1
|
Ragupathy H, Vukku M, Barodia SK. Cell-Type-Specific Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Brain: A Plausible Mechanism of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14421. [PMID: 37833867 PMCID: PMC10572699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is an age-dependent progressive phenomenon with no defined cause. Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, activated microglia undergo phenotypic alterations that can lead to neuroinflammation, which is a well-accepted event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Several common mechanisms are shared by genetically or pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial deficits and oxidative stress, protein misfolding and translational dysfunction, autophagy and microglia activation. Progressive loss of the neuronal population due to increased oxidative stress leads to neurodegenerative diseases, mostly due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive neuroinflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegeneration. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control is a key determinant for the health and survival of neuronal cells in the brain. Research has been primarily focused to demonstrate the significance of neuronal mitochondrial health, despite the important contributions of non-neuronal cells that constitute a significant portion of the brain volume. Moreover, mitochondrial morphology and function are distinctly diverse in different tissues; however, little is known about their molecular diversity among cell types. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality in different cell types markedly decide the fate of overall brain health; therefore, it is not justifiable to overlook non-neuronal cells and their significant and active contribution in facilitating overall neuronal health. In this review article, we aim to discuss the mitochondrial quality control of different cell types in the brain and how important and remarkable the diversity and highly synchronized connecting property of non-neuronal cells are in keeping the neurons healthy to control neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manasvi Vukku
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barodia SK, Sophronea T, Luthra PM. A 2A R mediated modulation in IP 3 levels altering the [Ca 2+] i through cAMP-dependent PKA signalling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130242. [PMID: 36084905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of A2A receptors (A2A R) coupled to Gs/olf protein activates Adenylyl cyclase (AC) leading to the release of cAMP which activates the cAMP-dependent PKA phosphorylation. The possible role of A2A R in the modulation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) involving IP3, cAMP and PKA was investigated in HEK 293-A2A R. The levels of IP3 and cAMP were observed by enzyme immunoassay detection method and [Ca2+]i using Fluo-4 AM. Moreover, cAMP-dependent PKA was determined using the PKA Colorimetric Activity Kit. We observed that the cells pre-treated with A2A R agonist NECA showed increased levels of cAMP, PKA, IP3 and [Ca2+]i levels. However, the reverse effect was observed with A2A R antagonists (ZM241385 and caffeine). Blocking the Gαq/PLC/DAG/IP3 pathway with neomycin, a PLC inhibitor did not affect the modulation of IP3 and [Ca2+]i levels in HEK 293-A2A R cells. To investigate the Gαi/AC/cAMP/PKA, HEK 293-A2A R cells pre-treated with pertussis toxin followed by forskolin in the presence of A2A R agonist (NECA) showed no effect on cAMP levels. Further, Gαs/AC/cAMP/PKA pathway was investigated to elucidate the role of cAMP-dependent PKA in IP3 mediated [Ca2+]i modulation. In the HEK 293-A2A R cells pre-treated with PKA inhibitor KT5720 and treated with NECA led to inhibit the IP3 and [Ca2+]i levels. The study distinctly demonstrated that A2A R modulates IP3 levels to release the [Ca2+]i via cAMP-dependent PKA. The role of A2A R mediated Gαs pathway inducing IP3 mediated [Ca2+]i release may open new avenues in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Barodia
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Tuithung Sophronea
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pratibha Mehta Luthra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barodia SK, Prabhakaran K, Karunakaran S, Mishra V, Tapias V. Editorial: Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1171. [PMID: 31780882 PMCID: PMC6856559 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Barodia
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Smitha Karunakaran
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basanaheb Bhirao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Victor Tapias
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barodia SK, Park SK, Ishizuka K, Sawa A, Kamiya A. Half-life of DISC1 protein and its pathological significance under hypoxia stress. Neurosci Res 2015; 97:1-6. [PMID: 25738396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DISC1 (disrupted in schizophrenia 1) is an intracellular scaffolding molecule which regulates multiple signaling pathways for neural cell differentiation and function. Many biological studies utilizing animal models of DISC1 have indicated that loss of DISC1 functions are associated with pathological psychiatric conditions. Thus, DISC1 protein stability is a prerequisite to its goal in governing neural function, and modulating the protein stability of DISC1 may be a key target for understanding underlying pathology, as well promising drug discovery strategies. Nonetheless, a half-life of DISC1 protein has remained unexplored. Here, we determine for the first time the half-life of DISC1, which are regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome cascade. Overexpression of PDE4B2, a binding partner of DISC1, prolonged the half-life of DISC1, whereas NDEL1 does not alter DISC1 protein stability. Notably, the half-life of DISC1 is diminished under hypoxia stress by increasing protein degradation of DISC1, suggesting that alteration of DISC1 stability may be involved in hypoxia stress-mediated pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Barodia
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orrú M, Guitart X, Karcz-Kubicha M, Solinas M, Justinova Z, Barodia SK, Zanoveli J, Cortes A, Lluis C, Casado V, Moeller FG, Ferré S. Psychostimulant pharmacological profile of paraxanthine, the main metabolite of caffeine in humans. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:476-84. [PMID: 23261866 PMCID: PMC3562388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine induces locomotor activation by its ability to block adenosine receptors. Caffeine is metabolized to several methylxanthines, with paraxanthine being the main metabolite in humans. In this study we show that in rats paraxanthine has a stronger locomotor activating effect than caffeine or the two other main metabolites of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. As previously described for caffeine, the locomotor activating doses of paraxanthine more efficiently counteract the locomotor depressant effects of an adenosine A(1) than an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist. In drug discrimination experiments in rats trained to discriminate a maximal locomotor activating dose of caffeine, paraxanthine, unlike theophylline, generalized poorly to caffeine suggesting the existence of additional mechanisms other than adenosine antagonism in the behavioral effects of paraxanthine. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) reduced the locomotor activating effects of paraxanthine, but not caffeine. On the other hand, pretreatment with the selective cGMP-preferring phosphodiesterase PDE9 inhibitor BAY 73-6691, increased locomotor activity induced by caffeine, but not paraxanthine. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that paraxanthine, but not caffeine, can induce cGMP accumulation in the rat striatum. Finally, in vivo microdialysis experiments showed that paraxanthine, but not caffeine, significantly increases extracellular levels of dopamine in the dorsolateral striatum, which was blocked by l-NAME. These findings indicate that inhibition of cGMP-preferring PDE is involved in the locomotor activating effects of the acute administration of paraxanthine. The present results demonstrate a unique psychostimulant profile of paraxanthine, which might contribute to the reinforcing effects of caffeine in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orrú
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xavier Guitart
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Karcz-Kubicha
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcello Solinas
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
- INSERM U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology Addiction Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar Barodia
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaina Zanoveli
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antoni Cortes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Lluis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addiction, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sergi Ferré
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azam F, Barodia SK, Anwer T, Alam MM. Neuroprotective effect of naphtha[1,2-d]thiazol-2-amine in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:808-17. [PMID: 18846462 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802399183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dopaminergic neurodegeneration leading to the development of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated whether naphtha[1,2-d]thiazol-2-amine (NTA) may ameliorate haloperidol-induced catalepsy and oxidative damage in mice brain. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was measured with the standard bar test. The extent of oxidative stress has been evaluated by measuring levels of MDA, GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) from brain homogenate. Haloperidol treatment significantly induced the catalepsy as observed from increased descent time measured in the bar test. Pretreatment with NTA significantly reduced the catalepsy induced by haloperidol in a dose-dependent manner. The elevated level of MDA in haloperidol-treated mice was significantly decreased by NTA pretreatment. The decreased level of GSH as well as SOD and GSH-Px activities in haloperidol-treated mice were significantly increased by NTA pretreatment. NTA reduces the oxidative stress allowing recovery of detoxifying enzyme activities and controlling free radical production, suggesting a potential role of the drug as an alternative/adjuvant drug in preventing and treating the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seventh of October University, PO Box 2873Misurata, Libya.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mishra CB, Barodia SK, Prakash A, Senthil Kumar JB, Luthra PM. Novel 8-(furan-2-yl)-3-substituted thiazolo [5,4-e][1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidine-2(3H)-thione derivatives as potential adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2491-500. [PMID: 20303771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel thiazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives (23-33) designed as potential adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) antagonists were synthesized. Molecular docking studies revealed that all compounds (23-33) exhibited strong interaction with A(2A)R. The strong interaction of the compounds (23-33) with A(2A)R in silico was confirmed by their high binding affinity with human A(2A)R stably expressed in HEK293 cells using radioligand-binding assay. The compounds 24-26 demonstrated substantial binding affinity and selectivity for A(2A)R as compared to SCH58261, a standard A(2A)R antagonist. Decrease in A(2A)R-coupled release of endogenous cAMP in treated HEK293 cells demonstrated in vitro A(2A)R antagonist potential of the compounds 24-26. Attenuation in haloperidol-induced motor impairments (catalepsy and akinesia) in Swiss albino male mice pre-treated with compounds 24-26 further supports their role in the alleviation of PD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bhushan Mishra
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luthra PM, Prakash A, Barodia SK, Kumari R, Mishra CB, Kumar JS. In silico study of naphtha [1, 2-d] thiazol-2-amine with adenosine A2A receptor and its role in antagonism of haloperidol-induced motor impairments in mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:215-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|