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Abbouyi S, Bouazza S, El Hilaly J, Ragala MEA, El Rhazi K, Zarrouq B. Psychometric properties of the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ) in a Moroccan sample of university students. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:395. [PMID: 37974251 PMCID: PMC10655425 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ) instrument consists of 18 items with a six-factor structure. This questionnaire is widely utilized to measure the degree of problematic online gaming, but the scale has not, up to date, been validated in Arabic language. This study aimed to assess POGQ scale validity and reliability in Moroccan context. METHODS The research was conducted from April to June 2023 using an online questionnaire. The selected sample involved Moroccan university students. Data were analyzed in two successive phases. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess the factor structure in the first sample (n1 = 143). Then, this structure was confirmed in the second sample (n2 = 313) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS The EFA and CFA results demonstrated that the POGQ has a six-factor structure explained 72% of the total variance. The results of this analysis provided an optimal fit to the data confirming a good performance of the measurement model (χ² = 243.6; CFI = 0.981; TLI = 0.976; RMSEA = 0.048; NFI = 0.964; IFI = 0. 981; SRMR = 0.022). The instrument showed sufficient reliability and convergent validity demonstrated by acceptable values of composite reliability (CR = 0.68-0.90), and average variance extracted (AVE = 0.50-0.75), respectively. Finally, the Arabic version of POGQ was found to have a high test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS The Arabic version of POGQ revealed adequate psychometric properties. As a result, the instrument might be used to measure the degree of problematic online gaming. The use of the POGQ is expected to further promote research on online game dependence treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Abbouyi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, KM 2.200 Route Sidi Harazem, 30070, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Samira Bouazza
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, KM 2.200 Route Sidi Harazem, 30070, Fez, Morocco
| | - Jaouad El Hilaly
- Laboratory of Pedagogical and Didactic Engineering of Sciences and Mathematics, Regional Center of Education and Training (CRMEF) of Fez. Rue Koweit, P.B 49 Agdal, 30050, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Amine Ragala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, KM 2.200 Route Sidi Harazem, 30070, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P. B 5206 Bensouda, 30030, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, KM 2.200 Route Sidi Harazem, 30070, Fez, Morocco
| | - Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, KM 2.200 Route Sidi Harazem, 30070, Fez, Morocco.
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P. B 5206 Bensouda, 30030, Fez, Morocco.
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Bouazza S, Abbouyi S, El Kinany S, El Rhazi K, Zarrouq B. Association between Problematic Use of Smartphones and Mental Health in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2891. [PMID: 36833586 PMCID: PMC9956271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Smartphones have become essential components of daily life, and research into the harmful effects of problematic smartphone use (PSU) on mental health is expanding in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This issue has yet to be synthesized and critically evaluated. To find quantitative observational studies on the relationship between PSU and mental health in the MENA region, we developed a search equation and adapted it for four databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed during the selection process. This review included 32 cross-sectional studies and one cohort study. The available language was English. All identified studies published until 8 October 2021, were considered. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The studies enrolled 21,487 people and had low-to-moderate methodological quality. The prevalence of PSU ranged from 4.3 to 97.8 percent. The time factor, type of application used on the smartphone, and sociodemographic characteristics were the determinants of PSU. Depression, anxiety, and stress were strongly correlated with PSU. Epidemiological longitudinal studies that respect the quality of evidence are needed in all MENA countries to better plan and implement preventive measures against PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bouazza
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Samira Abbouyi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Kinany
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
- Department of Biology and Geology, Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30030, Morocco
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Zarrouq B, Abbas N, Hilaly JE, Asri AE, Abbouyi S, Omari M, Malki H, Bouazza S, Moutawakkil SG, Halim K, Ragala ME. An investigation of the association between religious coping, fatigue, anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco: a web-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:264. [PMID: 34022849 PMCID: PMC8140317 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered fear and distress among the public, thus potentiating the incidence rate of anxiety and depression. This study aims to investigate the psychological effect of quarantine on persons living in Morocco when the first COVID-19 cases were identified. The associations between anxiety, depression symptoms, and their predictors (sociodemographics, fatigue, and religious coping) were examined. METHODS A web-based cross-sectional survey, with a total of 1435 participants (≥18 years) recruited anonymously, was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic (from 3 to 30 April 2020). A structured questionnaire was used to assess psychosocial factors, COVID-19 epidemic-related factors, and religious coping. Religious coping, fatigue, and depression, and anxiety were measured by Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE), Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. A generalized linear model (logistic regression) was used to determine the predictive factors of depression and anxiety. RESULTS The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 43.0% (n = 621) and 53.0% (n = 766), respectively. Both were associated with female gender, household income decline, tracking COVID-19 news, and fear to contract COVID-19 (aOR = 1.36 to 2.85). Additionally, 32.0% (n = 453) and 26.0% (n = 372) reported severe physical fatigue, and mental fatigue, respectively. Both latter factors were significantly and positively associated with depression as well as with anxiety. Depressive and anxious patients used more negative religious coping, while positive religious coping was slightly associated with depression. CONCLUSION In this online survey of the general population in Morocco, anxiety and depressive symptoms are prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic and psychosocial factors, such as female gender, income decline, infection fears, massive COVID-19 news exposure, negative religious coping, and fatigue were associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety symptoms. Psychosocial and financial support should be provided to the quarantined population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nivine Abbas
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Balamand, El-Koura Lebanon
| | - Jaouad El Hilaly
- Laboratory of Pedagogical and Didactic Engineering of Sciences and Mathematics, Regional Center of Education and Training (CRMEF) of Fez, Fez, Morocco
| | - Achraf El Asri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samira Abbouyi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Majid Omari
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hicham Malki
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samira Bouazza
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Salma Ghofrane Moutawakkil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karima Halim
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Human and Social Sciences - Education Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Elamine Ragala
- Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Department of Biology and Geology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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