the first stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, 106 bioactive terpenoids from African medicinal plants were screened through molecular docking analysis against human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and the spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. In silico absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity (ADMET) and drug-likeness prediction, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, binding free energy calculations, and clustering analysis of MD simulation trajectories were performed on the top docked terpenoids to respective protein targets. RESULTS The results revealed eight terpenoids with high binding tendencies to the catalytic residues of different targets. Two pentacyclic terpenoids (24-methylene cycloartenol and isoiguesteri) interacted with the hACE2 binding hotspots for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while the abietane diterpenes were found accommodated within the S1-specificity pocket, interacting strongly with the active site residues TMPRSS2. 3-benzoylhosloppone and cucurbitacin interacted with the RBD and S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein respectively. These interactions were preserved in a simulated dynamic environment, thereby, demonstrating high structural stability. The MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations corroborated the docking interactions. The top docked terpenoids showed favorable drug-likeness and ADMET properties over a wide range of molecular descriptors. CONCLUSION The identified terpenoids from this study provides core structure that can be exploited for further lead optimization to design drugs against SARS-CoV-2 cell-mediated entry proteins. They are therefore recommended for further in vitro and in vivo studies towards developing entry inhibitors against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Bingham University, P.M.B 005, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
| | - Oludare M Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biophysics Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olalekan B Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegbenro P Adegunloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Gyebi GA, Ogunyemi OM, Ibrahim IM, Afolabi SO, Adebayo JO. Dual targeting of cytokine storm and viral replication in COVID-19 by plant-derived steroidal pregnanes: An in silico perspective. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104406. [PMID: 33915479 PMCID: PMC8053224 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality rate of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection arises majorly from the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and "cytokine storm" syndrome, which is sustained by an aberrant systemic inflammatory response and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, phytocompounds with broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory activity that target multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins will enhance the development of effective drugs against the disease. In this study, an in-house library of 117 steroidal plant-derived pregnanes (PDPs) was docked in the active regions of human glucocorticoid receptors (hGRs) in a comparative molecular docking analysis. Based on the minimal binding energy and a comparative dexamethasone binding mode analysis, a list of top twenty ranked PDPs docked in the agonist conformation of hGR, with binding energies ranging between -9.8 and -11.2 kcal/mol, was obtained and analyzed for possible interactions with the human Janus kinases 1 and Interleukins-6 and SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, Papain-like protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. For each target protein, the top three ranked PDPs were selected. Eight PDPs (bregenin, hirundigenin, anhydroholantogenin, atratogenin A, atratogenin B, glaucogenin A, glaucogenin C and glaucogenin D) with high binding tendencies to the catalytic residues of multiple targets were identified. A high degree of structural stability was observed from the 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation analyses of glaucogenin C and hirundigenin complexes of hGR. The selected top-eight ranked PDPs demonstrated high druggable potentials and favourable in silico ADMET properties. Thus, the therapeutic potentials of glaucogenin C and hirundigenin can be explored for further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A. Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa, Nigeria,Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.M.B 005, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Oludare M. Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saheed O. Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O. Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Gyebi GA, Ogunro OB, Adegunloye AP, Ogunyemi OM, Afolabi SO. Potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro): an in silico screening of alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3396-3408. [PMID: 32367767 PMCID: PMC7256353 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1764868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-COV-2 has raised myriad of
global concerns. There is currently no FDA approved antiviral strategy to alleviate the
disease burden. The conserved 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), which
controls coronavirus replication is a promising drug target for combating the coronavirus
infection. This study screens some African plants derived alkaloids and terpenoids as
potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3CLpro using in silico
approach. Bioactive alkaloids (62) and terpenoids (100) of plants native to Africa were
docked to the 3CLpro of the novel SARS-CoV-2. The top twenty alkaloids and
terpenoids with high binding affinities to the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro were further
docked to the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The docking scores were compared
with 3CLpro-referenced inhibitors (Lopinavir and Ritonavir). The top docked
compounds were further subjected to ADEM/Tox and Lipinski filtering analyses for
drug-likeness prediction analysis. This ligand-protein interaction study revealed that
more than half of the top twenty alkaloids and terpenoids interacted favourably with the
coronaviruses 3CLpro, and had binding affinities that surpassed that of
lopinavir and ritonavir. Also, a highly defined hit-list of seven compounds
(10-Hydroxyusambarensine, Cryptoquindoline, 6-Oxoisoiguesterin, 22-Hydroxyhopan-3-one,
Cryptospirolepine, Isoiguesterin and 20-Epibryonolic acid) were
identified. Furthermore, four non-toxic, druggable plant derived alkaloids
(10-Hydroxyusambarensine, and Cryptoquindoline) and terpenoids (6-Oxoisoiguesterin and
22-Hydroxyhopan-3-one), that bind to the receptor-binding site and catalytic dyad of
SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro were identified from the predictive ADME/tox and Lipinski
filter analysis. However, further experimental analyses are required for developing these
possible leads into natural anti-COVID-19 therapeutic agents for combating the
pandemic. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon A Gyebi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan B Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegbenro P Adegunloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Saheed O Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Njan AA, Ologe MO, Olorundare OE, Afolabi SO, Ejimkonye BC, Olaoye SO, Fatigun CO, Akinola O, Soje A, Erdogan ON, Asogwa N, Iwalewa OE. Subchronic exposure to Kafura; its neurotoxic potentials in young adult female Wistar rats. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03514. [PMID: 32190756 PMCID: PMC7068054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kafura pelebe (camphor) {C10H16O} is a chemical substance used mostly amongst the Yoruba ethnic group in Western Nigeria to treat infantile colic during early childhood. This study assess the neurotoxic potentials of Kafura following sub-chronic exposure in female albino Wistar rats. METHODS Twenty-eight female rats (mean weight of 130 g) were randomly selected and assigned into four (4) groups. Control, received 1ml coconut oil while the treatment groups received 79, 158 and 237. mg/kg b.wt (d ose p.o) of Kafura for the period of 14 days. On day fifteen, animals were dissected and the brain organ excised for the homogenate and histopathologic assay, blood samples were also collected for haematological analysis. Morris Water Maze experiment for reference memory was also carried out to ascertain effect of Kafura in the Central Nervous system (CNS). RESULTS A trend toward decreased body-weight gain and increase brain weight was observed in Kafura-treated rats but was statistically not significant, compared to control. The biochemical assessment of the antioxidant status of brains of Kafura-treated rats showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in activities of some anti-oxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxide (GPx), and Catalase (CAT)). There was increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Total protein activities in the brain of treated rats compared to control. Alterations of the haematological parameters were observed, with the plasma granulocytes, lymphocytes, and haemoglobin (HGB), showing significant decrease in the treated rats compared to control. The water maze test showed a marked increase in spatial learning and memory time (seconds) in kafura-treated rats, compared to control and across treated groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides indication that kafura Pelebe shows apparent neurotoxicity in experimental animals. Incessant exposure in humans though may lead to development of some central nervous system defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoka A. Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mary O. Ologe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke E. Olorundare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O. Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin C. Ejimkonye
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Chloe O. Fatigun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Akinola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Anthonia Soje
- Heirs Specialist Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Ozlem Nazan Erdogan
- Department of Pharmacy Management, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | | | - Olugbenga E. Iwalewa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ogunyemi OM, Gyebi GA, Elfiky AA, Afolabi SO, Ogunro OB, Adegunloye AP, Ibrahim IM. Alkaloids and flavonoids from African phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of SARS-Cov-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: an in silico perspective. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620984076. [PMID: 33372806 PMCID: PMC7783895 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620984076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exploiting the potentials of phytocompounds is an integral component of the international response to this pandemic. In this study, a virtual screening through molecular docking analysis was used to screen a total of 226 bioactive compounds from African herbs and medicinal plants for direct interactions with SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). From these, 36 phytocompounds with binding affinities higher than the approved reference drugs (remdesivir and sobosivir), were further docked targeting the active sites of SARS-CoV-2, as well as SARS-CoV and HCV RdRp. A hit list of 7 compounds alongside two positive controls (remdesivir and sofosbuvir) and two negative controls (cinnamaldehyde and Thymoquinone) were further docked into the active site of 8 different conformations of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp gotten from molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) system equilibration. The top docked compounds were further subjected to predictive druglikeness and ADME/tox filtering analyses. Drugable alkaloids (10'-hydroxyusambarensine, cryptospirolepine, strychnopentamine) and flavonoids (usararotenoid A, and 12α-epi-millettosin), were reported to exhibit strong affinity binding and interactions with key amino acid residues in the catalytic site, the divalent-cation-binding site, and the NTP entry channel in the active region of the RdRp enzyme as the positive controls. These phytochemicals, in addition to other promising antivirals such as remdesivir and sofosbuvir, may be exploited towards the development of a cocktail of anti-coronavirus treatments in COVID-19. Experimental studies are recommended to validate these study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare M Ogunyemi
- Human Nutraceuticals and Bioinformatics Research Unit,
Department of Biochemistry, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria
| | - Gideon A Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bingham University, Karu,
Nigeria
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biophysics Cairo University,
Giza, Egypt
| | - Saheed O Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic
Medical Sciences University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan B Ogunro
- Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan,
Nigeria
| | - Adegbenro P Adegunloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University
of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biophysics Cairo University,
Giza, Egypt
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10
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Njan AA, Olaoye SO, Afolabi SO, Ejimkonye BC, Soje A, Olorundare OE, Iwalewa EO. Safety effect of fractions from methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on reproduction in male wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:496-504. [PMID: 31205861 PMCID: PMC6558029 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the reproductive toxicity of ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions from crude methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in male Wistar rats. Acute toxicity was assessed to determine the safety dose, Sub-chronic reproductive toxicity studies were carried out by administering daily 25, 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight doses of the fractions to respective group of animals and 1 ml of normal saline daily for the control group for 28 days. Blood, epididymis and testes were harvested for reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, and histopathologic analysis respectively. There was significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum levels of testosterone, body-weight gain, sperm count. There was also apparent increase in mean-testicular weight and preservation of testicular histology with increase spermatogenesis in both the ethyl acetate and butanolic fraction treated groups compared with control. Serum levels of luteinising hormone was however significantly (P < 0.05) decrease across the groups compared to control. These effects were more pronounced in the butanolic fraction group compared to the ethyl acetate treated group. Sperm motility was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the ethyl acetate treated group compared to control. Findings from this studies demonstrate that these fractions were non-toxic at the tested doses with regards to male reproduction but, rather, exhibited fertility enhancing effects which was better with the butanolic fraction. Our findings also shows that the ethyl acetate fraction may be safer than the butanolic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoka A Njan
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Solomon O Olaoye
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Saheed O Afolabi
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Benjamen C Ejimkonye
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Anthonia Soje
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke E Olorundare
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel O Iwalewa
- University of Ilorin, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sc, 240003, Ilorin, Nigeria
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11
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Fasunla AJ, Ogunkeyede SA, Afolabi SO. HEARING LOSS AMONG ADOLESCENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: A NEED FOR PERIODIC HEARING ASSESSMENT. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2019; 17:14-18. [PMID: 31768151 DOI: pmid/31768151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Background: Human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents have insufficient CD4 T cell count, and despite attaining viral suppression with HAART regimen, some experience significant hearing loss. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the hearing thresholds in HIV-positive adolescent on highly active antiretroviral therapy and CD4 T cell count. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 63 adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy had pure tone audiometry and hearing thresholds determined using standard method. Additional data collected using proforma include biodata type of HAART regimens, treatment duration, the nadir and current CD4-cell count (cells/ml) and viral load (copies/ml) levels. These clinical parameters were correlated with hearing thresholds. Statistical analysis done included univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS version 20) and level of statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. RESULTS There were 63 participants comprising of 26 (41.3%) males and 37 (58.7%) females, age ranged from 13 - 17 years (mean age 14.7years ± 1.65). Hearing loss was found in 20.6% adolescents and was predominantly sensorineural hearing loss. There was asoociation between hearing threshold, nadir CD4 count and viral load, but not with gender, current CD4 count and viral load, HAART regimen, and treatment duration. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of adolescents with hearing impairment showed that there might be an association with the disease and/its treatment hence the need for inclusion of periodic hearing evaluation in the routine clincal care of HIV-infected adolescent on HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fasunla
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan.,BSA Speech and Hearing Consult, Lagos
| | - S A Ogunkeyede
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital, Ibadan
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12
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Sechi M, Lall RK, Afolabi SO, Singh A, Joshi DC, Chiu SY, Mukhtar H, Syed DN. Fisetin targets YB-1/RSK axis independent of its effect on ERK signaling: insights from in vitro and in vivo melanoma models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15726. [PMID: 30356079 PMCID: PMC6200766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-proliferative activity of dietary flavonoid fisetin has been validated in various cancer models. Establishing its precise mechanism of action has proved somewhat challenging given the multiplicity of its targets. We demonstrated that YB-1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its inhibition suppressed tumor cell proliferation and invasion. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), an important ERK effector, activates YB-1 to drive melanoma growth. We found that fisetin treatment of monolayer/3-D melanoma cultures resulted in YB-1 dephosphorylation and reduced transcript levels. In parallel, fisetin suppressed mesenchymal markers and matrix-metalloproteinases in melanoma cells. Data from cell-free/cell-based systems indicated that fisetin inhibited RSK activity through binding to the kinase. Affinity studies for RSK isoforms evaluated stronger interaction for RSK2 than RSK1. Competition assays performed to monitor binding responses revealed that YB-1 and RSK2 do not compete, rather binding of fisetin to RSK2 promotes its binding to YB-1. Fisetin suppressed YB-1/RSK signaling independent of its effect on ERK, and reduced MDR1 levels. Comparable efficacy of fisetin and vemurafenib for inhibiting melanoma growth was noted albeit through divergent modulation of ERK. Our studies provide insight into additional modes of regulation through which fisetin interferes with melanoma growth underscoring its potential therapeutic efficacy in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sechi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rahul K Lall
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Saheed O Afolabi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Anant Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Dinesh C Joshi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Shing-Yan Chiu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Deeba N Syed
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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13
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Agunu A, Ahmadu AA, Afolabi SO, Yaro AU, Ehinmidu JO, Mohammed Z. Evaluation of the antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of heeria insignis o. Ktze. Indian J Pharm Sci 2012; 73:328-32. [PMID: 22457562 PMCID: PMC3309658 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.93513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heeria insignis O. Ktze (Anacardiaceae) is an indigenous African shrub used in treatment of diarrhea, venereal diseases, tapeworm, hookworm, schistosomiasis, kidney trouble and for increasing lactation in women after childbirth. The methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the leaves were evaluated for antibacterial activity (using agar-diffusion method) and antidairrheal activity (using isolated rabbit jejunum and castor-oil induced diarrhea in mice). The methanol extract gave higher antibacterial activity than dichloromethane. The order of susceptibility of test microorganisms to methanol extract were Salmonella typhi>Pseudomous aeruginosa> Staphylococcus aureus>Bacillus subtilis>Escherichia coli which were comparable to standard. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanol extract for these microorganisms was also determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of methanol extract against microorganisms is; B. subtilis (3.9), S. aureus (1.95), E. coli (62.5), Ps. aeruginosa (3.9) and S. typhi (1.95). On the isolated rabbit jejunum evaluation, both extracts produced concentration-dependent relation of isolated rabbit jejunum that was not blocked by phentolamine, suggesting that extracts act via mechanisms other than alpha-adrenergic receptor. In the castor oil-induced diarrheoeal test, each extract gave 80% protection at 200 mg/kg, which is comparable to loperamide 2 mg/kg with 80% protection. This finding may explain the use of the plant in diarrhea and bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agunu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-810006, Nigeria
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14
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Afolabi SO, Akindele AJ, Awodele O, Anunobi CC, Adeyemi OO. A 90 day chronic toxicity study of Nigerian herbal preparation DAS-77 in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:79. [PMID: 22892317 PMCID: PMC3522554 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The herbal preparation DAS-77, used for the treatment of various ailments in Nigeria, contains the milled bark of Mangifera indica L. and root of Carica papaya L. Toxicological assessment of the preparation was carried out in this study. Methods In the acute toxicity study, DAS-77 was administered to mice p.o. up to 20 g/kg in divided doses and i.p. at 250–3000 mg/kg. Mortality within 24 h was recorded. In the chronic toxicity study, rats were treated p.o. for 90 days at doses of 80, 400 (therapeutic dose, TD) and 2000 mg/kg. By 90 days, animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Organs were harvested for weight determination, antioxidants and histopathological assessments. Results DAS-77 did not produce any lethality administered p.o. up to 20 g/kg in divided doses but the i.p. LD50 was 1122.0 mg/kg. At TD, DAS-77 produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in body weight, food intake and K+, and increases in ovary weight, neutrophils and HDL, which were reversible. Histopathological presentations were generally normal. Effects at the other doses were comparable to those at TD except for reversible increases in antioxidants in the liver, kidney and testes, and sperm abnormality, and reductions in liver enzymes, sperm motility and count. Conclusions Findings in this study revealed that DAS-77 is relatively safe with the potential for enhancing in vivo antioxidant activity. However, possibly reversible side-effects include electrolyte imbalance and sterility in males.
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