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Wessells KR, Kumordzie SM, Becher E, Davis JN, Nyaaba KW, Zyba SJ, Arnold CD, Tan X, Vosti SA, Adams KP, Haskell M, Adu-Afarwuah S, Engle-Stone R. Acceptability of Multiple Micronutrient-Fortified Bouillon Cubes among Women and Their Households in 2 Districts in The Northern Region of Ghana. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102056. [PMID: 38304733 PMCID: PMC10832376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Bouillon is a promising large-scale food fortification vehicle, but there is uncertainty regarding the types and concentrations of micronutrients that are feasible to add without compromising consumer acceptability. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the acceptability of 2 different multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cube formulations, compared with a bouillon cube fortified with iodine only. Methods We conducted a double-blind, randomized, controlled acceptability study in 2 districts in northern Ghana. Two nonproprietary, noncommercialized formulations of multiple micronutrient-fortified bouillon cubes containing iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamins A and B12, and iodine at "upper-level" (45-125% CODEX NRV/2.5g) or "lower-level" (15-50% CODEX NRV/2.5g) concentrations, and a control cube that contained iodine only (50% CODEX NRV/2.5g) were evaluated. Eligible women (n = 84) were invited to participate in 1) center-based sensory evaluations designed to permit within-individual comparisons among the different study products; and 2) in-home evaluation of bouillon acceptability and use, in which participants were randomized to receive 1 of the 3 study products to use in household cooking for a 2-wk period. Acceptance test ratings were based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = dislike very much, 5 = like very much). Results In the center-based evaluations, overall liking of the 3 bouillon cube formulations both dry and in prepared dishes ranged from 4.3 to 4.6 on the 5-point Likert scale and did not differ among formulations (P > 0.05). After the 2-wk in-home trial, 93.8% of index participants (n = 75/80) rated their overall liking of the bouillon product formulation to which they were randomly assigned as "like" or "like very much" (4-5 on the 5-point Likert scale) and median apparent intake of study-provided bouillon over 2 wk was 3.6 g/capita/d; neither value differed by study group (P = 0.91 for both). Conclusions All 3 formulations of bouillon cubes assessed were acceptable to women and their households in 2 districts in northern Ghana.This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05177614.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ryan Wessells
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sika M Kumordzie
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emily Becher
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennie N Davis
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kania W Nyaaba
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sarah J Zyba
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiuping Tan
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stephen A Vosti
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Katherine P Adams
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marjorie Haskell
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Reina Engle-Stone
- Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Suh JH, Zyba SJ, Shigenaga M, McDonald CM, King JC. Marginal Zinc Deficiency Alters Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism in Healthy Men. J Nutr 2022; 152:671-679. [PMID: 34919682 PMCID: PMC9076996 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice biofortification with Zinc (Zn) can improve the Zn status of rice-consuming populations. However, the metabolic impact in humans consuming Zn-biofortified rice is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of Zn-biofortified rice on lipid metabolism in normolipidemic men. METHODS The men consumed a rice-based diet containing 6 mg Zn/d and 1.5 g phytate (phytate/Zn ratio = 44) for 2 wk followed by a 10-mg Zn/d diet without phytate for 4 wk. An ad libitum diet supplemented with 25 mg Zn/d was then fed for 3 wk. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of each metabolic period for measuring plasma zinc, glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), LDL and HDL cholesterol, fatty acids, oxylipins, and fatty acid desaturase activities. Statistical differences were assessed by linear mixed model. RESULTS Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 activity decreased by 29.1% (P = 0.007) when the 6-mg Zn/d diet was consumed for 2 wk. This change was associated with significant decreases in HDL and LDL cholesterol. The alterations in FADS1, HDL cholesterol, and TG remained unchanged when Zn intakes were increased to 10 mg/d for 4 wk. Supplementation with 25 mg Zn/d for 3 wk normalized these metabolic changes and significantly increased LDL cholesterol at the end of this metabolic period compared with baseline. FADS1 activity was inversely correlated with FADS2 (rmcorr = -0.52; P = 0.001) and TG (rmcorr = -0.55; P = 0.001) at all time points. CONCLUSIONS A low-zinc, high-phytate rice-based diet reduced plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations and altered fatty acid profiles in healthy men within 2 wk. Consuming 10 mg Zn/d without phytate for 4 wk did not improve the lipid profiles, but a 25-mg Zn/d supplement corrects these alterations in lipid metabolism within 3 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Zyba
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Institute for Global Nutrition Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark Shigenaga
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet C King
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bragg MG, Prado EL, Arnold CD, Zyba SJ, Maleta KM, Caswell BL, Bennett BJ, Iannotti LL, Lutter CK, Stewart CP. Plasma Choline Concentration Was Not Increased After a 6-Month Egg Intervention in 6-9-Month-Old Malawian Children: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzab150. [PMID: 35233478 PMCID: PMC8881212 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eggs are a rich source of choline, an essential nutrient important for child growth and development. In a randomized trial of 1 egg/d in young children in Ecuador, an egg intervention led to significant improvements in growth, which were partially mediated by increased plasma choline concentration. A similar trial in Malawi (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03385252) found little improvement in child growth or development. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the effect of 1 egg/d for 6 mo on plasma choline concentrations in Malawian children enrolled in a randomized trial. METHODS Infants aged 6-9 mo in rural Malawi were randomly assigned to receive 1 egg/d (n = 331) or serve as a nonintervention control (n = 329) for 6 mo. Anthropometric, developmental, and dietary data were collected at baseline and 6-mo follow-up, along with a blood draw. Plasma choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and DHA were measured at both time points using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem MS (n = 200 per group). Linear regression analysis was used to determine the difference in plasma choline and related metabolites between groups after 6 mo of intervention. RESULTS Plasma choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, and DHA concentrations did not differ between groups at 6-mo follow-up. Plasma TMAO was significantly (26%; 95% CI: 7%, 48%) higher in the egg intervention group in a fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Provision of 1 egg/d for 6 mo did not result in increases in plasma choline or related metabolites, except TMAO. This could partially explain the lack of effect on growth and development. Additional interventions are needed to improve choline status, growth, and development in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Bragg
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Prado
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Zyba
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Bess L Caswell
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lora L Iannotti
- Brown School, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Christine P Stewart
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Zyba SJ, Weinborn V, Arnold CD, Lehmkuhler AL, Morel FB, Zeilani M, Mitchell AE, Haskell MJ. Evaluation of Saccharin and Resveratrol as Extrinsic Markers of Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement Consumption in Healthy Women. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab089. [PMID: 34316533 PMCID: PMC8302444 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements, like small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS), are used in intervention programs to prevent undernutrition among women and young children in low-income countries. An objective marker is needed to track consumption of supplements to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate saccharin and resveratrol as potential adherence markers for tracking recent consumption of a single serving of SQ-LNS in women. METHODS Forty-seven healthy nonpregnant women 18-45 y of age were assigned to consume a single dose of SQ-LNS (20 g) containing either 10 mg sodium saccharin or 5 mg trans-resveratrol, under supervision. On the day before and for 2 d following SQ-LNS consumption, urine samples were collected each day for 24 h as 3 consecutive 4-h collections and one 12-h overnight collection. Urinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate, a resveratrol metabolite, were measured by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced to a mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization [UHPLC-(ESI-)MS/MS]. Urinary concentrations (μmol/L urine) of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate were plotted against time, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the discriminative capacity of each compound, at each post-consumption time point compared with baseline, to detect recent consumption of SQ-LNS. Cutoff values to differentiate supplement consumption from nonconsumption of each marker were developed using the closest-to-(0,1)-corner cut-point approach. RESULTS Forty-five participants were included in the analysis. Urinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate increased within 4 h of SQ-LNS consumption. Urinary concentration cutoff values for saccharin (13.4 µmol/L) and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (0.7 µmol/L) allowed for 78% and 89% sensitivity, respectively, and 100% specificity in detecting consumption of SQ-LNS within the first 12 h after consumption. CONCLUSIONS Urinary concentrations of saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate reflect consumption of SQ-LNS containing those compounds during the first 12 h post-consumption with high sensitivity and specificity in healthy women and may be useful objective adherence markers for tracking consumption of SQ-LNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Zyba
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Weinborn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Arlie L Lehmkuhler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie J Haskell
- Institute for Global Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Weinborn V, Lehmkuhler AL, Zyba SJ, Haskell MJ, Morel FB, Zeilani M, Mitchell AE. Measurement of Saccharin and trans-Resveratrol Metabolites in Urine as Adherence Markers for Small Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement Consumption. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:1107-1114. [PMID: 33439009 PMCID: PMC7844829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Saccharin and trans-resveratrol were incorporated into small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplements (SQ-LNS) to be evaluated as the markers of consumption for nutritional intervention studies. Forty-seven healthy women consumed a single supplement with either 8.6 mg of saccharin or 5 mg of trans-resveratrol, and urine was collected for 4 h. A rapid 11 min method employing multiple reaction monitoring and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed to measure saccharin and resveratrol metabolites in urine simultaneously. The linear dynamic range of the method was from 3 to 1000 ng mL-1, with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 and limits of quantification from 15.28 to 53.03 ng mL-1. Sample preparation was simple dilution with an average recovery of 97.8%. Ion suppression was observed with urine concentrations >10%. Mean levels of saccharin and resveratrol-3-O-sulfate in urine were 5.481 ± 4.359 and 3.440 ± 4.160 nmol L-1, respectively. We developed and validated a method to measure saccharin and trans-resveratrol metabolites in urine to objectively corroborate the consumption of SQ-LNS for the first time in nutrition intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Weinborn
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, University
of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Arlie L. Lehmkuhler
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, University
of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sarah J. Zyba
- Institute
for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marjorie J. Haskell
- Institute
for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | | | - Alyson E. Mitchell
- Department
of Food Science & Technology, University
of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Luo H, Zyba SJ, Webb P. Measuring malnutrition in all its forms: An update of the net state of nutrition index to track the global burden of malnutrition at country level. Global Food Security 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zyba SJ, Wegmüller R, Woodhouse LR, Ceesay K, Prentice AM, Brown KH, Wessells KR. Effect of exogenous phytase added to small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) on the fractional and total absorption of zinc from a millet-based porridge consumed with SQ-LNS in young Gambian children: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1465-1475. [PMID: 31504101 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary phytate inhibits zinc absorption from composite meals in adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding exogenous phytase to a small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement (SQ-LNS) on zinc absorption among young children. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, intraindividual differences in fractional and total absorption of zinc (FAZ and TAZ, respectively) from a millet-based porridge containing SQ-LNS with and without phytase were measured in 30 asymptomatic children 18-23 mo of age in the Kiang West district of The Gambia. Using a crossover design, children received for 1 d each porridge test meals with 20 g SQ-LNS containing 8 mg zinc and either 1) exogenous phytase or 2) no exogenous phytase. The test meals were provided on consecutive days in randomized order. FAZ was measured using a triple stable isotope tracer ratio technique with Zn-67 and Zn-70 as oral tracers and Zn-68 as the intravenous tracer. RESULTS Twenty-six participants completed the study. The prevalence of stunting and wasting were 20% and 13%, respectively; no children had low plasma zinc concentrations (<65 μg/dL). Total mean ± SD dietary zinc intake from the test meals was 7.3 ± 2.2 mg (phytate:zinc molar ratio = 3.1 ± 0.3, not accounting for phytase activity). Mean FAZ increased from 8.6% ± 1.3% to 16.0% ± 1.3% when exogenous phytase was added to the SQ-LNS product (P < 0.001). Mean TAZ from test meals containing SQ-LNS with phytase was more than double that from test meals containing SQ-LNS without phytase (1.1 ± 0.1 mg and 0.5 ± 0.1 mg, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The addition of exogenous phytase to SQ-LNS increased both FAZ and TAZ. These results suggest that phytate reduction may be an important strategy to increase zinc absorption among young children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02668133.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Zyba
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rita Wegmüller
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leslie R Woodhouse
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kabiru Ceesay
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Kenneth H Brown
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Zyba SJ, Shenvi SV, Killilea DW, Holland TC, Kim E, Moy A, Sutherland B, Gildengorin V, Shigenaga MK, King JC. A moderate increase in dietary zinc reduces DNA strand breaks in leukocytes and alters plasma proteins without changing plasma zinc concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:343-351. [PMID: 28003206 PMCID: PMC5267297 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.135327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food fortification has been recommended to improve a population's micronutrient status. Biofortification techniques modestly elevate the zinc content of cereals, but few studies have reported a positive impact on functional indicators of zinc status. OBJECTIVE We determined the impact of a modest increase in dietary zinc that was similar to that provided by biofortification programs on whole-body and cellular indicators of zinc status. DESIGN Eighteen men participated in a 6-wk controlled consumption study of a low-zinc, rice-based diet. The diet contained 6 mg Zn/d for 2 wk and was followed by 10 mg Zn/d for 4 wk. To reduce zinc absorption, phytate was added to the diet during the initial period. Indicators of zinc homeostasis, including total absorbed zinc (TAZ), the exchangeable zinc pool (EZP), plasma and cellular zinc concentrations, zinc transporter gene expression, and other metabolic indicators (i.e., DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress), were measured before and after each dietary-zinc period. RESULTS TAZ increased with increased dietary zinc, but plasma zinc concentrations and EZP size were unchanged. Erythrocyte and leukocyte zinc concentrations and zinc transporter expressions were not altered. However, leukocyte DNA strand breaks decreased with increased dietary zinc, and the level of proteins involved in DNA repair and antioxidant and immune functions were restored after the dietary-zinc increase. CONCLUSIONS A moderate 4-mg/d increase in dietary zinc, similar to that which would be expected from zinc-biofortified crops, improves zinc absorption but does not alter plasma zinc. The repair of DNA strand breaks improves, as do serum protein concentrations that are associated with the DNA repair process. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02861352.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Zyba
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Swapna V Shenvi
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - David W Killilea
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Tai C Holland
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Elijah Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Adrian Moy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Barbara Sutherland
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Virginia Gildengorin
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Mark K Shigenaga
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Janet C King
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
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