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Kaienburg P, Jungbluth A, Habib I, Kesava SV, Nyman M, Riede MK. Assessing the Photovoltaic Quality of Vacuum-Thermal Evaporated Organic Semiconductor Blends. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107584. [PMID: 34821418 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum-thermal evaporation (VTE) is a highly relevant fabrication route for organic solar cells (OSCs), especially on an industrial scale as proven by the commercialization of organic light emitting diode-based displays. While OSC performance is reported for a range of VTE-deposited molecules, a comprehensive assessment of donor:acceptor blend properties with respect to their photovoltaic performance is scarce. Here, the organic thin films and solar cells of three select systems are fabricated and ellipsometry, external quantum efficiency with high dynamic range, as well as OTRACE are measured to quantify absorption, voltage losses, and charge carrier mobility. These parameters are key to explain OSC performance and will help to rationalize the performance of other material systems reported in literature as the authors' methodology is applicable beyond VTE systems. Furthermore, it can help to judge the prospects of new molecules in general. The authors find large differences in the measured values and find that today's VTE OSCs can reach high extinction coefficients, but only moderate mobility and voltage loss compared to their solution-processed counterparts. What needs to be improved for VTE OSCs is outlined to again catch up with their solution-processed counterparts in terms of power conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kaienburg
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Anna Jungbluth
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Irfan Habib
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Mathias Nyman
- Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, Turku, 20500, Finland
| | - Moritz K Riede
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
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Cooksey TJ, Singh A, Le KM, Wang S, Kelley EG, He L, Vajjala Kesava S, Gomez ED, Kidd BE, Madsen LA, Robertson ML. Tuning Biocompatible Block Copolymer Micelles by Varying Solvent Composition: Core/Corona Structure and Solvent Uptake. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Cooksey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Avantika Singh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Kim Mai Le
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- National
Institute
of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6100, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Biology
and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Bryce E. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
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Wang S, Xie R, Vajjala Kesava S, Gomez ED, Cochran EW, Robertson ML. Close-Packed Spherical Morphology in an ABA Triblock Copolymer Aligned with Large-Amplitude Oscillatory Shear. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Renxuan Xie
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Eric W. Cochran
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-4004, United States
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Le TP, Shang Z, Wang L, Li N, Vajjala Kesava S, O’Connor JW, Chang Y, Bae C, Zhu C, Hexemer A, Gomez EW, Salleo A, Hickner MA, Gomez ED. Miscibility and Acid Strength Govern Contact Doping of Organic Photovoltaics with Strong Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhengrong Shang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Alberto Salleo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Mao Z, Senevirathna W, Liao JY, Gu J, Kesava SV, Guo C, Gomez ED, Sauvé G. Azadipyrromethene-based Zn(II) complexes as nonplanar conjugated electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2014; 26:6290-6294. [PMID: 25066024 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of new a electron acceptor for organic solar cells is demonstrated. The acceptor is a homoleptic zinc(II) complex of 2,6-diphenylethynyl-1,3,7,9-tetraphenylazadipyrromethene. The high power-conversion efficiency obtained is attributed to the acceptor's 3D structure, which prevents crystallization and promotes a favourable nanoscale morphology, its high Voc , and its ability to contribute to light harvesting at 600-800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Houston, Houston,
Texas 77204-4004, United States
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Megan L. Robertson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Houston, Houston,
Texas 77204-4004, United States
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Guo C, Kozub DR, Vajjala Kesava S, Wang C, Hexemer A, Gomez ED. Signatures of Multiphase Formation in the Active Layer of Organic Solar Cells from Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:185-189. [PMID: 35581879 DOI: 10.1021/mz300547x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSOXS) is a complementary tool to existing reciprocal space methods, such as grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, for studying order formation in polymer thin films. In particular, RSOXS can exploit differences in absorption between multiple phases by tuning the X-ray energy to one or more resonance peaks of organic materials containing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, or other atoms. Here, we have examined the structural evolution in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester mixtures by tuning X-rays to resonant absorption energies of carbon and oxygen. Our studies reveal that the energy dependence of RSOXS profiles marks the formation of multiple phases in the active layer of organic solar cells, which is consistent with elemental maps obtained through energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Derek R. Kozub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sameer Vajjala Kesava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Kozub DR, Vakhshouri K, Kesava SV, Wang C, Hexemer A, Gomez ED. Direct measurements of exciton diffusion length limitations on organic solar cell performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5859-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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