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Raposo M, Soreto S, Moreirinha C, Gomes MTSR, Costa ST, Botelho MJ, Melo BMG, Costa LC, Rudnitskaya A. Carbamoylase-based impedimetric electronic tongue for rapid detection of paralytic shellfish toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1983-1995. [PMID: 38358533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Phytotoxins produced by marine microalgae, such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), can accumulate in bivalve molluscs, representing a human health concern due to the life-threatening symptoms they cause. To avoid the commercialization of contaminated bivalves, monitoring programs were established in the EU. The purpose of this work is the implementation of a PST transforming enzyme-carbamoylase-in an impedimetric test for rapid simultaneous detection of several carbamate and N-sulfocarbamoyl PSTs. Carbamoylase hydrolyses carbamate and sulfocarbamoyl toxins, which may account for up to 90% of bivalve toxicity related to PSTs. Conformational changes of carbamoylase accompanying enzymatic reactions were probed by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Furthermore, a combination of EIS with a metal electrode and a carbamoylase-based assay was employed to harness changes in the enzyme conformation and adsorption on the electrode surface during the enzymatic reaction as an analytical signal. After optimization of the working conditions, the developed impedimetric e-tongue could quantify N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins with a detection limit of 0.1 µM. The developed e-tongue allows the detection of these toxins at concentration levels observed in bivalves with PST toxicity close to the regulatory limit. The quantification of a sum of N-sulfocarbamoyl PSTs in naturally contaminated mussel extracts using the developed impedimetric e-tongue has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Raposo
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Silvia Soreto
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Bruno M G Melo
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Cadillon Costa
- I3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- CESAM and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Botelho MJ, Vale C, Marques F, Moreirinha C, Costa ST, Guilhermino L, Joaquim S, Matias D, Candeias M, Rudnitskaya A. One-year variation in quantity and properties of microplastics in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from Aveiro lagoon. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:121949. [PMID: 37302782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As filter feeders, marine bivalves inhabiting estuarine and coastal areas are directly exposed to microplastics (MPs) in water. To assess whether MPs number, and their shape, size, colour, and polymer type present in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule) varied over one year, bivalves were collected over the year of 2019 in the lower part of the coastal Aveiro lagoon, Portugal. After extraction from the bivalve's whole-body soft tissues, a subset of the visually inspected particles was randomly separated for identification using the Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy. A fraction of the inspected particles, 26-32% of particles >100 μm, and 59-100% of smaller ones were confirmed as MPs. Concentrations varied within the intervals of 0.77-4.3 items g-1 in mussels and 0.83-5.1 items g-1 in cockles, with the lowest values observed in January. In winter, the accumulation of large-sized fibers was composed of a mixture of plastic types, which contrasted against the most abundant MPs in summer consisting mainly of polyethylene of diverse size classes and shapes. Temperature decrease registered in winter might have triggered a lower filtration rate, resulting in lower MPs concentrations in the whole-soft body tissues of organisms. Different properties of MPs found in bivalves between January-February and August-September appear to reflect changes in the characteristics of MPs available in the Aveiro lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - C Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - F Marques
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - C Moreirinha
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Guilhermino
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Joaquim
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - D Matias
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - M Candeias
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal
| | - A Rudnitskaya
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Marques F, Vale C, Rudnitskaya A, Moreirinha C, Costa ST, Botelho MJ. Major characteristics of microplastics in mussels from the Portuguese coast. Environ Res 2021; 197:110993. [PMID: 33713712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the quantity, shape, colour and chemical properties of microplastics (MP) and MP-like in whole soft tissues of the mussel Mytilus spp. collected in January and February 2019 from four natural banks in the Portuguese coast. Three sites are located in estuarine areas influenced by anthropogenic pressures and freshwater discharges, and one in the coast far from urbanised areas. An alkaline digestion (KOH) of biological tissues was used and a polymeric identification of 20% of the visually sorted particles was achieved using the Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR). MP and MP-like concentrations ranged from 0.54 to 3.0 items g-1 without significant differences among the sites. Particle size varied from 36 to 4439 μm, being fibers the most abundant shape (50%) followed by films (22%) and spherules (18%). FT-MIR revealed that 69% of the analysed particles were plastic, being identified six polymers and two polymeric blends, and 32% were cellulose-based materials. Fibers identified in mussel tissues were mainly composed of cotton and viscose (77%). This study emphasizes the importance of the polymer's spectroscopic identification after microscopic observation to recognise MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Marques
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua Dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
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Costa ST, Rudnitskaya A, Vale C, Guilhermino L, Botelho MJ. Sorption of okadaic acid lipophilic toxin onto plastics in seawater. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 157:111322. [PMID: 32658687 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested under laboratorial conditions the sorption of okadaic acid (OA), a lipophilic toxin produced by marine phytoplankton, onto 6-mm plastic circular fragments. Fragments (4 g L-1) of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), expanded polystyrene (EPS) and non-expanded polystyrene (PS) were exposed for 96 h to seawater spiked with 10 ng mL-1 of OA. Results of the experiments showed a broad percentage of OA removed from the water by plastics after 48 h of exposure: 30 ± 5.1% (PET), 37 ± 9.5% (PP), 62 ± 7.1% (EPS) and 83 ± 1.9% (PS). Sorption appears to be highly influenced by polymer's characteristics, such as polarity and degree of crystallinity. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect of the contact area on sorption by expanded plastics. These results point to the plausible interaction of OA and plastics in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Botelho MJ, Vale C, Joaquim S, Costa ST, Soares F, Roque C, Matias D. Combined effect of temperature and nutritional regime on the elimination of the lipophilic toxin okadaic acid in the naturally contaminated wedge shell Donax trunculus. Chemosphere 2018; 190:166-173. [PMID: 28987405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of nutritional regime and water temperature on depuration rates of OA-group toxins in the wedge shell Donax trunculus was examined by exposing naturally contaminated specimens to three nutritional regimes (microalgae, commercial paste of microalgae, and starvation) for 14 days at 16 °C and 20 °C. Total OA was quantified in the whole soft tissues of the individuals collected in days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. Mortality, dry weight, condition index, gross biochemical composition and gametogenic stages were surveyed. Low variation of glycogen and carbohydrates during the experiments suggest that wedge shells were under non-dramatic stress conditions. Wedge shells fed with non-toxic diets showed similar depuration rates being 15 and 38% higher than in starvation, at 16 and 20 °C, respectively. Depuration rates under non-toxic diets at 20 °C were 71% higher than at 16 °C. These results highlight the influence of water temperature on the depuration rate of total OA accumulated by D. trunculus, even when the increase is of only 4 °C, as commonly observed in week time scales in the southern Portuguese coastal waters. These results open the possibility of a faster release of OA in harvested wedge shells translocated to depuration systems when under a slight increase of water temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Joaquim
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Florbela Soares
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Roque
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Domitília Matias
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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Costa ST, Vale C, Raimundo J, Matias D, Botelho MJ. Changes of paralytic shellfish toxins in gills and digestive glands of the cockle Cerastoderma edule under post-bloom natural conditions. Chemosphere 2016; 149:351-357. [PMID: 26874623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of the paralytic shellfish toxins C1+2, C3+4, GTX5, GTX6, dcGTX2+3, dcSTX, dcNEO, GTX2+3, GTX1+4, STX and NEO were determined by LC-FLD in composite samples of digestive glands and gills of Cerastoderma edule cockle. The specimens were sampled in Aveiro lagoon, Portugal, under natural depuration conditions (days 0, 8, 12, 14, 19, 21 and 25) after exposure to a bloom of Gymnodinium catenatum. Individual paralytic shellfish toxins indicated different pathways of elimination and biotransformation in digestive gland and gills. Toxin concentrations in gills were lower than in digestive gland. Most of the quantified toxins in digestive gland decreased during the 25 days of observation according to negative exponential curves, and only GTX5, GTX6 and NEO showed slight irregularities with time. Concentrations of C1+2, C3+4 and dcGTX2+3 in gills decreased progressively, however GTX5, GTX6 and dcSTX showed pronounced increases. Higher concentrations of those toxins in days 8 and 12 in comparison to the initial value (day 0) indicate conversion of other toxins into GTX5, GTX6 and dcSTX during those periods. It appears that inter-conversion of toxins occurs as G. catenatum cells are retained in gills before being transferred to other compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Costa
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Domitília Matias
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Medical School, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Benz
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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