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Werren EA, LaForce GR, Srivastava A, Perillo DR, Li S, Johnson K, Baris S, Berger B, Regan SL, Pfennig CD, de Munnik S, Pfundt R, Hebbar M, Jimenez-Heredia R, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Ozen A, Dmytrus J, Krolo A, Corning K, Prijoles EJ, Louie RJ, Lebel RR, Le TL, Amiel J, Gordon CT, Boztug K, Girisha KM, Shukla A, Bielas SL, Schaffer AE. TREX tetramer disruption alters RNA processing necessary for corticogenesis in THOC6 Intellectual Disability Syndrome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1640. [PMID: 38388531 PMCID: PMC10884030 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
THOC6 variants are the genetic basis of autosomal recessive THOC6 Intellectual Disability Syndrome (TIDS). THOC6 is critical for mammalian Transcription Export complex (TREX) tetramer formation, which is composed of four six-subunit THO monomers. The TREX tetramer facilitates mammalian RNA processing, in addition to the nuclear mRNA export functions of the TREX dimer conserved through yeast. Human and mouse TIDS model systems revealed novel THOC6-dependent, species-specific TREX tetramer functions. Germline biallelic Thoc6 loss-of-function (LOF) variants result in mouse embryonic lethality. Biallelic THOC6 LOF variants reduce the binding affinity of ALYREF to THOC5 without affecting the protein expression of TREX members, implicating impaired TREX tetramer formation. Defects in RNA nuclear export functions were not detected in biallelic THOC6 LOF human neural cells. Instead, mis-splicing was detected in human and mouse neural tissue, revealing novel THOC6-mediated TREX coordination of mRNA processing. We demonstrate that THOC6 is required for key signaling pathways known to regulate the transition from proliferative to neurogenic divisions during human corticogenesis. Together, these findings implicate altered RNA processing in the developmental biology of TIDS neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Werren
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Advanced Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Geneva R LaForce
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Delia R Perillo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shaokun Li
- Advanced Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Advanced Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Brandon Berger
- Advanced Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Samantha L Regan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christian D Pfennig
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sonja de Munnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6524, the Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6524, the Netherlands
| | - Malavika Hebbar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raúl Jimenez-Heredia
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Jasmin Dmytrus
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ana Krolo
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ken Corning
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | - E J Prijoles
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA
| | | | - Robert Roger Lebel
- Section of Medical Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Thuy-Linh Le
- Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, Paris Cité University, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, Paris Cité University, Paris, 75015, France
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, 75015, France
| | | | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Sugimoto C, Perna MK, Regan SL, Tepe EA, Liou R, Fritz AL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Skelton MR. A Gad2 specific Slc6a8 deletion recapitulates the contextual and cued freezing deficits seen in Slc6a8 -/y mice. Brain Res 2024; 1825:148690. [PMID: 38030104 PMCID: PMC10875619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The creatine (Cr)-phosphocreatine shuttle is essential for ATP homeostasis. In humans, the absence of brain Cr causes significant intellectual disability, epilepsy, and language delay. Mutations of the creatine transporter (SLC6A8) are the most common cause of Cr deficiency. In rodents, Slc6a8 deletion causes deficits in spatial learning, novel object recognition (NOR), as well as in contextual and cued freezing. The mechanisms that underlie these cognitive deficits are not known. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the brain, it is important to determine which systems are affected by a loss of Cr. In this study, we generated mice lacking Slc6a8 in GABAergic neurons by crossing Slc6a8FL mice with Gad2-Cre mice. These Gad2-specific Slc6a8 knockout (cKO) mice, along with the ubiquitous Slc6a8 KO (Slc6a8-/y), Gad2-Cre+, and wild-type (WT) mice were tested in the Morris water maze, NOR, conditioned freezing, and the radial water maze. Similar to the Slc6a8-/y mice, cKO mice had reduced contextual and cued freezing compared with WT mice. The cKO mice had a mild spatial learning deficit during the reversal phase of the MWM, however they were not as pronounced as in Slc6a8-/y mice. In NOR, the Gad2-Cre mice spent less time with the novel object, similar to the reduced novel time in the cKO mice. There were no changes in radial water maze performance. Slc6a8 deletion in GABAergic neurons is sufficient to recapitulate the conditioned freezing deficits seen in Slc6a8-/y mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Marla K Perna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Erin A Tepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Rosalyn Liou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Adam L Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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Ryan CW, Peirent ER, Regan SL, Guxholli A, Bielas SL. H2A monoubiquitination: insights from human genetics and animal models. Hum Genet 2023:10.1007/s00439-023-02557-x. [PMID: 37086328 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan development arises from spatiotemporal control of gene expression, which depends on epigenetic regulators like the polycomb group proteins (PcG) that govern the chromatin landscape. PcG proteins facilitate the addition and removal of histone 2A monoubiquitination at lysine 119 (H2AK119ub1), which regulates gene expression, cell fate decisions, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage repair. Regulation of these processes by PcG proteins is necessary for proper development, as pathogenic variants in these genes are increasingly recognized to underly developmental disorders. Overlapping features of developmental syndromes associated with pathogenic variants in specific PcG genes suggest disruption of central developmental mechanisms; however, unique clinical features observed in each syndrome suggest additional non-redundant functions for each PcG gene. In this review, we describe the clinical manifestations of pathogenic PcG gene variants, review what is known about the molecular functions of these gene products during development, and interpret the clinical data to summarize the current evidence toward an understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Ryan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
- Medical Science Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Emily R Peirent
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Samantha L Regan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
| | - Alba Guxholli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48199-5618, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5618, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48199-5618, USA.
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Carbajal MS, Bounmy AJC, Harrison OB, Nolen HG, Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Sable HJK. Impulsive choice in two different rat models of ADHD-Spontaneously hypertensive and Lphn3 knockout rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1094218. [PMID: 36777639 PMCID: PMC9909198 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1094218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impulsivity is a symptom of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variants in the Lphn3 (Adgrl3) gene (OMIM 616417) have been linked to ADHD. This project utilized a delay-discounting (DD) task to examine the impact of Lphn3 deletion in rats on impulsive choice. "Positive control" measures were also collected in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), another animal model of ADHD. Methods For Experiment I, rats were given the option to press one lever for a delayed reward of 3 food pellets or the other lever for an immediate reward of 1 pellet. Impulsive choice was measured as the tendency to discount the larger, delayed reward. We hypothesized that impulsive choice would be greater in the SHR and Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats relative to their control strains - Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Lphn3 wildtype (WT) rats, respectively. Results The results did not completely support the hypothesis, as only the SHRs (but not the Lphn3 KO rats) demonstrated a decrease in the percent choice for the larger reward. Because subsequent trials did not begin until the end of the delay period regardless of which lever was selected, rats were required to wait for the next trial to start even if they picked the immediate lever. Experiment II examined whether the rate of reinforcement influenced impulsive choice by using a DD task that incorporated a 1 s inter-trial interval (ITI) immediately after delivery of either the immediate (1 pellet) or delayed (3 pellet) reinforcer. The results of Experiment II found no difference in the percent choice for the larger reward between Lphn3 KO and WT rats, demonstrating reinforcement rate did not influence impulsive choice in Lphn3 KO rats. Discussion Overall, there were impulsivity differences among the ADHD models, as SHRs exhibited deficits in impulsive choice, while the Lphn3 KO rats did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S. Carbajal
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Asiah J. C. Bounmy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Olivia B. Harrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hunter G. Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Helen J. K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Helen J. K. Sable,
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Pitzer EM, Sugimoto C, Regan SL, Gudelsky GA, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Developmental deltamethrin: Sex-specific hippocampal effects in Sprague Dawley rats. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100093. [PMID: 36393872 PMCID: PMC9661443 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticides are widely used and can cause long-term effects after early exposure. Epidemiological and animal studies reveal associations between pyrethroid exposure and altered cognition following prenatal and/or neonatal exposure. However, little is known about the cellular effects of such exposure. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged with 0 or 1.0 mg/kg deltamethrin (DLM), a Type II pyrethroid, in corn oil (dose volume 5 mL/kg) once per day from postnatal day (P) 3-20 and assessed shortly after dosing ended or as adults. No effects of DLM exposure were found on striatal dopaminergic markers, nor on AMPA receptor subunits or on NMDA-NR1. However, DLM increased NMDA-NR2A and decreased NMDA-NR2B levels in the hippocampus, in males but not females. Additionally, adult hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation was increased in DLM-treated males but not females. Potassium stimulated extracellular glutamate release in the hippocampus was not affected using in vivo microdialysis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) showed increased apoptotic cells in the dentate gyrus of male rats, in the absence of changes in cleaved caspase-3 at P21. Proinflammatory cytokines interferon gamma trended up in striatum, interleukin-1β trended down in nucleus accumbens, IL-13 trended up in hippocampus, and keratinocyte chemoattractant/human growth-regulated oncogene (KC/GRO or CXCL1) was significantly increased in the hippocampus in male DLM-treated rats on P20. The data point to the developing hippocampus as a susceptible region to DLM-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Pitzer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Dept. of Physiology, Michigan State University, 766 Service Rd. 5401 Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Dept. of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3703 Med Sci II, 1241 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Gary A. Gudelsky
- College of Pharmacy, Div. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3212 Medical Sciences Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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6
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Williams MT, Sugimoto C, Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Fritz AL, Sertorio M, Mascia AE, Vatner RE, Perentesis JP, Vorhees CV. Cognitive and behavioral effects of whole brain conventional or high dose rate (FLASH) proton irradiation in a neonatal Sprague Dawley rat model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274007. [PMID: 36112695 PMCID: PMC9481014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that ultra-high dose rates of proton radiation (>40 Gy/s; FLASH) confer less toxicity to exposed healthy tissue and reduce cognitive decline compared with conventional radiation dose rates (~1 Gy/s), but further preclinical data are required to demonstrate this sparing effect. In this study, postnatal day 11 (P11) rats were treated with whole brain irradiation with protons at a total dose of 0, 5, or 8 Gy, comparing a conventional dose rate of 1 Gy/s vs. a FLASH dose rate of 100 Gy/s. Beginning on P64, rats were tested for locomotor activity, acoustic and tactile startle responses (ASR, TSR) with or without prepulses, novel object recognition (NOR; 4-object version), striatal dependent egocentric learning ([configuration A] Cincinnati water maze (CWM-A)), prefrontal dependent working memory (radial water maze (RWM)), hippocampal dependent spatial learning (Morris water maze (MWM)), amygdala dependent conditioned freezing, and the mirror image CWM [configuration B (CWM-B)]. All groups had deficits in the CWM-A procedure. Weight reductions, decreased center ambulation in the open-field, increased latency on day-1 of RWM, and deficits in CWM-B were observed in all irradiated groups, except the 5 Gy FLASH group. ASR and TSR were reduced in the 8 Gy FLASH group and day-2 latencies in the RWM were increased in the FLASH groups compared with controls. There were no effects on prepulse trials of ASR or TSR, NOR, MWM, or conditioned freezing. The results suggest striatal and prefrontal cortex are sensitive regions at P11 to proton irradiation, with reduced toxicity from FLASH at 5 Gy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Fritz
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Sertorio
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Mascia
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Ralph E. Vatner
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - John P. Perentesis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Cincinnati Children’s/University of Cincinnati Proton Therapy and Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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7
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Regan SL, Sugimoto C, Dawson HE, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 heterozygous versus homozygous mutations in Sprague Dawley rats: Effects on egocentric and allocentric memory and locomotor activity. Genes Brain Behav 2022; 21:e12817. [PMID: 35985692 PMCID: PMC9744505 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) is a brain specific G-protein coupled receptor associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive deficits. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to generate a constitutive knockout (KO) rat of Lphn3 by deleting exon 3, based on human data that LPHN3 variants are associated with some cases of ADHD. Lphn3 KO rats are hyperactive with an attenuated response to ADHD medication and have cognitive deficits. Here, we tested KO, heterozygous (HET), and wildtype (WT) rats to determine if there was a gene-dosage effect. We tested the rats in home-cage activity starting at postnatal day (P)35 and P50, followed by tests of egocentric learning (Cincinnati water maze [CWM]), spatial learning (Morris water maze [MWM]), working memory (radial water maze [RWM]), incidental learning (novel object recognition [NOR]), acoustic startle response (ASR) habituation, tactile startle response (TSR) habituation, prepulse modification of acoustic startle, shuttle-box passive avoidance, conditioned freezing, and a mirror image version of the CWM. KO and HET rats were hyperactive. KO and HET rats had egocentric (CWM) and spatial deficits (MWM), increased startle response, and KO rats showed less conditioned freezing on contextual and cued memory; there were no effects on working memory (RWM) or passive avoidance. The selective gene-dosage effect in Lphn3 HET rats indicates that Lphn3 exhibits dominate expression on functions where it is most abundantly expressed (striatum, hippocampus) but not on behaviors mediated by regions of low expression. The data add further evidence to the impact of this synaptic protein on brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of Michigan Medical CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA,Department of PhysiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Hannah E. Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children's Research FoundationCincinnatiOhioUSA
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8
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:621-637. [PMID: 34848247 PMCID: PMC8816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 8-12 % of children and >4 % of adults. Environmental factors are believed to interact with genetic predispositions to increase susceptibility to ADHD. No existing rodent model captures all aspects of ADHD, but several show promise. The main genetic models are the spontaneous hypertensive rat, dopamine transporter knock-out (KO) mice, dopamine receptor subtype KO mice, Snap-25 KO mice, guanylyl cyclase-c KO mice, and latrophilin-3 KO mice and rats. Environmental factors thought to contribute to ADHD include ethanol, nicotine, PCBs, lead (Pb), ionizing irradiation, 6-hydroxydopamine, neonatal hypoxia, some pesticides, and organic pollutants. Model validation criteria are outlined, and current genetic models evaluated against these criteria. Future research should explore induced multiple gene KOs given that ADHD is polygenic and epigenetic contributions. Furthermore, genetic models should be combined with environmental agents to test for interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229,Corresponding author: Charles V. Vorhees, Ph.D., Div. of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA:
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9
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Sable HJK, Lester DB, Potter JL, Nolen HG, Cruthird DM, Estes LM, Johnson AD, Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. An assessment of executive function in two different rat models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Spontaneously hypertensive versus Lphn3 knockout rats. Genes Brain Behav 2021; 20:e12767. [PMID: 34427038 PMCID: PMC10114166 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and often comorbid with other externalizing disorders (EDs). There is evidence that externalizing behaviors share a common genetic etiology. Recently, a genome-wide, multigenerational sample linked variants in the Lphn3 gene to ADHD and other externalizing behaviors. Likewise, limited research in animal models has provided converging evidence that Lphn3 plays a role in EDs. This study examined the impact of Lphn3 deletion (i.e., Lphn3-/- ) in rats on measures of behavioral control associated with externalizing behavior. Impulsivity was assessed for 30 days via a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) task and working memory evaluated for 25 days using a delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task. Data from both tasks were averaged into 5-day testing blocks. We analyzed overall performance, as well as response patterns in just the first and last blocks to assess acquisition and steady-state performance, respectively. "Positive control" measures on the same tasks were measured in an accepted animal model of ADHD-the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Compared with wildtype controls, Lphn3-/- rats exhibited deficits on both the DRL and DSA tasks, indicative of deficits in impulsive action and working memory, respectively. These deficits were less severe than those in the SHRs, who were profoundly impaired on both tasks compared with their control strain, Wistar-Kyoto rats. The results provide evidence supporting a role for Lphn3 in modulating inhibitory control and working memory, and suggest additional research evaluating the role of Lphn3 in the manifestation of EDs more broadly is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. K. Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Deranda B. Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua L. Potter
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hunter G. Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Estes
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa D. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Regan SL, Pitzer EM, Hufgard JR, Sugimoto C, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. A novel role for the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 in learning and memory in Lphn3 knockout rats. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105456. [PMID: 34352385 PMCID: PMC8440465 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion G protein-coupled receptors with three isoforms but only LPHN3 is brain specific (caudate, prefrontal cortex, dentate, amygdala, and cerebellum). Variants of LPHN3 are associated with ADHD. Null mutations of Lphn3 in rat, mouse, zebrafish, and Drosophila result in hyperactivity, but its role in learning and memory (L&M) is largely unknown. Using our Lphn3 knockout (KO) rats we examined the cognitive abilities, long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1, NMDA receptor expression, and neurohistology from heterozygous breeding pairs. KO rats were impaired in egocentric L&M in the Cincinnati water maze, spatial L&M and cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze (MWM), with no effects on conditioned freezing, novel object recognition, or temporal order recognition. KO-associated locomotor hyperactivity had no effect on swim speed. KO rats had reduced early-LTP but not late-LTP and had reduced hippocampal NMDA-NR1 expression. In a second experiment, KO rats responded to a light prepulse prior to an acoustic startle pulse, reflecting visual signal detection. In a third experiment, KO rats given extra MWM pretraining and hidden platform overtraining showed no evidence of reaching WT rats' levels of learning. Nissl histology revealed no structural abnormalities in KO rats. LPHN3 has a selective effect on egocentric and allocentric L&M without effects on conditioned freezing or recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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11
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Regan SL, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Latrophilin-3 disruption: Effects on brain and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:619-629. [PMID: 34022279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3), a G-protein-coupled receptor belonging to the adhesion subfamily, is a regulator of synaptic function and maintenance in brain regions that mediate locomotor activity, attention, and memory for location and path. Variants of LPHN3 are associated with increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in some patients. Here we review the role of LPHN3 in the central nervous system (CNS). We describe synaptic localization of LPHN3, its trans-synaptic binding partners, links to neurodevelopmental disorders, animal models of Lphn3 disruption in different species, and evidence that LPHN3 is involved in cognition as well as activity and attention. The evidence shows that LPHN3 plays a more significant role in neuroplasticity than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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12
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Regan SL, Sugimoto C, Fritz AL, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Effects of Permethrin or Deltamethrin Exposure in Adult Sprague Dawley Rats on Acoustic and Light Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic or Tactile Startle. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:543-555. [PMID: 33608816 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of permethrin (PRM) and deltamethrin (DLM) on acoustic or light prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and tactile startle response (TSR) were studied in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Preliminary studies were conducted to optimize the parameters of light and acoustic prepulse inhibition of ASR and TSR. Once these parameters were set, a new group of rats was administered PRM (0 or 90 mg/kg) or DLM (0 or 25 mg/kg) by gavage in 5 mL/kg corn oil. ASR and TSR were assessed using acoustic or light prepulses 6, 8, and 12 h after PRM and 2, 4, and 6 h after DLM exposure. PRM increased ASR 6 h post-treatment with no interaction with acoustic prepulse levels and with no effect on TSR. When light was used as the prepulse, PRM increased ASR and TSR at 6 h with no interaction with prepulse levels. DLM decreased ASR and TSR on trials without prepulses but not on trials with acoustic prepulses. DLM also decreased ASR when light prepulses were present 4 h post-treatment. A final experiment assessed whether the house light in the test cabinet affected ASR and TSR after PRM or DLM exposure. Rats had increased ASR and TSR when house lights were on compared with when they were off, but lighting did not differentially interact with PRM or DLM. Light and acoustic prepulses of ASR and TSR have different effects depending on the test agent and the test parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Adam L Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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13
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Lim GN, Regan SL, Ross AE. Subsecond spontaneous catecholamine release in mesenteric lymph node ex vivo. J Neurochem 2020; 155:417-429. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics University of CincinnatiCollege of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children’s Research Foundation Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
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14
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Regan SL, Cryan MT, Williams MT, Vorhees CV, Ross AE. Enhanced Transient Striatal Dopamine Release and Reuptake in Lphn3 Knockout Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1171-1177. [PMID: 32203648 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) is an adhesion G protein coupled receptor involved in regulating neuroplasticity. Variants of LPHN3 are associated with increased risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Data from mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, and rat show that disruption of LPHN3 results in hyperactivity, and in the Sprague-Dawley Lphn3 knockout rat, exhibit deficits in learning and memory and changes in dopamine (DA) markers in the neostriatum. To determine the effects of Lphn3 deletion on DA neurotransmission, we compared the concentration, duration, and frequency of DA transients in KO and wild-type rats using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices. Lphn3 KO rats showed higher release of DA, and the duration and interevent time were markedly decreased compared with wild-type rats. The data demonstrate that LPHN3 plays a heretofore unrecognized role in DA signaling and may represent a new target for small molecule regulation of DA neurotransmission with translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Michael T. Cryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
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15
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Regan SL, Hufgard JR, Pitzer EM, Sugimoto C, Hu YC, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Knockout of latrophilin-3 in Sprague-Dawley rats causes hyperactivity, hyper-reactivity, under-response to amphetamine, and disrupted dopamine markers. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104494. [PMID: 31176715 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity and is 75-90% heritable. Latrophilin-3 (LPHN3; or ADGRL(3)) is associated with a subtype of ADHD, but how it translates to symptoms is unknown. LPHN3 is a synaptic adhesion G protein coupled receptor that binds to fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3 and teneurin-3 (FLRT3 and TEN-3). We created a null mutation of Lphn3 (KO) in Sprague-Dawley rats using CRISPR/Cas9 to delete exon-3. The KO rats had no effects on reproduction or survival but reduced growth. KO females showed catch-up weight gain whereas KO males did not. We tested WT and KO littermates for home-cage activity, anxiety-like behavior, acoustic startle response, and activity after amphetamine challenge. Expression of Lphn3-related genes, monoamines, and receptors were determined. Lphn3 KO rats showed persistent hyperactivity, increased acoustic startle, reduced activity in response to amphetamine relative to baseline, and female-specific reduced anxiety-like behavior. Expression of Lphn1, Lphn2, and Flrt3 by qPCR and their protein products by western-blot analysis showed no compensatory upregulation. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and the dopamine transporter were increased and dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) and dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) decreased with no changes in DRD2, DRD4, vesicular monoamine transporter-2, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-NR1, -NR2A, or -NR2B. LPHN3 is expressed in many brain regions but its function is largely unknown. Data from human, mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila and our new Lphn3 KO rat data collectively show that its disruption is significantly correlated with hyperactivity and associated striatal changes in dopamine markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Regan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Emily M Pitzer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, United States of America
| | - Chiho Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States of America
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America.
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16
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Vorhees CV, Sprowles JN, Regan SL, Williams MT. A better approach to in vivo developmental neurotoxicity assessment: Alignment of rodent testing with effects seen in children after neurotoxic exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:176-190. [PMID: 29544898 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
High throughput screens for developmental neurotoxicity (DN) will facilitate evaluation of chemicals and can be used to prioritize those designated for follow-up. DN is evaluated under different guidelines. Those for drugs generally include peri- and postnatal studies and juvenile toxicity studies. For pesticides and commercial chemicals, when triggered, include developmental neurotoxicity studies (DNT) and extended one-generation reproductive toxicity studies. Raffaele et al. (2010) reviewed 69 pesticide DNT studies and found two of the four behavioral tests underperformed. There are now many epidemiological studies on children showing adverse neurocognitive effects, yet guideline DN studies fail to assess most of the functions affected in children; nor do DN guidelines reflect the advances in brain structure-function relationships from neuroscience. By reducing the number of test ages, removing underperforming tests and replacing them with tests that assess cognitive abilities relevant to children, the value of DN protocols can be improved. Testing for the brain networks that mediate higher cognitive functions need to include assessments of working memory, attention, long-term memory (explicit, implicit, and emotional), and executive functions such as cognitive flexibility. The current DNT focus on what can be measured should be replaced with what should be measured. With the wealth of data available from human studies and neuroscience, the recommendation is made for changes to make DN studies better focused on human-relevant functions using tests of proven validity that assess comparable functions to tests used in children. Such changes will provide regulatory authorities with more relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Jenna N Sprowles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha L Regan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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17
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Bertoldo MJ, Andraweera PH, Bromfield EG, Cousins FL, Lindsay LA, Paiva P, Regan SL, Rose RD, Akison LK. Recent and emerging reproductive biology research in Australia and New Zealand: highlights from the Society for Reproductive Biology Annual Meeting, 2017. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1049-1054. [PMID: 29381876 DOI: 10.1071/rd17445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in reproductive science is essential to promote new developments in reproductive health and medicine, agriculture and conservation. The Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) 2017 conference held in Perth (WA, Australia) provided a valuable update on current research programs in Australia and New Zealand. This conference review delivers a dedicated summary of significant questions, emerging concepts and innovative technologies presented in the symposia. This research demonstrates significant advances in the identification of precursors for a healthy pregnancy, birth and child, and discusses how these factors can influence disease risk. A key theme included preconception parental health and its effect on gametogenesis, embryo and fetal development and placental function. In addition, the perturbation of key developmental checkpoints was shown to contribute to a variety of pathological states that have the capacity to affect health and fertility. Importantly, the symposia discussed in this review emphasised the role of reproductive biology as a conduit for understanding the transmission of non-communicable diseases, such as metabolic disorders and cancers. The research presented at SRB 2017 has revealed key findings that have the prospect to change not only the fertility of the present generation, but also the health and reproductive capacity of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Wallace Wurth Building, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P H Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - E G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - F L Cousins
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3141, Australia
| | - L A Lindsay
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy and Histology), The University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building, F13, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P Paiva
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - S L Regan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - R D Rose
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - L K Akison
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Sir William MacGregor Building, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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18
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DeLong RK, Yoo H, Alahari SK, Fisher M, Short SM, Kang SH, Kole R, Janout V, Regan SL, Juliano RL. Novel cationic amphiphiles as delivery agents for antisense oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:3334-41. [PMID: 10454641 PMCID: PMC148567 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.16.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been great interest recently in therapeutic use of nucleic acids including genes, ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides. Despite recent improvements in delivering antisense oligonucleotides to cells in culture, nucleic acid-based therapy is still often limited by the poor penetration of the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. In this report we describe nucleic acid delivery to cells using a series of novel cationic amphiphiles containing cholic acid moieties linked via alkylamino side chains. We term these agents 'molecular umbrellas' since the cationic alkylamino chains provide a 'handle' for binding of nucleic acids, while the cholic acid moieties are likely to interact with the lipid bilayer allowing the highly charged nucleic acid backbone to traverse across the cell membrane. Optimal gene and oligonucleotide delivery to cells was afforded by a derivative (amphiphile 5) containing four cholic acid moieties. With this amphiphile used as a constituent in cationic liposomes, a 4-5 log increase in reporter gene delivery was measured. This amphiphile used alone provided a 250-fold enhancement of oligo-nucleotide association with cells as observed by flow cytometry. A substantial fraction of cells exposed to complexes of amphiphile 5 and fluorescent oligo-nucleotide showed nuclear accumulation of the fluorophore. Enhanced pharmacological effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides complexed with amphiphile 5 was observed using an antisense splicing correction assay that activates a Luciferase reporter. Intracellular delivery, nuclear localization and pharmacological effectiveness of oligonucleotides using amphiphile 5 were similar to those afforded by commercial cytofectins. However, in contrast to most commercial cytofectins, the umbrella amphiphile showed substantial delivery activity even in the presence of high concentrations of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K DeLong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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