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Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz M, Abdul Razzack A, Bano S, Singh Makkar S, Thevuthasan S, Paul T, Khawar Sana M, Azeem N, Felix M, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Industry 4.0 Technologies for the Manufacturing and Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccines. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319211068638. [PMID: 34984932 PMCID: PMC8753236 DOI: 10.1177/21501319211068638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionary stages of manufacturing have led us to conceptualize the use of Industry 4.0 for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), powered by Industry 4.0 technologies. Using applications of integrated process optimizations reliant on digitized data, we propose novel intelligent networks along the vaccine value chain. Vaccine 4.0 may enable maintenance processes, streamline logistics, and enable optimal production of COVID-19 vaccines. VACCINE 4.0 FRAMEWORK The challenge in applying Vaccine 4.0 includes the requirement of large-scale technologies for digitally transforming manufacturing, producing, rolling-out, and distributing vaccines. With our framework, Vaccine 4.0 analytics will target process performance, process development, process stability, compliance, quality assessment, and optimized maintenance. The benefits of digitization during and post the COVID-19 pandemic include first, the continual assurance of process control, and second, the efficacy of big-data analytics in streamlining set parameter limits. Digitization including big data-analytics may potentially improve the quality of large-scale vaccine production, profitability, and manufacturing processes. The path to Vaccine 4.0 will enhance vaccine quality, improve efficacy, and compliance with data-regulated requirements. DISCUSSION Fiscal and logistical barriers are prevalent across resource-limited countries worldwide. The Vaccine 4.0 framework accounts for expected barriers of manufacturing and equitably distributing COVID-19 vaccines. With amalgamating big data analytics and biometrics, we enable the identification of vulnerable populations who are at higher risk of disease transmission. Artificial intelligence powered sensors and robotics support thermostable vaccine distribution in limited capacity regions, globally. Biosensors isolate COVID-19 vaccinations with low or limited efficacy. Finally, Vaccine 4.0 blockchain systems address low- and middle-income countries with limited distribution capacities. CONCLUSION Vaccine 4.0 is a viable framework to optimize manufacturing of vaccines during and post the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan,Zouina Sarfraz, Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, 7031 SW 62nd Avenue, South Miami, FL 100181, USA.
| | - Muzna Sarfraz
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA,King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Shehar Bano
- Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Trissa Paul
- Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel Felix
- Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador,Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador,Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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2
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Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Pandav K, Singh Makkar S, Hasan Siddiqui S, Patel G, Platero-Portillo T, Singh BM, Maideen MIH, Sarvepalli D, Sarfraz M, Cardona-Guzman J, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Variances in BCG protection against COVID-19 mortality: A global assessment. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2021; 24:100249. [PMID: 34124396 PMCID: PMC8179855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCG vaccine is known to impart nonspecific immunological benefits alongside conferring protection to tuberculosis in endemic regions. It is also known to protect against bladder cancer and other respiratory tract infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the BCG vaccine has gained attention due to its role in conferring protective immunity. We demonstrate the potential immunological protective mechanisms that play a role against COVID-19. We conduct a global assessment of the countries that have the highest and lowest mortality rates determined by an a priori methodology. Lastly, we discuss the potential limitations of incorporating BCG vaccines as potential strategies against COVID-19 and provide recommendations regarding their use in ongoing and future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouina Sarfraz
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Research & Publication, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Krunal Pandav
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarabjot Singh Makkar
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Saman Hasan Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gaurav Patel
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tania Platero-Portillo
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bishnu Mohan Singh
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Deepika Sarvepalli
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Muzna Sarfraz
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Cardona-Guzman
- Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL, USA
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Somagutta MKR, Lourdes Pormento MK, Hamid P, Hamdan A, Khan MA, Desir R, Vijayan R, Shirke S, Jeyakumar R, Dogar Z, Makkar SS, Guntipalli P, Ngardig NN, Nagineni MS, Paul T, Luvsannyam E, Riddick C, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA. The Safety and Efficacy of Anakinra, an Interleukin-1 Antagonist in Severe Cases of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infect Chemother 2021; 53:221-237. [PMID: 34216117 PMCID: PMC8258297 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess anakinra's safety and efficacy for treating severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Numerous electronic databases were searched and finally 15 studies with a total of 3,530 patients, 757 in the anakinra arm, 1,685 in the control arm were included. The pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) for mortality in the treatment arm was 0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21 - 0.54, I² = 48%), indicating a significant association between anakinra and mortality. A significant association was found regarding mechanical ventilation requirements in anakinra group compared to the control group OR, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.49 - 0.95, I² = 50%). For the safety of anakinra, we evaluated thromboembolism risk and liver transaminases elevation. Thromboembolism risk was OR, 1.59 (95% CI, 0.65 - 3.91, I² = 0%) and elevation in liver transaminases with OR was 1.35 (95% CI, 0.61 - 3.03, I² = 76%). Both were not statistically significant over the control group. Anakinra is beneficial in lowering mortality in COVID-19 patients. However, these non-significant differences in the safety profile between the anakinra and control groups may have been the result of baseline characteristics of the intervention group, and further studies are essential in evaluating anakinra's safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Reddy Somagutta
- Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
- California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, CA, USA.
| | | | - Pousette Hamid
- California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, CA, USA
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Dominari A, Hathaway III D, Kapasi A, Paul T, Makkar SS, Castaneda V, Gara S, Singh BM, Agadi K, Butt M, Retnakumar V, Chittajallu S, Taugir R, Sana MK, KC M, Razzack S, Moallem N, Alvarez A, Talalaev M. Bottom-up analysis of emergent properties of N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19. World J Virol 2021; 10:34-52. [PMID: 33816149 PMCID: PMC7995409 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an abundantly available antioxidant with a wide range of antidotal properties currently best studied for its use in treating acetaminophen overdose. It has a robustly established safety profile with easily tolerated side effects and presents the Food and Drug Administration's approval for use in treating acetaminophen overdose patients. It has been proven efficacious in off-label uses, such as in respiratory diseases, heart disease, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and seasonal influenza. Clinical trials have recently shown that NAC's capacity to replenish glutathione stores may significantly improve coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, especially in high risk individuals. Interestingly, individuals with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been shown to experience even greater benefit. The same study has concluded that NAC's ability to mitigate the impact of the cytokine storm and prevent elevation of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein, and ferritin is associated with higher success rates weaning from the ventilator and return to normal function in COVID-19 patients. Considering the background knowledge of biochemistry, current uses of NAC in clinical practice, and newly acquired evidence on its potential efficacy against COVID-19, it is worthwhile to investigate further whether this agent can be used as a treatment or adjuvant for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Dominari
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Donald Hathaway III
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Abdulhusein Kapasi
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Trissa Paul
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sarabjot Singh Makkar
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Valeria Castaneda
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sirisha Gara
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Bishnu Mohan Singh
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Kuchalambal Agadi
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Maliha Butt
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Varadha Retnakumar
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Spandana Chittajallu
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Rahima Taugir
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Muhammad Khawar Sana
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Manish KC
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sarah Razzack
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Niala Moallem
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Alina Alvarez
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Michael Talalaev
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
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5
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Dominari A, III DH, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, Thevuthasan S, Khan MA, Mathew A, Makkar SS, Zaidi M, Fahem MMM, Beas R, Castaneda V, Paul T, Halpern J, Baralt D. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol 2020; 9:67-78. [PMID: 33362999 PMCID: PMC7747025 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymosin alpha 1 is a peptide naturally occurring in the thymus that has long been recognized for modifying, enhancing, and restoring immune function. Thymosin alpha 1 has been utilized in the treatment of immunocompromised states and malignancies, as an enhancer of vaccine response, and as a means of curbing morbidity and mortality in sepsis and numerous infections. Studies have postulated that thymosin alpha 1 could help improve the outcome in severely ill corona virus disease 2019 patients by repairing damage caused by overactivation of lymphocytic immunity and how thymosin alpha 1 could prevent the excessive activation of T cells. In this review, we discuss key literature on the background knowledge and current clinical uses of thymosin alpha 1. Considering the known biochemical properties including antibacterial and antiviral properties, time-honored applications, and the new promising findings regarding the use of thymosin, we believe that thymosin alpha 1 deserves further investigation into its antiviral properties and possible repurposing as a treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Dominari
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Donald Hathaway III
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Krunal Pandav
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Wanessa Matos
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sharmi Biswas
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Gowry Reddy
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sindhu Thevuthasan
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khan
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Anoopa Mathew
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Sarabjot Singh Makkar
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Madiha Zaidi
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | | | - Renato Beas
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Valeria Castaneda
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Trissa Paul
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - John Halpern
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
| | - Diana Baralt
- Division of Research and Academic Affairs, Larkin Health System, South Miami, FL 33143, United States
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6
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Paul T, Makkar SS, Mohan S, Mohan P. Metopic Craniosynostosis and Hydrocephalus in a Premature Opioid Dependent Baby. Ann Child Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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7
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Goyal KG, Dong ML, Kane DG, Makkar SS, Worth BW, Bali LM, Bali S. Note: refractive index sensing of turbid media by differentiation of the reflectance profile: does error-correction work? Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:086107. [PMID: 22938349 DOI: 10.1063/1.4746810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A widely used method for determining refractive index postulates that the derivative of the angular profile for light reflected from the sample is maximum at the critical angle for total internal reflection (TIR). It is well-known that in turbid media this "differentiation method" yields errors in refractive index. Unexplained anomalies in previous error-calculations are eliminated if one uses a recent model of TIR which departs from traditional Fresnel theory. However we find that, in practical situations, the refractive index obtained by differentiation even after error-correction is significantly different from the best estimate for the refractive index obtained by curve-fitting the reflectance data. Thus the differentiation method lacks scientific validity in turbid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Goyal
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056-1866, USA
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