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Das A, Rajkhowa S, Sinha S, Zaki MEA. Unveiling potential repurposed drug candidates for Plasmodium falciparum through in silico evaluation: A synergy of structure-based approaches, structure prediction, and molecular dynamics simulations. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108048. [PMID: 38471353 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The rise of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, rendering current treatments ineffective, has hindered efforts to eliminate malaria. To address this issue, the study employed a combination of Systems Biology approach and a structure-based pharmacophore method to identify a target against P. falciparum. Through text mining, 448 genes were extracted, and it was discovered that plasmepsins, found in the Plasmodium genus, play a crucial role in the parasite's survival. The metabolic pathways of these proteins were determined using the PlasmoDB genomic database and recreated using CellDesigner 4.4.2. To identify a potent target, Plasmepsin V (PF13_0133) was selected and examined for protein-protein interactions (PPIs) using the STRING Database. Topological analysis and global-based methods identified PF13_0133 as having the highest centrality. Moreover, the static protein knockout PPIs demonstrated the essentiality of PF13_0133 in the modeled network. Due to the unavailability of the protein's crystal structure, it was modeled and subjected to a molecular dynamics simulation study. The structure-based pharmacophore modeling utilized the modeled PF13_0133 (PfPMV), generating 10 pharmacophore hypotheses with a library of active and inactive compounds against PfPMV. Through virtual screening, two potential candidates, hesperidin and rutin, were identified as potential drugs which may be repurposed as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhichandan Das
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004, India.
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Computational Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal 700125, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gogoi U, Gogoi N, Rajkhowa S, Khan SA, Daffa Alla Omer Hajedris N, Al-Hoshani N, Al-Shouli ST, Das A. Expanding the therapeutic arsenal against cancer: a computational investigation of hybrid xanthone derivatives as selective Topoisomerase 2α ATPase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-30. [PMID: 37975405 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2280723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) enzyme plays an important role in the replication, recombination, and repair of DNA. Despite their widespread applications in cancer therapy, new, selective, and potent topo II inhibitors with better pharmaceutical profiles are needed to handle drug resistance and severe adverse effects. In this respect, an array of 36 new anticancer compounds was designed based on a Xanthone core tethered to multifunctional Pyridine-amines and Imidazole scaffold via alkyl chain linkers. An integrated in silico approach was used to understand the structural basis and mechanism of inhibition of the hybrid xanthone derivatives. In this study, we established an initial virtual screening workflow based on pharmacophore mapping, docking, and cancer target association to validate the target selection process. Next, a simulation-based docking was conducted along with pharmacokinetic analysis to filter out the five best compounds (7, 10, 25, 27, and 30) having binding energies within the range of -60.45 to -40.97 kcal/mol. The screened compounds were further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation for 200 ns followed by MM-GBSA and ligand properties analysis to assess the stability and binding affinity to hTOP2α. The top-ranking hits 3,7-bis(3-(2-aminopyridin-3-ylhydroxy)propoxy)-1-hydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one (ligand 7) and 3,8-bis(3-(2-aminopyridin-3-ylhydroxy)propoxy)-1-hydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one (ligand 25) were found to have no toxicity, optimum pharmacokinetic and, DFT properties and stable intermolecular interactions with the active site of hTopo IIα protein. In conclusion, further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation of the identified lead molecules is warranted for the discovery of new human Topoisomerase 2 alpha inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashee Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Neelutpal Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nisreen Daffa Alla Omer Hajedris
- College of Medicine, Basic Medical Department, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nawal Al-Hoshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia T Al-Shouli
- Immunology Unit, Pathology department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Khataniar A, Das A, Baruah MJ, Bania KK, Rajkhowa S, Al-Hussain SA, Zaki MEA. An Integrative Approach to Study the Inhibition of Providencia vermicola FabD Using C2-Quaternary Indolinones. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3325-3347. [PMID: 38024529 PMCID: PMC10657194 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s427193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study investigates the potential bioactivity of twelve experimentally designed C-2 quaternary indolinones against Providencia spp., a bacterial group of the Enterobacteriaceae family known to cause urinary tract infections. The study aims to provide insights into the bioactive properties of the investigated compounds and their potential use in developing novel treatments against Providencia spp. The experimental design of indolinones, combined with their unique chemical structure, makes them attractive candidates for further investigation. The results of this research may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents to combat Providencia spp. infections. Methods The synthesized indolinones (moL1-moL12) are evaluated to identify any superior activity, particularly focusing on moL12, which possesses aza functionality. The antimicrobial activities of all twelve compounds are tested in triplicates against six different Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including P. vermicola (P<0.05). Computational methods have been employed to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. Results Among the synthesized indolinones, moL12 exhibits superior activity compared to the other compounds with similar skeleton but different functional moieties. All six strains tested, including P. vermicola, demonstrated sensitivity to moL12. Computational studies support the pharmacokinetic properties of moL12, indicating acceptable absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity characteristics. Conclusion Utilizing the PPI approach, we have identified a promising target, FabD, in Gram-negative bacteria. Our analysis has shown that moL12 exhibits significant potential in binding with FabD, thereby, might inhibit cell wall formation, and display superior antimicrobial activity compared to other compounds. Consequently, moL12 may be a potential therapeutic agent that could be used to combat urinary tract infections caused by Providencia spp. The findings of this research hold significant promise for the development of new and effective treatments for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Khataniar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, As-786004, India
| | - Abhichandan Das
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, As-786004, India
| | - Manash J Baruah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, As-784028, India
| | - Kusum K Bania
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, As-784028, India
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, As-786004, India
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zothantluanga JH, Umar AK, Aswin K, Rajkhowa S, Chetia D. Revelation of potential drug targets of luteolin in Plasmodium falciparum through multi-target molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37776013 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2263875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In-silico techniques offer a fast, accurate, reliable, and economical approach to studying the molecular interactions between compounds and proteins. In this study, our main aim is to use in-silico techniques as a rational approach for the prediction of the molecular drug targets for luteolin against Plasmodium falciparum. Multi-target molecular docking, 100 nanoseconds (ns) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) binding free energy calculations were carried out for luteolin against dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS), dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), and falcipain-2. The native ligands of each protein were used as a reference to evaluate the performance of luteolin. Luteolin outperformed the native ligands of all proteins at molecular docking and MD simulations studies. However, in the MM-GBSA calculations, luteolin outperformed the native ligand of only PfDHFR-TS but not PfDHODH and falcipain-2. Among the studied proteins, the in-silico approach predicted PfDHFR-TS as the most favorable drug target for luteolin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Abd Kakhar Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia
| | - Keerthic Aswin
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Dipak Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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Akash S, Bayıl I, Rahman MA, Mukerjee N, Maitra S, Islam MR, Rajkhowa S, Ghosh A, Al-Hussain SA, Zaki MEA, Jaiswal V, Sah S, Barboza JJ, Sah R. Target specific inhibition of West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein and methyltransferase using phytocompounds: an in silico strategy leveraging molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1189786. [PMID: 37455711 PMCID: PMC10338848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1189786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the primary vector for West Nile virus, a flavivirus. The virus's ability to infiltrate and establish itself in increasing numbers of nations has made it a persistent threat to public health worldwide. Despite the widespread occurrence of this potentially fatal disease, no effective treatment options are currently on the market. As a result, there is an immediate need for the research and development of novel pharmaceuticals. To begin, molecular docking was performed on two possible West Nile virus target proteins using a panel of twelve natural chemicals, including Apigenin, Resveratrol, Hesperetin, Fungisterol, Lucidone, Ganoderic acid, Curcumin, Kaempferol, Cholic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Pinocembrin, and Sanguinarine. West Nile virus methyltransferase (PDB ID: 2OY0) binding affinities varied from -7.4 to -8.3 kcal/mol, whereas West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein affinities ranged from -6.2 to -8.1 kcal/mol (PDB ID: 2I69). Second, substances with larger molecular weights are less likely to be unhappy with the Lipinski rule. Hence, additional research was carried out without regard to molecular weight. In addition, compounds 01, 02, 03, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10 and 11 are more soluble in water than compound 04 is. Besides, based on maximum binding affinity, best three compounds (Apigenin, Curcumin, and Ganoderic Acid) has been carried out molecular dynamic simulation (MDs) at 100 ns to determine their stability. The MDs data is also reported that these mentioned molecules are highly stable. Finally, advanced principal component analysis (PCA), dynamics cross-correlation matrices (DCCM) analysis, binding free energy and dynamic cross correlation matrix (DCCM) theoretical study is also included to established mentioned phytochemical as a potential drug candidate. Research has indicated that the aforementioned natural substances may be an effective tool in the battle against the dangerous West Nile virus. This study aims to locate a bioactive natural component that might be used as a pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imren Bayıl
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Türkiye
| | | | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Swastika Maitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikash Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Kayanpur, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Zothantluanga JH, Chetia D, Rajkhowa S, Umar AK. Unsupervised machine learning, QSAR modelling and web tool development for streamlining the lead identification process of antimalarial flavonoids. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2023; 34:117-146. [PMID: 36744427 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2169347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of lead compounds with the traditional laboratory approach is expensive and time-consuming. Nowadays, in silico techniques have emerged as a promising approach for lead identification. In this study, we aim to develop robust and predictive 2D-QSAR models to identify lead flavonoids by predicting the IC50 against Plasmodium falciparum. We applied machine learning algorithms (Principal component analysis followed by K-means clustering) and Pearson correlation analysis to select 9 molecular descriptors (MDs) for model building. We selected and validated the three best QSAR models after execution of multiple linear regression (MLR) 100 times with different combinations of MDs. The developed models have fulfilled the five principles for QSAR models as specified by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The outcome of the study is a reliable and sustainable in silico method of IC50 (Mean ± SD) prediction that will positively impact the antimalarial drug development process by reducing the money and time required to identify potential antimalarial lead compounds from the class of flavonoids. We also developed a web tool (JazQSAR, https://etflin.com/news/4) to offer an easily accessible platform for the developed QSAR models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Zothantluanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - D Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - S Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
| | - A K Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Nath H, Khataniar A, Bania KK, Mukerjee N, Al-Hussain SA, Zaki MEA, Rajkhowa S. Nano-functionalization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia against the TolB protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - An antibacterial and computational study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138106. [PMID: 37113217 PMCID: PMC10126308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibacterial drug resistance, brought on by the overuse of antibiotics, is one of the biggest threats to human health. It is crucial to consider cutting-edge strategies, such as herbal remedies, to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methods This study evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the various Tinospora cordifolia extracts. Functionalization of the isolated active compound was done using gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Further, to understand the interaction of the isolated class, Cordifolisides, with its target, various in-silico methods were used. Results and Discussion The plant was reported from the Charaideo district of Assam, whose methanolic stem extract showed the maximum activity towards the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Consequently, the active compound was isolated and characterized as belonging to the class Cordifoliside using NMR. The AuNPs and AgNPs functionalized isolates showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa compared to the unfunctionalized isolate. The most reactive compound, Cordifoliside C was determined using Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis, whose interactions with the TolB protein were studied using molecular docking methods, which revealed good binding interactions of Cordifoliside C with the TolB protein. Conclusion This study offers enormous potential for drug design and might be used as a pipeline to address the urgent problem of multidrug-resistance in bacteria. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himporna Nath
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Khataniar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kusum K. Bania
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, West Bengal, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdi E. A. Zaki,
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
- Sanchaita Rajkhowa,
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Baassi M, Moussaoui M, Soufi H, Rajkhowa S, Sharma A, Sinha S, Belaaouad S. Towards designing of a potential new HIV-1 protease inhibitor using QSAR study in combination with Molecular docking and Molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284539. [PMID: 37079533 PMCID: PMC10118106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 protease (HIV-1 PR) is one of the most challenging targets of antiretroviral therapy used in the treatment of AIDS-infected people. The performance of protease inhibitors (PIs) is limited by the development of protease mutations that can promote resistance to the treatment. The current study was carried out using statistics and bioinformatics tools. A series of thirty-three compounds with known enzymatic inhibitory activities against HIV-1 protease was used in this paper to build a mathematical model relating the structure to the biological activity. These compounds were designed by software; their descriptors were computed using various tools, such as Gaussian, Chem3D, ChemSketch and MarvinSketch. Computational methods generated the best model based on its statistical parameters. The model's applicability domain (AD) was elaborated. Furthermore, one compound has been proposed as efficient against HIV-1 protease with comparable biological activity to the existing ones; this drug candidate was evaluated using ADMET properties and Lipinski's rule. Molecular Docking performed on Wild Type, and Mutant Type HIV-1 proteases allowed the investigation of the interaction types displayed between the proteases and the ligands, Darunavir (DRV) and the new drug (ND). Molecular dynamics simulation was also used in order to investigate the complexes' stability allowing a comparative study on the performance of both ligands (DRV & ND). Our study suggested that the new molecule showed comparable results to that of darunavir and maybe used for further experimental studies. Our study may also be used as pipeline to search and design new potential inhibitors of HIV-1 proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Baassi
- Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Moussaoui
- Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hatim Soufi
- Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - Subrata Sinha
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Said Belaaouad
- Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Rajkhowa S, Choudhury M, Pegu SR, Sarma DK, Gupta VK. Development of a novel one‐step triplex
PCR
assay for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2, porcine parvovirus and classical swine fever virus in a single tube. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:338-344. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rajkhowa
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Pig (ICAR‐ NRC on Pig), Rani Guwahati 781131 Assam India
| | - M. Choudhury
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Pig (ICAR‐ NRC on Pig), Rani Guwahati 781131 Assam India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Pig (ICAR‐ NRC on Pig), Rani Guwahati 781131 Assam India
| | | | - V. K. Gupta
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Pig (ICAR‐ NRC on Pig), Rani Guwahati 781131 Assam India
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Rajkhowa S, Pathak U, Patgiri H. Elucidating the Interaction and Stability of Withanone and Withaferin‐A with Human Serum Albumin, Lysozyme and Hemoglobin Using Computational Biophysical Modeling. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Upasana Pathak
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
| | - Himangshu Patgiri
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dibrugarh University Dibrugarh 786004 Assam India
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Barman K, Konwar D, Sarma D, Thomas R, Naskar S, Pegu S, Banik S, Mohan N, Tamuli M, Kaushik P, Rajkhowa S. Effect of supplementation of methionine chelated trace minerals on growth, nutrient utilization and blood profiles in crossbred (Hampshire X Ghungroo) finisher pigs. ANIM NUTR FEED TECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.5958/0974-181x.2022.00003.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rajkhowa S, Choudhury M, Pegu SR, Sarma DK, Hussain I. Development of a rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for visual detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) and its application. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1725-1732. [PMID: 34241828 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in pigs impacting the piggery industry globally with huge economic losses. A cost-effective, simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive method is critical for monitoring PPV infection on pig farms. The main aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid visual detection of porcine parvovirus (PPV) in pigs. A set of six LAMP primers including two outer primers, two inner primers, and two loop primers were designed utilizing the conserved region of capsid protein VP2 gene sequences of PPV and was applied for detection of PPV from porcine samples. Time and temperature conditions for amplification of PPV genes were optimized to be 30 min at 63 °C. The developed assay was ten-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR with analytical sensitivity of 20 pg and 200 pg, respectively. This is the first report of detection of PPV by LAMP assay from India. The assay did not cross-react with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), or classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The LAMP assay was assembled into a LAMP assay kit of 20 reactions and was validated in different laboratories in India. The newly developed LAMP assay was proved to be a specific, sensitive, rapid, and simple method for visual detection of PPV which does not require even costly equipments for performing the test. It complements and extends previous methods for PPV detection and provides an alternative approach for detection of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Research Centre On Pig (ICAR-NRC On Pig), Rani, Guwahati, 781131, Assam, India.
| | - M Choudhury
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Research Centre On Pig (ICAR-NRC On Pig), Rani, Guwahati, 781131, Assam, India
| | - S R Pegu
- Animal Health Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Research Centre On Pig (ICAR-NRC On Pig), Rani, Guwahati, 781131, Assam, India
| | - D K Sarma
- Department of Microbiology, AAU, Guwahati, India
| | - I Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology & Immunology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Rajkhowa S, Rajesh JB. Virulence associated gene profiling and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs from North East India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:392-397. [PMID: 34181756 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study revealed the prevalence of Streptococcus suis in 20·39% clinically healthy pigs from North East India. All these isolates were screened for the presence of virulence- associated genes such as suilysin (sly), muramidase released protein (mrp), extracellular protein factor (epf) and arginine deiminase (arcA). Of these 62 isolates, 29 isolates carried mrp gene, 17 isolates carried sly gene, 57 isolates carried arcA gene, whereas all isolates were negative for epf gene. The most prevalent genotype was mrp- sly- epf- arcA+ (45·16%) followed by genotypes mrp+ sly- epf- arcA+ (27·41%), mrp+ sly+ epf- arcA+ (19·35%) and mrp- sly+ epf- arcA- (8·06%). High frequency of resistance was observed for antimicrobials such as tetracycline (93·54%), clindamycin (91·93%), co-trimoxazole (88·70%) and erythromycin (85·48%). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the S. suis isolates revealed 16 resistance groups (R1 to R16), where 93·54% isolates showed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial agents). It has also been observed that 57 (91·93%) isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobials. The most predominant resistance pattern observed was CD-COT-E-TE, which accounted for 38·70% of the isolates. The occurrence of relatively high levels of resistance of S. suis to some antimicrobials (e.g., macrolides, tetracyclines, and sulphonamides) as observed in this study may represent a human health concern. In addition, a relatively higher percentage of S. suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs indicates a carrier status with risk of dissemination to other pigs in the herd as well as to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Animal Health Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - J B Rajesh
- College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Mizoram, India
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Rajkhowa S, Pegu SR, Patil GP, Agrawal RK. Development and application of a triplex-PCR assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pigs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:121-125. [PMID: 33090539 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A triplex-PCR assay was developed and evaluated for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) recovered from various biological samples of pig. Three sets of primers were designed to target mecA, 16S rRNA and nuc genes of MRSA. The specific amplification generated three bands on agarose gel, with sizes 280 bp for mecA, 654 bp for 16S rRNA and 481 bp for nuc, respectively. A potential advantage of the PCR assay is its sensitivity with a detection limit of 102 CFU per ml of bacteria. In all, 79 MRSA isolates recovered from various samples of pigs were subjected to the amplification by the triplex-PCR assay and all the isolates yielded three bands corresponding to the three genes under this study. No false-positive amplification was observed, indicating the high specificity of the developed triplex-PCR assay. This assay will be a useful and powerful method for differentiation of MRSA from methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, coagulase-negative methicillin-resistant staphylococci and coagulase-negative methicillin-sensitive staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Animal Health Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - S R Pegu
- Animal Health Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - G P Patil
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Boduppal post, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, India
| | - R K Agrawal
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, India
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Rajesh JB, Rajkhowa S, Dimri U, Prasad H, Mohan NH, Hmar L, Sarma K, Chethan GE, Behera P, Jaganmohanarao G, Behera S, Zosangpuii. Haemato-biochemical alterations and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring porcine circovirus2 infection in pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2243-2250. [PMID: 32125595 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus2 (PCV2) infection in pigs is one of the major causes of economic loss to the farmers in terms of low production, slow growth and increase post-weaning mortality rate. The effect of PCV2 infection on haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status is not well established in pigs. In the present study, haemogram, serum biochemical profile and oxidant/anti-oxidant status were assessed in pigs confirmed positive for PCV2 infections as evidenced by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (n = 151) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 42) among a total of 306 number of pigs included in the study. Non-infected healthy pigs (n = 6) served as healthy control. The total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC) and thrombocyte count were measured. The levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and glucose and enzymes viz. alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Oxidative stress indicators such as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and total anti-oxidant activity (TAOA) were measured using commercially available kits. The mean values of TLC, lymphocytes and thrombocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) low in PCV2-infected pigs. The levels of globulin, AST, GGT, BUN and creatinine were significantly increased (P < 0.05) whereas levels of albumin and glucose significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in PCV2-infected pigs. The significant increase (P < 0.05) in MDA level and significant decrease (P < 0.05) in TAOA level were noticed in PCV2-infected animals as compared with healthy control. The present study supports immunosuppression, possible multiple organ damage and oxidative stress associated with naturally occurring PCV2 infection in pigs. Timely vaccination and managemental practices can reduce PCV2 infection in farms. In spite of many research studies, there is still paucity of detailed systemic study on haemato-biochemical alteration and oxidative stress associated with PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rajesh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India.
| | - S Rajkhowa
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - U Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Council for Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - H Prasad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Indian Council for Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, 781131, India
| | - L Hmar
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - K Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G E Chethan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - P Behera
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - G Jaganmohanarao
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - S Behera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
| | - Zosangpuii
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796015, India
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Rajkhowa S, Mahiuddin S, Dey J, Kumar S, Aswal VK, Biswas R, Kohlbrecher J, Ismail K. The effect of temperature, composition and alcohols on the microstructures of catanionic mixtures of sodium dodecylsulfate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in water. Soft Matter 2017; 13:3556-3567. [PMID: 28443931 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of mixing protocol, composition, temperature, ageing and added alcohols on the characteristics of the microstructures of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) + cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) mixtures has been investigated in this paper. In this catanionic mixture (1 weight% total surfactant content) temperature induced microstructural transition occurs, which is (i) a micelle-to-vesicle transition (MVT) if αSDS (mole fraction of SDS) = 0.7, 0.8 or 0.9 and (ii) a vesicle-to-micelle transition (VMT) if αSDS = 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3. In the mixture of αSDS = 0.7, specific conductivity and dynamic light scattering measurements also support the occurrence of MVT. Transition electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering measurements were also made to assess the characteristics of the microstructures. Alcohols added to the mixture of αSDS = 0.7 reduced the size of the vesicle, while only monohydric alcohols suppressed the temperature induced transition indicating that the number and location of -OH groups of the alcohols have a dramatic modulating influence on the structural transition occurring in catanionic mixtures. The influence of the alcohols is explained in terms of changes produced in the dielectric constant and hydrophobicity of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Shillong - 793022, India.
| | - S Mahiuddin
- Materials Science Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat - 785006, India
| | - J Dey
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Shillong - 793022, India.
| | - S Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085, India
| | - V K Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085, India
| | - R Biswas
- Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata - 700098, India
| | - J Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - K Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, NEHU Campus, Shillong - 793022, India.
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Rajkhowa S, Borah SM, Jha AN, Deka RC. Design of Plasmodium falciparum PI(4)KIIIβ Inhibitor using Molecular Dynamics and Molecular Docking Methods. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tezpur University, Napaam; Tezpur - 784028, Assam India
| | - Sapna Mayuri Borah
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology; Tezpur University, Napaam; Tezpur - 784028, Assam India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology; Tezpur University, Napaam; Tezpur - 784028, Assam India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Deka
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tezpur University, Napaam; Tezpur - 784028, Assam India
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Abstract
Molecular docking is a key tool in structural biology and computer-assisted drug design. Molecular docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of a ligand when bound in an active site to form a stable complex. It is the most common method used as a structure-based drug design. Here, the authors intend to discuss the various types of docking methods and their development and applications in modern drug discovery. The important basic theories such as sampling algorithm and scoring functions have been discussed briefly. The performances of the different available docking software have also been discussed. This chapter also includes some application examples of docking studies in modern drug discovery such as targeted drug delivery using carbon nanotubes, docking of nucleic acids to find the binding modes and a comparative study between high-throughput screening and structure-based virtual screening.
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Borah PK, Chakraborty S, Jha AN, Rajkhowa S, Duary RK. In silico approaches and proportional odds model towards identifying selective ADAM17 inhibitors from anti-inflammatory natural molecules. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:129-139. [PMID: 27723561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) is an attractive target for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. We aimed to identify selective inhibitors of ADAM17 against matrix metalloproteinase enzymes (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, and MMP-16) which have substantial structural similarity. Target proteins were docked with 29 anti-inflammatory natural molecule ligands and a known selective inhibitor IK682. The ligands were screened based on Lipinski rules, interaction with the ADAM17 active site cavity, and then ranked using the proportional odds model multinomial logistic regression. Silymarin was the most selective inhibitor of ADAM17 exhibiting H-bonding with Glu 406, Gly 349, Glu 398, Asn 447, Tyr 433, and Lys 432. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for 10ns. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean squared fluctuations (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), and H-bonding indicated the induced metastability. A comparison of the principal component analysis revealed that the silymarin complex also explored lesser region compared to IK682 complex. A control study on ADAM17 protein (2OI0) is included. These observations present silymarin (widely present in plants such as milk thistle (Silybum maianum), wild artichokes (Cynara cardunculus), turmeric (Curcuma longa) roots, coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seeds, etc.) as a promising natural template for development of ADAM17 selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Kumar Borah
- School of Engineering, Dept. of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Sourav Chakraborty
- School of Engineering, Dept. of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Anupam N Jha
- School of Sciences, Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- School of Sciences, Dept. of Chemical Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Raj Kumar Duary
- School of Engineering, Dept. of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
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Hussain I, Borah P, Sharma R, Rajkhowa S, Rupnik M, Saikia D, Hasin D, Hussain I, Deka N, Barkalita L, Nishikawa Y, Ramamurthy T. Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolates from human and animals in the North Eastern region of India. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:306-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Saikia N, Rajkhowa S, Deka RC. Si-Doped single-walled carbon nanotubes interacting with isoniazid-a density functional and molecular docking study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH), with pristine and Si-doped (5,5) and (9,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Saikia
- Department of Physics
- Michigan Technological University
- Houghton
- USA
| | | | - Ramesh C. Deka
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tezpur University
- Tezpur-784028
- India
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Hussain I, Sharma R, Borah P, Rajkhowa S, Hussain I, Barkalita L, Hasin D, Choudhury M, Rupnik M, Deka N, Saikia G. Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from pet dogs in Assam, India. Anaerobe 2015; 36:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajkhowa S, Jha AN, Deka RC. Anti-tubercular drug development: computational strategies to identify potential compounds. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 62:56-68. [PMID: 26386453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
InhA is an attractive target to combat tuberculosis (TB), which is targeted by many pro-drugs (isoniazid, etc.) and drugs such as triclosan. However, triclosan is less useful as an antitubercular drug due to its low bioavailability and therefore, in order to overcome this difficulty, many derivatives of triclosan were prepared. Here, we have combined various computational techniques to virtually screen out four potential triclosan derivatives. Molecular docking methods have been employed to screen out 32 out of 62 triclosan derivatives considering the mode of binding and the top re-rank scores. A comparative study on the chemical properties of triclosan and some of its derivatives has been performed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT based global reactivity descriptors (GRD), such as hardness, chemical potential, chemical softness, electrophilicity index, Fukui function, and local philicity calculated at the optimized geometries were used to investigate the usefulness of these descriptors for understanding the reactive nature and sites of the molecules. QSAR equations were built using these descriptors considering these 32 compounds. Four common compounds showing the best correlation and the best docking scores were considered for the ADMET property calculations and their dynamical movements have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Our results showed that these four compounds are chemically more active than triclosan and have the potential to inhibit the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase. This work shows that combination of different computational techniques may help to screen out potential drug candidates from a list of possible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Deka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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Rajkhowa S. Development of a novel multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection of virulence associated genes of Pasteurella multocida from pigs. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:293-8. [PMID: 26095172 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As the pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida is associated with various virulence factors (VFs), the aim of the study was to develop a novel multiplex PCR (m-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of important virulence associated genes (VAGs) of P. multocida isolates from pigs. The target recognized VFs used in the study were diverse adhesins (ptfA and pfhA), toxins (toxA), siderophores (tonB and hgbA), sialidases (nanB, nanH) and outer membrane proteins (ompA, ompH, oma87 and plpB). The primers for the genes encoding these VFs were designed by primer3 software (http://bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3-0.4.0/) using gene sequences available in Genbank. The detection limit of the developed assay was 10(2) CFU ml(-1) . The m-PCR did not produce any nonspecific amplification products when tested against Bordetella bronchiseptica which also commonly infects pigs. We applied m-PCR to the field samples, and the results obtained were the same as the single PCR results. The developed assay would be very useful for veterinary diagnostic laboratories and for others interested in the rapid virulence profiling of porcine P. multocida isolates circulating in the piggeries. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study reports the development and evaluation of a novel multiplex PCR assay for the rapid detection of 11 important VAGs of Pasteurella multocida isolates from pigs. Rapid and simultaneous detection of recognized VFs of the organism are essential to know the virulo-types of P. multocida isolates circulating in the piggeries. The developed novel assay will be very useful for the rapid detection of VAGs of P. multocida isolates from pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Roychoudhury P, Sarma DK, Rajkhowa S, Munir M, Kuchipudi SV. Predominance of genotype 1.1 and emergence of genotype 2.2 classical swine fever viruses in north-eastern region of India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61 Suppl 1:69-77. [PMID: 25135466 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and the most important disease of pigs worldwide.CSF is enzootic in pig herds in India and continues to cause huge economic losses to pig farmers. Nearly 40% of the total pig population of India is present in the north-eastern (NE) states where pig husbandry plays an important role in the socio-economic development. Pigs reared in the backyards are the only source of livelihood for a majority of poor tribal population in the region. Hardly any CSF vaccination is currently being undertaken in the unorganized pig farming in the NE region due to economic reasons and vaccine unavailability. A thorough understanding of the current epidemiological status of CSF is essential for the effective control of the disease in the NE region. Hence, we carried out molecular characterization of CSFV isolates from field outbreaks during 2011-2012 in the entire north-eastern region of India to establish the genetic groups of prevalent CSF viruses in the region. A total of 17 CSFV isolates obtained from different parts of the NE region were characterized by comparing the sequences of three partial genomic regions of the virus, that is 150 nt of 5' UTR, 190 nt of E2 and 409 nt of NS5B. Of the 17 CSFV isolates, 15 isolates belonged to 1.1 (88.2%) and two isolates (11.8%) belonged to 2.2 subgenogroup. The genogroup 2.2 CSFV were associated with outbreaks in Arunachal Pradesh that shares international borders with Bhutan, Myanmar and China. Genogroup 2.2 CSFV isolated in the present study shared high level of sequence similarity with 2.2 viruses form China, raising the possibility of virus incursion from this region. In summary, we found a continued predominance of 1.1 subgroup and an emergence of 2.2 subgroup CSFV in NE region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Roychoudhury
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Rajkhowa S, Deka R. DFT Based QSAR/QSPR Models in the Development of Novel Anti-tuberculosis Drugs Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 20:4455-73. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612819666131118165824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rajkhowa S, Hussain I, Hazarika K, Sarmah P, Deka R. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of the Antimalarial Agent Artemisinin and Some of its Derivatives – A DFT Approach. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2013; 16:590-602. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207311316080002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rajkhowa S, Das R, Bora S, Rajkhowa C, Rahman H, Bujarbaruah KM. Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Faecal Samples of Healthy Mithun (Bos frontalis) by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:397-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rajkhowa S, Hussain I, Rajkhowa C. Detection of heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxin genes of Escherichia coli in diarrhoeic faecal samples of mithun (Bos frontalis) calves by polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 106:455-8. [PMID: 19200312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To find out the prevalence of different serogroups of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and to detect heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxin genes of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) from the faeces of mithun calves with diarrhoea. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples obtained from 65 diarrhoeic mithun calves of under 2 months of age were examined for E. coli using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-four E. coli isolates were obtained from those samples, which belonged to 38 different serogroups. Out of 54 isolates tested by PCR, two isolates (3.70%) belonging to serogroups O26 and O55 were found to possess gene that code for ST enterotoxin and one isolate (1.85%) belonging to serogroup O125 was found to carry LT enterotoxin gene. CONCLUSIONS Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoeic mithun calves were found to possess ST and LT enterotoxin genes, which are designated as ETEC, and these isolates can be detected through PCR using specific primers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports the isolation of ETEC possessing ST and LT enterotoxin genes for the first time and ETEC could be a cause of diarrhoea in mithun calves leading to calf mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- Division of Animal Health, National Research Centre on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Rani, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Dutta PR, Michui P, Das R. Bluetongue infection rate in mithun (Bos frontalis) in the north-eastern upland region of India. REV SCI TECH OIE 2009; 27:907-14. [PMID: 19284059 DOI: 10.20506/rst.27.3.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies conducted on 106 mithun at the National Research Centre on Mithun and 66 free-ranging mithun in Nagaland, India, revealed an infection rate with bluetongue virus of 86%, using a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Animals were grouped according to their age: 36 of 1 to 2 years of age, 50 of 2 to 4 years of age and 86 aged 4 years and over. The highest infection rate (98%) was found in mithun > 4 years old and the lowest (58%) in those 1 to 2 years old. No statistically significant difference was observed between infection rates of males (89%) and females (85%). The infection rate was higher (95%) in free-ranging mithun than in mithun kept under a semi-intensive system (80%). This is the first report of serological evidence of antibodies to bluetongue virus in mithun. The possible role of vectors in the epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection in mithun is discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Pigs, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Panjabari Road, Bye Lane-2, Guwahati, 781 022 Assam, India
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Abstract
Studies conducted on free-ranging mithuns of Nagaland, India revealed that the overall seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in mithun was 42% (95% CI = 33-51) when detected by modified direct agglutination test. Highest (prevalence = 57%, 95% CI = 43-71) seroprevalence was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and the lowest (prevalence = 18%, 95% CI =4-32) in mithuns of 1-2 years old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence = 40%, 95% CI = 26-54) and female (prevalence = 44%, 95% CI = 31-57) seroprevalences. The study also revealed that the maximum number (57%) of animals with the highest titre (1 : 3200) were above 3 years of age. This is the first serological survey for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging mithuns from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India.
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Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Dutta PR, Michui P, Das R. Serological evidence of Neospora caninum infection in mithun (Bos frontalis) from India. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:250-3. [PMID: 17590395 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies conducted on mithuns maintained at National Research Centre on mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Nagaland, India and mithuns found in free-ranging condition of Nagaland revealed that the overall prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in mithun was 10% (95% CI=5-15) when detected by a commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Highest (prevalence rate=16, 95% CI=8-24) seroprevalence was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and lowest (prevalence rate=2, 95% CI=0-6) in mithuns of 2-12 months old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence rate=7, 95% CI=0-14) and female (prevalence rate=12, 95% CI=6-18) seroprevalences. The seroprevalence was found to be higher (prevalence rate=20, 95% CI=9-31) in mithuns found in free-ranging condition in comparison to mithuns kept in semi-intensive system (prevalence rate=5, 95% CI=1-9). This is probably the first report on serological evidence of N. caninum infection in mithun. The possible role of sylvatic fauna in the epidemiology of N. caninum infection mithun is also discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Nagaland, India.
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Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Hazarika GC. Serological evidence of coronavirus infection in mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. REV SCI TECH OIE 2007; 26:747-753. [PMID: 18293623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies conducted on mithuns at the National Research Centre on Mithun, and mithuns found in free-ranging conditions in Nagaland, India, revealed that the overall prevalence of antibodies to coronavirus was 80% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77-83) when detected by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest seroprevalence (92%; 95% CI 89-95) was found in mithuns above three years of age, and the lowest (53%; 95% CI 36-70) in mithuns of 7 to 12 months old (P = 0.00005). The study also revealed a higher degree of positivity (++++) in mithuns above three years old than in those below one year. No statistically significant difference in seroprevalence was observed between male (80%; 95% CI 75-85) and female mithuns (80%; 95% CI 76-84). The seroprevalence was found to be higher (92%; 95% CI 89-95) in mithuns reared in semi-intensive systems compared with those kept under free-ranging conditions (56%; 95% CI 49-63; P = 0.003). This is probably the first serological evidence of coronavirus infection in mithuns. The possible role of adults in the epidemiology of coronavirus infection in mithuns is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Nagaland 797 106, India
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Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Hazarika GC. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Vet Parasitol 2006; 142:146-9. [PMID: 16876325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Systematic examination of faecal samples from mithuns maintained at the National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Nagaland, India and mithuns found in free-ranging condition of Nagaland, by using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, revealed that the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in mithun was 56% (95% CI=48-64). Highest (prevalence rate=81, 95% CI=67-95) prevalence was found in mithuns of 1-6 months of age and lowest (prevalence rate=42, 95% CI=31-53) in mithuns above 2 years of age. The prevalence was found to be higher (94%) in diarrhoeic animals in comparison to non-diarrhoeic group (51%). No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence rate=61, 95% CI=48-74) and female (prevalence rate=53, 95% CI=43-63) prevalences. The prevalence was found to be higher (prevalence rate=64, 95% CI=55-73) in mithuns kept in semi-intensive system than mithuns found in free-ranging condition (prevalence rate=40, 95% CI=27-53). The risk factor that may play a pivotal role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in mithun is also discussed in brief. The zoonotic implication of the disease is also discussed. This is probably the first report on prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in mithun.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Nagaland 797106, India.
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Rajkhowa S, Sarma DK, Rajkhowa C. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Vet Parasitol 2005; 135:369-74. [PMID: 16280199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and four mithuns from India were tested for serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by modified direct agglutination test. The overall prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in mithun was 28% (95% CI=19-37). Highest (prevalence rate=46, 95% CI=30-62) seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was found in mithuns above 3 years of age and lowest (prevalence rate=14, 95% CI=1-27) in mithuns of 6 months-1 year old. No statistically significant difference was observed between male (prevalence rate=23, 95% CI=10-36) and female (prevalence rate=31, 95% CI=20-42) seroprevalences (P=0.53). Significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in mithuns of different strains with the highest (48%) seroprevalence recorded in Arunachal and lowest (14%) in Mizoram strain. The seroprevalence was higher in farm located at lower altitude (305 m a.s.l.) than the farm located at higher altitude (2134 m a.s.l.). This is the first serologic survey for T. gondii antibodies performed on mithuns from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Dimapur, Nagaland 797106, India
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Rajkhowa S, Rahman H, Rajkhowa C, Bujarbaruah KM. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in mithuns (Bos frontalis) in India. Prev Vet Med 2005; 69:145-51. [PMID: 15899302 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies conducted on the seroprevalence of brucellosis in 98 mithuns maintained at the National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland, India revealed that the number of animals found positive for brucellosis in avidin-biotin enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay, standard tube-agglutination test and Rose-Bengal plate test were 34, 20 and 11%, respectively. Highest prevalence of brucellosis was observed in the Mizoram mithun strain. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the standard tube-agglutination test were 61 and 100%, respectively; the corresponding values of the Rose-Bengal plate test were 33 and 100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- N.R.C. on Mithun, ICAR Complex Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland 797 106, India.
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Abstract
A preliminary study on the seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in different strains of mithun maintained atthe National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland, India, revealed that the overall prevalence of IBR in these mithun was 19%. This paper examines the results of that preliminary study. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report on the seroprevalence of IBR in mithun in India. The highest prevalence of IBR was observed in mithun found in Arunachal Pradesh (38.46%), followed by those found in Mizoram (18.18%) and Nagaland (15.15%). None of the animals from Manipur were found to test positive for antibodies against IBR. The sex of the animal had no influence on IBR prevalence. The prevalence was found to be highest (27.03%) in mithun above three years of age and lowest (7.69%) in mithun aged between six months and one year. The prevalence of IBR was found to be 88.9% in breeding mithun bulls. In this paper, the authors briefly discuss the possible roles of feral fauna and domestic livestock in the transmission of this disease to mithun and vice versa. Various measures that may help in the prevention and control of IBR in mithun are also surveyed. However, it should be emphasised that this study is a preliminary one, and the authors are currently engaged in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Mithun, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Jharnapani, Nagaland - 797 106, India
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