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Bansal K, Kaur A, Midha S, Kumar S, Korpole S, Patil PB. Xanthomonas sontii sp. nov., a non-pathogenic bacterium isolated from healthy basmati rice (Oryza sativa) seeds from India. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1935-1947. [PMID: 34533662 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report three yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile bacterial isolates designated as PPL1T, PPL2, and PPL3 from healthy basmati rice seeds. Phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis assigned these isolates to the genus Xanthomonas. The 16S rRNA showed a 99.59% similarity with X. sacchari CFBP 4641T, a sugarcane pathogen. Further, biochemical and fatty acid analysis revealed it to be closer to X. sacchari. Still, it differed from other species in general and known rice associated species such as X. oryzae (pathogenic) and X. maliensis (non-pathogenic) in particular. Interestingly, the isolatess in this study were isolated from healthy rice plants but are closely related to species that is pathogenic and isolated from diseased sugarcane. Accordingly, in planta studies revealed that PPL1T, PPL2, and PPL3 are non-pathogenic to rice plants upon leaf inoculation. Taxonogenomic studies based on orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values with type strains of Xanthomonas species were below the recommended threshold values for species delineation. Whole genome-based phylogenomic analysis revealed that these isolates formed a distinct monophyletic clade with X. sacchari CFBP 4641T as their closest neighbour. Further, pangenome analysis revealed PPL1T, PPL2, and PPL3 isolates to comprise NRPS cluster along with a large number of unique genes associated with the novel species. Based on polyphasic and genomic approaches, a novel lineage and species associated with healthy rice seeds for which the name Xanthomonas sontii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the X. sontii sp. nov. is PPL1T (JCM 33631T = CFBP 8688T = ICMP 23426T = MTCC 12491T) and PPL2 (JCM 33632 = CFBP 8689 = ICMP 23427 = MTCC 12492) and PPL3 (JCM 33633 = CFBP 8690 = ICMP 23428 = MTCC 12493) as other strains of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Korpole
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
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Patil PP, Kumar S, Kaur A, Midha S, Bansal K, Patil PB. Global transcriptome analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in response to growth at human body temperature. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34252021 PMCID: PMC8477401 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a typical example of an environmental originated opportunistic human pathogen, which can thrive at different habitats including the human body and can cause a wide range of infections. It must cope with heat stress during transition from the environment to the human body as the physiological temperature of the human body (37 °C) is higher than environmental niches (22–30 °C). Interestingly, S. rhizophila a phylogenetic neighbour of S. maltophilia within genus Stenotrophomonas is unable to grow at 37 °C. Thus, it is crucial to understand how S. maltophilia is adapted to human body temperature, which could suggest its evolution as an opportunistic human pathogen. In this study, we have performed comparative transcriptome analysis of S. maltophilia grown at 28 and 37 °C as temperature representative for environmental niches and the human body, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed several interesting findings showing alterations in gene-expression levels at 28 and 37 °C, which can play an important role during infection. We have observed downregulation of genes involved in cellular motility, energy production and metabolism, replication and repair whereas upregulation of VirB/D4 type IV secretion system, aerotaxis, cation diffusion facilitator family transporter and LacI family transcriptional regulators at 37 °C. Microscopy and plate assays corroborated altered expression of genes involved in motility. The results obtained enhance our understanding of the strategies employed by S. maltophilia during adaptation towards the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Present address: Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kanika Bansal
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Midha S, Rigden DJ, Siozios S, Hurst GDD, Jackson AP. Bodo saltans (Kinetoplastida) is dependent on a novel Paracaedibacter-like endosymbiont that possesses multiple putative toxin-antitoxin systems. ISME J 2021; 15:1680-1694. [PMID: 33452479 PMCID: PMC8163844 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbiosis has been instrumental in eukaryotic evolution, and includes both mutualistic, dependent and parasitic associations. Here we characterize an intracellular bacterium inhabiting the flagellated protist Bodo saltans (Kinetoplastida). We present a complete bacterial genome comprising a 1.39 Mb circular chromosome with 40.6% GC content. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation confirms that the endosymbiont is located adjacent to the nuclear membrane, and a detailed model of its intracellular niche is generated using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. Phylogenomic analysis shows that the endosymbiont belongs to the Holosporales, most closely related to other α-proteobacterial endosymbionts of ciliates and amoebae. Comparative genomics indicates that it has a limited metabolism and is nutritionally host-dependent. However, the endosymbiont genome does encode diverse symbiont-specific secretory proteins, including a type VI secretion system and three separate toxin-antitoxin systems. We show that these systems are actively transcribed and hypothesize they represent a mechanism by which B. saltans becomes addicted to its endosymbiont. Consistent with this idea, attempts to cure Bodo of endosymbionts led to rapid and uniform cell death. This study adds kinetoplastid flagellates to ciliates and amoebae as hosts of Paracaedibacter-like bacteria, suggesting that these antagonistic endosymbioses became established very early in Eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Midha
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ic2 Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Stefanos Siozios
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ic2 Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ic2 Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ic2 Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
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Carpenter SCD, Mishra P, Ghoshal C, Dash PK, Wang L, Midha S, Laha GS, Lore JS, Kositratana W, Singh NK, Singh K, Patil PB, Oliva R, Patarapuwadol S, Bogdanove AJ, Rai R. An xa5 Resistance Gene-Breaking Indian Strain of the Rice Bacterial Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Is Nearly Identical to a Thai Strain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:579504. [PMID: 33193207 PMCID: PMC7610140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) constrains production in major rice growing countries of Asia. Xoo injects transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind to and activate host “susceptibility” (S) genes that are important for disease. The bacterial blight resistance gene xa5, which reduces TALE activity generally, has been widely deployed. However, strains defeating xa5 have been reported in India and recently also in Thailand. We completely sequenced and compared the genomes of one such strain from each country and examined the encoded TALEs. The two genomes are nearly identical, including the TALE genes, and belong to a previously identified, highly clonal lineage. Each strain harbors a TALE known to activate the major S gene SWEET11 strongly enough to be effective even when diminished by xa5. The findings suggest international migration of the xa5-compatible pathotype and highlight the utility of whole genome sequencing and TALE analysis for understanding and responding to breakdown of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C D Carpenter
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrika Ghoshal
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasanta K Dash
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Li Wang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gouri S Laha
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagjeet S Lore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Wichai Kositratana
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Sujin Patarapuwadol
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Adam J Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rhitu Rai
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Carpenter SCD, Mishra P, Ghoshal C, Dash PK, Wang L, Midha S, Laha GS, Lore JS, Kositratana W, Singh NK, Singh K, Patil PB, Oliva R, Patarapuwadol S, Bogdanove AJ, Rai R. A Strain of an Emerging Indian Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Pathotype Defeats the Rice Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene xa13 Without Inducing a Clade III SWEET Gene and Is Nearly Identical to a Recent Thai Isolate. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2703. [PMID: 30483230 PMCID: PMC6243107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) injects transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) that bind and activate host "susceptibility" (S) genes important for disease. Clade III SWEET genes are major S genes for bacterial blight. The resistance genes xa5, which reduces TALE activity generally, and xa13, a SWEET11 allele not recognized by the cognate TALE, have been effectively deployed. However, strains that defeat both resistance genes individually were recently reported in India and Thailand. To gain insight into the mechanism(s), we completely sequenced the genome of one such strain from each country and examined the encoded TALEs. Strikingly, the two strains are clones, sharing nearly identical TALE repertoires, including a TALE known to activate SWEET11 strongly enough to be effective even when diminished by xa5. We next investigated SWEET gene induction by the Indian strain. The Indian strain induced no clade III SWEET in plants harboring xa13, indicating a pathogen adaptation that relieves dependence on these genes for susceptibility. The findings open a door to mechanistic understanding of the role SWEET genes play in susceptibility and illustrate the importance of complete genome sequence-based monitoring of Xoo populations in developing varieties with effective disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. D. Carpenter
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrika Ghoshal
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Li Wang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gouri S. Laha
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Rice Research (ICAR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagjeet S. Lore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Wichai Kositratana
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nagendra K. Singh
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Sujin Patarapuwadol
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Adam J. Bogdanove
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rhitu Rai
- Plant Pathogen Interaction, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (ICAR), New Delhi, India
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Patil PP, Kumar S, Midha S, Gautam V, Patil PB. Taxonogenomics reveal multiple novel genomospecies associated with clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Microb Genom 2018; 4:e000207. [PMID: 30084764 PMCID: PMC6159553 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has evolved as one of the leading multidrug-resistant pathogens responsible for a variety of nosocomial infections especially in highly debilitated patients. As information on the genomic and intraspecies diversity of this clinically important pathogen is limited, we sequenced the whole genome of 27 clinical isolates from hospitalized patients. Phylogenomic analysis along with the genomes of type strains suggested that the clinical isolates are distributed over the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex (Smc) within the genus Stenotrophomonas. Further genome-based taxonomy coupled with the genomes of type strains of the genus Stenotrophomonas allowed us to identify five cryptic genomospecies, which are associated with the clinical isolates of S. maltophilia and are potentially novel species. These isolates share a very small core genome that implies a high level of genetic diversity within the isolates. Recombination analysis of core genomes revealed that the impact of recombination is more than mutation in the diversification of clinical S. maltophilia isolates. Distribution analysis of well-characterized antibiotic-resistance and efflux pump genes of S. maltophilia across multiple novel genomospecies provided insights into its antibiotic-resistant ability. This study supports the existence of multiple cryptic species within the Smc besides S. maltophilia, which are associated with human infections, and highlights the importance of genome-based approaches to delineate bacterial species. This data will aid in improving clinical diagnosis and for understanding species-specific clinical manifestations of infection due to Stenotrophomonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P. Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR–Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR–Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR–Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
- Present address: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR–Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR-IMTECH), Chandigarh, India
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Sharma S, Kumar S, Patil PP, Midha S, Korpole S, Patil PB. Understanding role of genome dynamics in host adaptation of gut commensal, L. reuteri. Can J Biotech 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-a101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bansal K, Midha S, Kumar S, Patil PB. Ecological and Evolutionary Insights into Xanthomonas citri Pathovar Diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02993-16. [PMID: 28258140 PMCID: PMC5394309 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02993-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, is a serious disease of citrus plants worldwide. Earlier phylogenetic studies using housekeeping genes revealed that X. citri pv. citri is related to many other pathovars, which can be collectively referred as Xanthomonas citri pathovars (XCPs). From the present study, we report the genome sequences of 18 XCPs and compared them with four XCPs available in the public domain. In a tree based on phylogenomic marker genes, all the XCPs form a monophyletic cluster, suggesting their origin from a common ancestor. Phylogenomic analysis using the type strain further established that all the XCPs belong to one species. Clonal analysis of the core genome revealed the presence of two major lineages within this monophyletic cluster consisting of some clonal variants. Incidentally, the majority of these XCPs were first noticed in India, corroborating their clonal relationship and their common origin. Comparative analysis revealed an open pan-genome and the role of interstrain genomic flux of these XCPs since their diversification from a common ancestor. Even though there are wide variations in type III gene effectomes, we identified three core effectors which can be valuable in resistance-breeding programs. Overall, genomic examination of ecological relatives allowed us to dissect the tremendous genomic potential of X. citri species to rapidly evolve into specialized strains infecting diverse crop plants.IMPORTANCE Host specialization is one of the characteristic features of highly evolved pathogens such as the Xanthomonas group of phytopathogenic bacteria. Since the hosts involve staple crops and economically important fruits such as citrus, detailed understanding of the diversity and evolution of such strains infecting diverse plants is important for quarantine purposes. In the present study, we carried out genomic investigation of members of a phylogenetically and ecologically defined group of Xanthomonas strains pathogenic to diverse plants, including citrus. This group includes the oldest Xanthomonas pathovars and also recently emerged pathovars in a particular country where they are endemic. Our high-throughput genomic study has provided novel insights into the evolution of a unique lineage consisting of serious pathogens and their ecological relatives, suggesting the nature, scope, and pattern of rapid and recent diversification. Further, from the level of species to that of clonal variants, the study revealed interesting genomic patterns in diversification of a Xanthomonas lineage and perhaps will inspire careful study of the host range of the included pathovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Patil PP, Mali S, Midha S, Gautam V, Dash L, Kumar S, Shastri J, Singhal L, Patil PB. Genomics Reveals a Unique Clone of Burkholderia cenocepacia Harboring an Actively Excising Novel Genomic Island. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:590. [PMID: 28428775 PMCID: PMC5382208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is a clinically dominant form among the other virulent species of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). In the present study, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of seven nosocomial Bcc isolates, five of which were isolated from the bloodstream infections and two isolates were recovered from the hospital setting during the surveillance. Genome-based species identification of the Bcc isolates using a type strain explicitly identified the species as B. cenocepacia. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis revealed that the six isolates were clonal and phylogenetically distinct from the other B. cenocepacia. Comparative genomics distinctly revealed the larger genome size of six clonal isolates as well as the presence of a novel 107 kb genomic island named as BcenGI15, which encodes putative pathogenicity-associated genes. We have shown that the BcenGI15 has an ability to actively excise from the genome and forming an extrachromosomal circular form suggesting its mobile nature. Surprisingly, a homolog of BcenGI15 was also present in the genome of a clinical isolate named Burkholderia pseudomallei strain EY1. This novel genetic element is present only in the variants of B. cenocepacia and B. pseudomallei isolates suggesting its interspecies existence in the main pathogenic species of the genus Burkholderia. In conclusion, the whole genome analysis of the genomically distinct B. cenocepacia clinical isolates has advanced our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of this important nosocomial pathogen as well as its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarh, India
| | - Swapna Mali
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable HospitalMumbai, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Lona Dash
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable HospitalMumbai, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable HospitalMumbai, India
| | - Lipika Singhal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and ResearchChandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial TechnologyChandigarh, India
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Midha S, Bansal K, Kumar S, Girija AM, Mishra D, Brahma K, Laha GS, Sundaram RM, Sonti RV, Patil PB. Population genomic insights into variation and evolution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40694. [PMID: 28084432 PMCID: PMC5233998 DOI: 10.1038/srep40694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo) is a serious pathogen of rice causing bacterial leaf blight disease. Resistant varieties and breeding programs are being hampered by the emergence of highly virulent strains. Herein we report population based whole genome sequencing and analysis of 100 Xoo strains from India. Phylogenomic analysis revealed the clustering of Xoo strains from India along with other Asian strains, distinct from African and US Xo strains. The Indian Xoo population consists of a major clonal lineage and four minor but highly diverse lineages. Interestingly, the variant alleles, gene clusters and highly pathogenic strains are primarily restricted to minor lineages L-II to L-V and in particularly to lineage L-III. We could also find the association of an expanded CRISPR cassette and a highly variant LPS gene cluster with the dominant lineage. Molecular dating revealed that the major lineage, L-I is youngest and of recent origin compared to remaining minor lineages that seems to have originated much earlier in the past. Further, we were also able to identify core effector genes that may be helpful in efforts towards building durable resistance against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Midha
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Kanika Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Deo Mishra
- Bayer BioScience Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Kranthi Brahma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Gouri Sankar Laha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India
| | | | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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Gautam V, Patil PP, Kumar S, Midha S, Kaur M, Kaur S, Singh M, Mali S, Shastri J, Arora A, Ray P, Patil PB. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals high genetic diversity in clinical isolates of Burkholderia cepacia complex from India. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35769. [PMID: 27767197 PMCID: PMC5073313 DOI: 10.1038/srep35769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a complex group of bacteria causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Herein, we report multilocus sequence typing and analysis of the 57 clinical isolates of Bcc collected over the period of seven years (2005-2012) from several hospitals across India. A total of 21 sequence types (ST) including two STs from cystic fibrosis patient's isolates and twelve novel STs were identified in the population reflecting the extent of genetic diversity. Multilocus sequence analysis revealed two lineages in population, a major lineage belonging to B. cenocepacia and a minor lineage belonging to B. cepacia. Split-decomposition analysis suggests absence of interspecies recombination and intraspecies recombination contributed in generating genotypic diversity amongst isolates. Further linkage disequilibrium analysis indicates that recombination takes place at a low frequency, which is not sufficient to break down the clonal relationship. This knowledge of the genetic structure of Bcc population from a rapidly developing country will be invaluable in the epidemiology, surveillance and understanding global diversity of this group of a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Gautam
- Department of Medical Microbiology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prashant P. Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenu Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Swapna Mali
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College & B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Topiwala National Medical College & B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Arora
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Medical Microbiology Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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12
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Abstract
Genomic resource of type strains and historically important strains of genus Stenotrophomonas allowed us to reveal the existence of 18 distinct species by applying modern phylogenomic criterions. Apart from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, S. africana represents another species of clinical importance. Interestingly, Pseudomonas hibsicola, P. beteli, and S. pavani that are of plant origin are closer to S. maltophilia than the majority of the environmental isolates. The genus has an open pan-genome. By providing the case study on genes encoding metallo-β-lactamase and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) regions, we have tried to show the importance of this genomic dataset in understanding its ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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13
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Midha S, Bansal K, Sharma S, Kumar N, Patil PP, Chaudhry V, Patil PB. Genomic Resource of Rice Seed Associated Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1551. [PMID: 26793183 PMCID: PMC4707233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Midha
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanika Bansal
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Narinder Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Prashant P Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Vasvi Chaudhry
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India
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Pruitt RN, Schwessinger B, Joe A, Thomas N, Liu F, Albert M, Robinson MR, Chan LJG, Luu DD, Chen H, Bahar O, Daudi A, De Vleesschauwer D, Caddell D, Zhang W, Zhao X, Li X, Heazlewood JL, Ruan D, Majumder D, Chern M, Kalbacher H, Midha S, Patil PB, Sonti RV, Petzold CJ, Liu CC, Brodbelt JS, Felix G, Ronald PC. The rice immune receptor XA21 recognizes a tyrosine-sulfated protein from a Gram-negative bacterium. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500245. [PMID: 26601222 PMCID: PMC4646787 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance of the extracellular environment by immune receptors is of central importance to eukaryotic survival. The rice receptor kinase XA21, which confers robust resistance to most strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is representative of a large class of cell surface immune receptors in plants and animals. We report the identification of a previously undescribed Xoo protein, called RaxX, which is required for activation of XA21-mediated immunity. Xoo strains that lack RaxX, or carry mutations in the single RaxX tyrosine residue (Y41), are able to evade XA21-mediated immunity. Y41 of RaxX is sulfated by the prokaryotic tyrosine sulfotransferase RaxST. Sulfated, but not nonsulfated, RaxX triggers hallmarks of the plant immune response in an XA21-dependent manner. A sulfated, 21-amino acid synthetic RaxX peptide (RaxX21-sY) is sufficient for this activity. Xoo field isolates that overcome XA21-mediated immunity encode an alternate raxX allele, suggesting that coevolutionary interactions between host and pathogen contribute to RaxX diversification. RaxX is highly conserved in many plant pathogenic Xanthomonas species. The new insights gained from the discovery and characterization of the sulfated protein, RaxX, can be applied to the development of resistant crop varieties and therapeutic reagents that have the potential to block microbial infection of both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory N. Pruitt
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (B.S.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Anna Joe
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Markus Albert
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michelle R. Robinson
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leanne Jade G. Chan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dee Dee Luu
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huamin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arsalan Daudi
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Caddell
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Deling Ruan
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dipali Majumder
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samriti Midha
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chang C. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (B.S.); (P.C.R.)
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Xu M, Sulkowski ZL, Parekh P, Khan A, Chen T, Midha S, Iwasaki T, Shimokawa N, Koibuchi N, Zavacki AM, Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. Effects of Perinatal Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Exposure on the Developing Rat Brain; Modeling the Effect of Maternal Infection on the Developing Human CNS. Cerebellum 2013; 12:572-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Midha S, Watane A, Jain A. Index of suspicion. Case 3. Diagnosis: scurvy. Pediatr Rev 2001; 22:169-73. [PMID: 11424911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Midha
- Texas A & M University at Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
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Abstract
An in situ transglycosylase assay has been developed using endogenously synthesized lipid II. The assay involves the preferential synthesis and accumulation of lipid II in a reaction mixture containing the cell wall membrane material isolated from Escherichia coli, exogenously supplied UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide, and radiolabeled UDP-GlcNAc. In the presence of Triton X-100, the radiolabeled product formed is almost exclusively lipid II, while the subsequent formation of peptidoglycan is inhibited. Removal of the detergent resulted in the synthesis of peptidoglycan (25% incorporation of radiolabeled material) from the accumulated lipid II. This reaction was inhibited by moenomycin, a known transglycosylase inhibitor. In addition, tunicamycin, which affects an earlier step of the pathway by inhibiting MraY, had no effect on the formation of peptidoglycan in this assay, as expected. Similarly, ampicillin and bacitracin did not inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan under the conditions established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Branstrom
- Advanced Medicine, Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, 08512, Cranbury, NJ, USA.
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Branstrom AA, Midha S, Longley CB, Han K, Baizman ER, Axelrod HR. Assay for identification of inhibitors for bacterial MraY translocase or MurG transferase. Anal Biochem 2000; 280:315-9. [PMID: 10790316 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis is a well-characterized system for targeting new antimicrobial drugs. Formation of the peptidoglycan precursors Lipid I and Lipid II is catalyzed by the gene products of mraY and murG, which are involved in the first and second steps of the lipid cycle reactions, respectively. Here we describe the development of an assay specific for identifying inhibitors of MraY or MurG, based on the detection of radiolabeled [(14)C]GlcNAc incorporated into Lipid II. Assay specificity is achieved with the biotin tagging of the Lipid I precursor UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. This allows for the separation and identification of lipid products produced by the enzymatic activity of the MraY and MurG proteins, and thus identification of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Branstrom
- Department of Biological Research, IRL, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, 08512, USA.
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Walker S, Sofia MJ, Kakarla R, Kogan NA, Wierichs L, Longley CB, Bruker K, Axelrod HR, Midha S, Babu S, Kahne D. Cationic facial amphiphiles: a promising class of transfection agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:1585-90. [PMID: 8643675 PMCID: PMC39985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising class of compounds for DNA transfection have been designed by conjugating various polyamines to bile-acid-based amphiphiles. Formulations containing these compounds were tested for their ability to facilitate the uptake of a beta-galactosidase reporter plasmid into COS-7 cells. Dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE) formulations of some of the compounds were several times better than Lipofectin at promoting DNA uptake. The most active compounds contained the most hydrophilic bile acid components. The activity is clearly not related to affinity for DNA: the hydrophobic bile acid conjugates were found to form stable complexes with DNA at lower charge ratios than the hydrophilic conjugates. We suggest that the high activity of the best compounds is related to their facial amphiphilicity, which may confer an ability to destabilize membranes. The success of these unusual cationic transfection agents may inspire the design of even more effective gene delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Longley C, Axelrod H, Midha S, Kakarla R, Kogan N, Sofia M, Babu S, Wierichs L, Walker S. Conjugates of glycosylated steroids and polyamines as novel nonviral gene delivery systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 772:268-70. [PMID: 8546405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have designed novel glycosteroid-polyamines for transmembrane DNA delivery based on amphiphilic drug transport agents. These glycosteroid-based agents show promise as viable DNA delivery technology for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Longley
- Department of Biology, Transcell Technologies, Inc., Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, USA
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Kennedy JP, Midha S, Gadkari A. Macromers by Carbocationic Polymerization. X. Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerizability of Cyanoacrylate-Capped Polyisobutylenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/00222339108052096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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