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Desai S, Russel SM, Berk G, Kimple A. LGBTQIA+ Outness in Otolaryngology Residency Applications. J Surg Educ 2024; 81:620-624. [PMID: 38553371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual/aromantic (LGBTQIA+) providers improve health outcomes of sexual and gender minority (SGM) patients, which demonstrates the importance of understanding the state of LGBTQIA+ representation at all levels of medical training. The U.S. does not systematically collect sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data from applicants, trainees, and attending physicians, prompting us to wonder whether SGM representation in surgical fields, such as otolaryngology, is adequate. Personal statements submitted to an otolaryngology program from 2019 to 2021 were searched for LGBTQIA+ terms, and those containing LGBTQIA+ terms underwent full text review to determine whether applicants identified themselves as LGBTQIA+. Across these 2 application cycles, the sampled residency program received 928 applications. Only 2 applicants of 928 (0.2%) self-disclosed their LGBTQIA+ identities in their personal statements. These results signify a scarcity of SGM diversity in otolaryngology and warrant deeper exploration into factors preventing residency applicants from self-disclosure of LGBTQIA+ identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Desai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Garrett Berk
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kim SG, Russel SM, Stack TJ, Frank-Ito DO, Farzal Z, Ebert CS, Buckmire RA, DeMason CE, Shah RN. Limitations in Faculty Advancement for Underrepresented Groups in Academic Otolaryngology. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:1625-1632. [PMID: 37847098 PMCID: PMC10947976 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the increasing racial diversity of the United States, representation in academic medicine faculty does not reach concordance with the general population and worsens with higher rank. Few studies have examined this within academic Otolaryngology and surgical subspecialties. This project aims to compare rank equity in academic Otolaryngology on self-reported gender and race/ethnicity between the years 2000 and 2020. METHODS Publicly available data were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges under the "Data & Reports" section for the years 2000 and 2020. The report comprised of full-time faculty from all U.S. medical schools. To determine parity between faculty ranks across gender and race/ethnicity, rank equity index (REI) was calculated for associate/assistant, professor/associate, and professor/assistant professor comparisons. RESULTS The percentage of women faculty in Otolaryngology has increased from 21% in 2000 to 37% in 2020; however, they did not achieve parity at all rank comparisons for both years. On the contrary, men were above parity at all rank comparisons. Improvements in rank equity occurred for Black/African American (Black) and Hispanic Latino/Spanish Origin (Latine) faculty between the years 2000 and 2020; however, when accounting for gender, benefits were concentrated among men. CONCLUSION Advancement along the academic ladder is limited for women of all racial groups in academic Otolaryngology. While improved rank equity was seen for Black and Latine faculty, these improvements were largely among men. Future directions should aim to identify barriers to recruitment, retention, and promotion for women and underrepresented in medicine (URiM) academic otolaryngologists and create interventions that diversify Otolaryngology faculty at all ranks. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:1625-1632, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sul Gi Kim
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Taylor J. Stack
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis O. Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zainab Farzal
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles S. Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert A. Buckmire
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christie E. DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rupali N. Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Lamb MM, Russel SM, Farzal Z, Kim S, Stack T, Alicea Delgado D, Mohammad I, Zeatoun A, Klatt-Cromwell CN, Thorp BD, Ebert CS, Kimple AJ, Senior BA, Lopez E. "Left on their own": Left-handedness among rhinologists and otolaryngology trainees. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:735-737. [PMID: 37409408 PMCID: PMC11065428 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY POINTS Left-hand-dominant (LHD) respondents reported higher rates of training difficulties because of handedness differences. LHD respondents cited particular difficulty with functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Both LHD and right-hand-dominant respondents perceived a need for laterality-specific training during residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Lamb
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zainab Farzal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sulgi Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Taylor Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Alicea Delgado
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ibtisam Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abdullah Zeatoun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cristine N Klatt-Cromwell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Thorp
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles S Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brent A Senior
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Russel SM, Farzal Z, Ebert C, Buckmire R, DeMason C, Shah R, Frank-Ito DO. Finding the Potholes in Academic Career Pathways for Underrepresented Groups in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 170:396-404. [PMID: 37668176 PMCID: PMC11073850 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess inequities in representation among ranks and odds of promotion by race in academic otolaryngology. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING US academic medical centers. METHODS Demographic data was collected for medical students, residents, and faculty in the Association of American Medical Colleges and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education databases for the academic year 2020 to 2021. The rank equity index (REI) was used to make pairwise comparisons between ranks to determine groups' representation between levels. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) demonstrating the likelihood that an individual of a particular rank/race would advance in their academic career were determined. RESULTS Representation comparing medical students with full professors for black, Latine, and Asian otolaryngologists was below parity (REI: 0.27, 0.85, 0.85, respectively). Black (OR: 0.20, CI: 0.15, 0.26), Latine (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.50, 0.75), and Asian (OR: 0.62, CI: 0.55, 0.71) medical students all faced lower odds of becoming otolaryngology residents compared to their white counterparts. Similar findings occurred when comparing resident and assistant professor representation. American Indian/Alaskan Native (AIAN) and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI) REIs and ORs could not be assessed as only 1 self-reported AIAN and no NHPI faculty are present in the studied data. CONCLUSION Underrepresented in Medicine and Asian physicians faced worsening representation at each rung of the academic otolaryngology ladder. The greatest losses occurred when medical students transitioned to residents and residents transitioned to assistant professors. AIAN and NH faculty were absent in otolaryngology, indicating vital targets for recruitment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zainab Farzal
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Buckmire
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine DeMason
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rupali Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Russel SM, Gosman RE, Gonzalez K, Wright J, Frank-Ito DO. Insights into exercise-induced rhinitis based on nasal aerodynamics induced by airway morphology. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 319:104171. [PMID: 37813324 PMCID: PMC11037931 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced rhinitis (EIR) is a poorly understood phenomenon that may be related to increased inspiratory airflow. Characterization of the development of EIR is important to understand contributing factors. OBJECTIVE To characterize how different nasal morphologies respond to airflow-related variables during rapid/deep inspiratory conditions. METHODS Subject-specific nasal airways were reconstructed from radiographic images. Unilateral airways were classified as Standard, Notched, or Elongated accord to their distinct nasal vestibule morphology. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed at various airflow rates. RESULTS For all simulated flow rates, average resistance at the nasal vestibule, airflow velocity and wall sheer stress were highest in Notched. Average mucosal heat flux was highest in Standard. Notched phenotypes showed lower mean percent increases from 10 L/min to 50 L/min in all computed variables. CONCLUSION Resistance values and airflow velocities depicted a more constricted nasal vestibule in the Notched phenotypes, while perception of nasal mucosal cooling (heat flux) favored the Standard phenotypes. Different nasal phenotypes may predispose to EIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raluca E Gosman
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Gonzalez
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua Wright
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Durham, NC, USA.
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Russel SM, Lessen R, Rovner AJ, Delahanty M, Hollowell C, Trabulsi JC. Breastfeeding Characteristics and Duration of Feeding Human Milk in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2024; 38:46-53. [PMID: 37115916 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) are able to breastfeed successfully, the factors that affect feeding human milk across the first year are not well established. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine breastfeeding characteristics and their relationships to the exclusivity and duration of feeding human milk among infants with CHD. METHODS Breastfeeding characteristics data from a cohort of 75 infants with CHD enrolled in a study that examined relationships among milk type and infant growth in the first year of life were analyzed. RESULTS Infants whose mothers reported not having enough milk were exclusively fed human milk for a shorter duration than those who did not have this challenge ( P = .04); however, the duration of feeding any human milk did not differ ( P = .18). Average daily volume expressed at 1 month was positively related to the duration of exclusive human milk (β = .07, P = .04) and any human milk (β = .07, P = .04) feeding. CONCLUSIONS Future efforts to support feeding human milk in infants with CHD should emphasize practices that support maximal human milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark (Mss Russel and Delahanty and Drs Rovner and Trabulsi); Department of Lactation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Ms Lessen); and Pueblo Department of Public Health & Environment, Pueblo, Colorado (Ms Hollowell)
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Russel SM, Chiang H, Finlay JB, Shah R, Marcus JR, Jang DW, Abi Hachem R, Goldstein BJ, Frank-Ito DO. Characterizing Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2023; 25:457-465. [PMID: 37130297 PMCID: PMC10701508 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2022.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND) is associated with olfactory dysfunction, but the underlying etiology remains poorly understood. Objective: To investigate the etiology of uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction using clinical, computational, and histologic assessments. Methods: Inclusion criteria: uCLND patients >16 years undergoing septorhinoplasty. Exclusion criteria: prior septoplasty or rhinoplasty, pregnancy, sinusitis. Measured outcomes: patient-reported scores, rhinomanometry, smell identification and threshold tests, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow simulations, and histologic analysis of olfactory epithelium. Results: Five uCLND subjects were included: 18-23 years, three male and two female, four left-sided cleft and one right-sided cleft. All subjects reported moderate to severe nasal obstruction. Smell identification and threshold tests showed varying degrees of hyposmia. Nasal resistance was higher on the cleft side versus noncleft side measured by rhinomanometry (median 3.85 Pa-s/mL, interquartile range [IQR] = 21.96, versus 0.90 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 5.17) and CFD (median 1.04 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 0.94 vs. 0.11 Pa-s/mL, IQR = 0.12). Unilateral olfaction varied widely and was dependent on unilateral percentage olfactory airflow. Biopsies revealed intact olfactory neuroepithelium. Conclusions: uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction appears to be primarily conductive in etiology and highly susceptible to variations in nasal anatomy. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04150783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harry Chiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John B. Finlay
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Reanna Shah
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Marcus
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David W. Jang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph Abi Hachem
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradley J. Goldstein
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis Onyeka Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Lamb MM, DeHority K, Russel SM, Kim S, Stack T, Mohammad I, Zeatoun A, Klatt-Cromwell C, Ebert CS, Baratta JM, Senior BA, Kimple AJ. Characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in patients with long-haul covid-19. Rhinol Online 2023; 6:30-37. [PMID: 37711977 PMCID: PMC10501207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of individuals suffering from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) will experience ongoing symptoms that last longer than three months (i.e., long-haul COVID). This includes olfactory dysfunction (OD), which is currently estimated to occur in 1-63.5% of patients at one-year post-infection. However, OD in individuals with long-haul COVID-19 is poorly understood, and there is little information regarding how initial SARS-CoV-2 variants correlate with long-haul symptoms. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and severity of OD in patients with long-haul COVID-19 and investigated how OD severity varied with SARS-CoV-2 variants. Methods Patients were recruited from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill COVID Recovery Clinic. Each patient completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The dominant strain at the time of infection was determined using the date of COVID-19 diagnosis, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services databases. Results Nearly 85% of patients with long-haul COVID-19 reported some degree of OD, which persisted in some patients for two or more years from the date of the initial infection. There was no association between the time since COVID-19 infection and severity of OD. No difference was detected between OD in patients with long-haul COVID-19 based on the dominant variant at the time of infection (p=0.0959). Conclusion A vast majority of patients with long-haul COVID-19 had some degree of ongoing olfactory complications, although the severity of symptoms was not dependent on the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant at the time of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M. Lamb
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kaitlyn DeHority
- Department Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sulgi Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Taylor Stack
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ibtisam Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Abdullah Zeatoun
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cristine Klatt-Cromwell
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Charles S. Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John M. Baratta
- Department Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Brent A. Senior
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Adam J. Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Russel SM, Clark JM. Periorbital rejuvenation in the clinic: A state-of-the-art review. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 9:242-248. [PMID: 37780673 PMCID: PMC10541170 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an overview of the various treatment options available in the clinic to achieve periorbital rejuvenation. Data Sources Literature review and expert opinion. Conclusions Periorbital rejuvenation in the clinic can be accomplished through a variety of treatment modalities, including topical therapies, skin resurfacing, and fillers and injectables. Furthermore, some surgical approaches, such as upper blepharoplasties, ptosis, and brow lifts, can be performed in the clinic under local anesthesia with only mild oral sedation. However, the successful execution of such procedures depends on proper patient selection and maximizing patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. Madison Clark
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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Russel SM, Carter TM, Wright ST, Hirshfield LE. How Do Academic Medicine Pathways Differ for Underrepresented Trainees and Physicians? A Critical Scoping Review. Acad Med 2023; 98:00001888-990000000-00537. [PMID: 37556817 PMCID: PMC10834859 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Academic medicine faces difficulty recruiting and retaining a diverse workforce. The proportion of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM) is smaller than the proportion of URiM's in the general population, and these numbers worsen with each step up the academic medicine ladder. Previously known as the "leaky pipeline," this phenomenon may be better understood as disparate "pathways with potholes," which acknowledges the different structural barriers that URiM trainees and faculty face in academic medicine. This critical scoping review analyzed current literature to determine what variables contribute to the inequitable "pathways and potholes" URiM physicians experience in academic medicine. METHOD The authors combined scoping review methodology with a critical lens. The comprehensive search strategy used terms about academic medicine, underrepresented groups, and leaving academic medical careers. One reviewer conducted screening, full text review, and data extraction while in consultation with members of the research team. Data extraction focused on themes related to pathways and potholes, such as attrition, recruitment, and retention in academic medicine. Themes were iteratively merged, and quality of contribution to the field and literature gaps were noted. RESULTS Included papers clustered into attrition, recruitment, and retention. Those pertaining to attrition noted that URiM faculty are less likely to get promoted even when controlling for scholarly output, and a hostile work environment may exacerbate attrition. Recruitment and retention strategies were most effective when multi-pronged approaches changed every step of the recruitment and promotion processes. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide examples of various "potholes" that can affect representation in academic medicine of URiM trainees and faculty. However, only a few studies examined the link between isolating and hostile work environments, the so-called "chilly climate," and attrition from academic medicine. Understanding these concepts is key to producing the most effective interventions to improve diversity in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- S.M. Russel is a third-year resident physician, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
| | - Taylor M Carter
- T.M. Carter is a fourth-year resident physician, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and a surgical education fellow, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah T Wright
- S.T. Wright is a librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura E Hirshfield
- L.E. Hirshfield is The Dr. Georges Bordage Medical Education Faculty Scholar and associate professor of medical education and sociology, Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-2994
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Russel SM. The Power of Sponsorship. Acad Med 2023; 98:760. [PMID: 36538703 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- Resident physician, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ; Twitter: @srussel10; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
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Abstract
Background: Anatomical variations influence nasal physiology, yet sex differences in physiology remains unclear. Objective: To investigate sex differences among Caucasians using computational fluid dynamics. Methods: Adult subjects were selected with normal nasal cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores ≤30. The CBCT images were used to create subject-specific airway models. Nasal surface area (SA) and volume were computed, and airflow and heat transfer were simulated. Results: The CBCT scans were taken from 23 females and 12 males. The SA and volume (males: mean = 25.0 cm3; females: mean = 19.5 cm3; p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 1.51) were significantly larger for males, but SA-to-volume ratio did not differ significantly. Although unilateral nasal resistance did not vary greatly, females had higher bilateral resistance (males: mean = 0.04 Pa.s/mL; females: mean = 0.05 Pa.s/mL; p = 0.044; Cohen's d = 0.37). Females had higher heat flux (males: mean = 158.5 W/m2; females: mean = 191.8 W/m2; p = 0.012; Cohen's d = 0.79), but males had larger SA where mucosal heat flux exceeds 50 W/m2. Conclusions: These findings suggest differences in normal nasal anatomy and physiology between Caucasian males and females, which may be useful when assessing sex-specific functional outcomes after nasal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis O. Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Geraghty JR, Russel SM, Renaldy H, Thompson TM, Hirshfield LE. One test to rule them all: A qualitative study of formal, informal, and hidden curricula as drivers of USMLE "exam mania". PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279911. [PMID: 36735699 PMCID: PMC9897523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-stakes examinations are an integral part of medical education. To practice in the United States (U.S.), students must pass the U.S. Medical Licensing Examinations (USMLE). With the transition of USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail scoring on January 26, 2022, a worldwide debate regarding how residency program directors will view the Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) exam emerged. Here, the authors explore the role of formal, informal, and hidden curricula related to USMLE, with broader implications for high-stakes examinations. Six focus groups of fourth-year students who recently took Step 2 CK and a supplemental curricular content analysis were conducted to explore students' decision-making and emotions regarding the exam, including how the formal, informal, and hidden curricula influence their perspectives. Participants highlighted how informal and hidden curricula drive the belief that high-stakes examinations are the single most important factor in medical school. Prior experience with Step 1 drives behaviors and attitudes when preparing for Step 2 CK. Pressures from these examinations have unintended consequences on burnout, professional identity, specialty choice, and interpersonal interactions. Both interpersonal interactions within medical education as well as subconscious, unintended messaging can influence medical student approaches to and perspectives about high-stakes examinations. Within the context of U.S. medical training, with the transition to a new era of a pass/fail Step 1 examination, careful consideration to prevent shifting the current "Step 1 mania" to a "Step 2 CK mania" is warranted. More broadly, medical educators must examine the unintended yet potentially damaging pressures institutions generate in their medical trainees in relation to high-stakes examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Geraghty
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah M. Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hilary Renaldy
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Trevonne M. Thompson
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Hirshfield
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Kaylan KB, Russel SM, Justice CN, Sheena MK, Hirshfield LE, Heiman HL, Curry RH. Applying the Lean Startup Method to Structure Project-Based, Student-Driven Curricular Enhancements. Teach Learn Med 2022; 34:434-443. [PMID: 34126826 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2021.1928501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Formal medical student engagement in curricular evaluation provides significant value through identification of opportunities for curricular change. Students provide diverse perspectives and have a unique vantage point, which allows them to see aspects of the curriculum that educators and administrators might not recognize. Current descriptions of student engagement are focused largely on collection, analysis, and presentation of summative feedback in the pre-clerkship curriculum. However, medical students could potentially contribute to curricular improvement in ways extending beyond post hoc curricular evaluation. Student teams focused on identification of specific needs and project-based implementation of solutions represent one means of doing so but require a structured, organizing method in order to succeed. INTERVENTION We describe a novel, project-based, student-driven medical education initiative, the Special Projects Team, which is focused on identifying opportunities for forward-looking curricular enhancements beyond single courses or rotations. We adapted and implemented the lean startup method, a model for project management, in order to address the need for organization and accountability in the Special Projects Team. Members of the Special Projects Team were recruited from the first- and second-year medical school classes in the 2018-2020 academic years and provided with training on the lean startup method. Team members selected and pursued projects according to the principles of lean startup method, reporting their progress to the chair of the Special Projects Team and other team members at monthly meetings with pre-defined structure. CONTEXT The Special Projects Team is part of the local Student Curricular Board at the Chicago campus of the University of Illinois College of Medicine. The Student Curricular Board is responsible for conducting curricular evaluation and improvement, operating under the local medical student council with financial support from the Office of Curricular Affairs. Direct supervision of the Special Projects Team is provided by a student chair, the executive board of the Student Curricular Board, and the curricular dean. IMPACT The projects initiated as part of the Special Projects Team covered a broad range of themes, including curricular evaluation, technology, and student experiences. Lean startup method contributed to sustained project success and frequent reassessment across the two years of our experience, with aggregate project success or continuation rate of 68.4% (13/19 projects). We further demonstrate how lean startup method increased productivity while providing structure and accountability for a student-led medical education team. LESSONS LEARNED Lean startup method can be used to structure student-driven, project-based curricular enhancements. This approach is broadly applicable to other medical schools with implementation requiring only a motivated student team, faculty advisor, and basic knowledge of the lean startup method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerim B Kaylan
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cody N Justice
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle K Sheena
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura E Hirshfield
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather L Heiman
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raymond H Curry
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Russel SM. Let me be perfectly queer: Improving sexual orientation and gender identity data collection. Med Educ 2022; 56:866. [PMID: 35609884 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Russel SM, Geraghty JR, Renaldy H, Thompson TM, Hirshfield LE. Training for Professional Uncertainty: Socialization of Medical Students Through the Residency Application Process. Acad Med 2021; 96:S144-S150. [PMID: 34348371 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uncertainty in medical decision making is a well-described phenomenon, and numerous scholars have acknowledged and illustrated the process of training medical students to grapple with this aspect of medical practice. While clinical uncertainty has been defined previously, medical trainees face additional forms of uncertainty beyond the clinical setting that have not, as yet, been investigated empirically. One area in which uncertainty can manifest outside of the clinical setting is during professional development. Medical students face substantial stress and ambiguity throughout their training, with the residency application period representing a culmination of these pressures. Here, the authors examined medical students' experiences during the residency application period and used these findings to define training for professional uncertainty. METHOD In 2018-2019, 6 focus groups of fourth-year medical students were conducted exploring students' experiences during the residency application period, including but not limited to Step 2 Clinical Knowledge, away rotations, and securing letters of recommendation. The authors then used constructivist, phenomenological methods to analyze participant responses. RESULTS Students frequently discussed challenges they faced during the residency application period. From these conversations, 2 themes were identified: (1) professional uncertainty related to career-based advice, which resulted from mixed messaging and inadequate information, and (2) professional uncertainty related to competing responsibilities, which students experienced when determining how to allocate a limited amount of time to multiple conflicting forces. CONCLUSIONS These results were used to define a novel concept-training for professional uncertainty. By navigating the residency application process, students learned to face various facets of professional uncertainty that they will continue to face throughout their careers. Since uncertainty can have many negative effects, including declining performance and burnout, defining professional uncertainty and training students to grapple with it is necessary to maximize their success throughout their careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- S.M. Russel is a second-year resident, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
| | - Joseph R Geraghty
- J.R. Geraghty is an MD-PhD student who has completed his PhD and returned to his third year of medical school, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-4893
| | - Hilary Renaldy
- H. Renaldy is a third-year resident, Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Trevonne M Thompson
- T.M. Thompson is associate dean for admissions and associate professor of emergency medicine and medical toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Previously, he was assistant dean for residency preparedness, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura E Hirshfield
- L.E. Hirshfield is associate professor of medical education and sociology, Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-2994
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Russel SM, Geraghty JR, Kobayashi KR, Patel S, Stringham R, Hyderi A, Curry RH. Evaluating Core Clerkships: Lessons Learned From Implementing a Student-Driven Feedback System for Clinical Curricula. Acad Med 2021; 96:232-235. [PMID: 33003032 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Medical schools have implemented various ways to engage students in improving medical curricula. These systems, however, usually focus on the preclerkship curriculum, perhaps because medical students move through this phase of medical education synchronously, making it easier to collect student input. In contrast, clerkship and postclerkship curricula often lack similar levels of student engagement in program evaluation. APPROACH To increase communication among students, faculty, and administration during the clinical years of medical education, the Student Curricular Board (SCB) at the University of Illinois College of Medicine's Chicago campus (UICOM-Chicago) developed a student-driven feedback model in 2016 that aimed to parallel the system previously implemented in the preclerkship years. Interested fourth-year students were selected by their peers to represent individual core clerkships, and they communicated regularly with clerkship directors about concerns from current clerkship students. Third-year students applied and were selected to represent their cohort of peers moving through clerkship tracks. Proposed changes and improvements were tracked via novel, student-driven SOAP-Education (SOAP-Ed) progress notes written throughout the academic year. OUTCOMES In response to a program evaluation survey conducted after implementation of this pilot, third-year students said they felt that their feedback was taken seriously by faculty and administration. Furthermore, student feedback led to meaningful changes in core clerkship curricula and in the system used to gather clerkship feedback. Clerkship directors expressed appreciation for this partnership, and students said they gained valuable leadership experience and knowledge of curricular development. NEXT STEPS Current SCB members and curricular leadership plan to assess student and faculty perceptions of this system and its efficacy and work toward expansion to all UICOM campuses. Lessons learned from this student-driven model of feedback in third-year core clerkships will likely add to the conversation on how to better engage medical students as active stakeholders in their own education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- S.M. Russel is a first-year resident, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
| | - Joseph R Geraghty
- J.R. Geraghty is a seventh-year MD-PhD student, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-4893
| | - Kenji R Kobayashi
- K.R. Kobayashi is a third-year resident, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Savan Patel
- S. Patel is a second-year resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Richard Stringham
- R. Stringham is assistant dean for curriculum and associate professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abbas Hyderi
- A. Hyderi is senior associate dean for medical education and professor of clinical science, Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, and adjunct associate professor, Department of Medical Education, and former associate dean of curriculum, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-7510
| | - Raymond H Curry
- R.H. Curry is senior associate dean for educational affairs, University of Illinois College of Medicine, and professor of medicine and medical education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3381-0125
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18
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Russel SM, Valle V, Spagni G, Hamilton S, Patel T, Abdukadyrov N, Dong Y, Gangemi A. Physiologic Mechanisms of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Remission Following Bariatric Surgery: a Meta-analysis and Clinical Implications. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24:728-741. [PMID: 31898109 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As obesity prevalence grows in the USA, metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly more common. Current theories propose that insulin resistance is responsible for the hypertension, dyslipidemia, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and low HDL that comprise metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery is one potential treatment, and its effects include permanently altering the patient's physiology and glucose regulation. Consequently, patients with T2DM who undergo bariatric surgery often experience tighter glucose control or remission of their T2DM altogether. This meta-analysis aims to explore the physiologic mechanisms underlying T2DM remission following bariatric surgery, which demonstrates effects that could lead to expansion of the NIH criteria for bariatric surgery candidates. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Two independent reviewers conducted title, abstract, and full text review of papers that met inclusion criteria. Papers that measured hormone levels before and after bariatric surgery were included in the meta-analysis. Weighted means and standard deviations were calculated for preoperative and postoperative GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin, and glucagon. RESULTS Total postprandial GLP-1 increased following bariatric surgery, which correlated with improvements in measures of glycemic control. Fasting GLP-1, fasting GIP, total postprandial GIP, total fasting ghrelin, and fasting glucagon all decreased, but all changes in hormones evaluated failed to reach statistical significance. Studies also demonstrated changes in hepatic and peripancreatic fat, inflammatory markers, miRNA, and gut microbiota following bariatric surgery. CONCLUSION While this meta-analysis sheds light on possible mechanisms, further studies are necessary to determine the dominant mechanism underlying remission of T2DM following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
| | - Valentina Valle
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Giuditta Spagni
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Takshaka Patel
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Nurlan Abdukadyrov
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Yushen Dong
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
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Nicoll CS, Mena F, Nichols CW, Green SH, Tai M, Russel SM. Analysis of suckling-induced changes in adenohypophyseal prolactin concentration in the lactating rat by three assay methods. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1976; 83:512-21. [PMID: 989994 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.0830512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Suckling-induced changes in adenohypophyseal prolactin (PRL) concentrations in lactating rats were measured in two experiments by three assays: a disc electrophoretic assay (DEA), a bioassay (BA) and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Substantial discrepancies among the three assays were found in the absolute amounts of pituitary PRL measured and in the changes in adenohypophyseal PRL concentration that were recorded between suckling intervals. The results indicate that in dynamic states of secretory activity the correspondence among BA, RIA and DEA estimates of pituitary PRL concentration is poor.
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