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McCarrick S, Delaval MN, Dauter UM, Krais AM, Snigireva A, Abera A, Broberg K, Eriksson AC, Isaxon C, Gliga AR. Toxicity of particles derived from combustion of Ethiopian traditional biomass fuels in human bronchial and macrophage-like cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1515-1532. [PMID: 38427118 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of traditional fuels in low-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, leads to extensive indoor particle exposure. Yet, the related health consequences in this context are understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of combustion-derived particles relevant for Sub-Saharan household environments. Particles (< 2.5 µm) were collected using a high-volume sampler during combustion of traditional Ethiopian biomass fuels: cow dung, eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus charcoal. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP, NIST 2975) served as reference particles. The highest levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in wood (3219 ng/mg), followed by dung (618 ng/mg), charcoal (136 ng/mg) and DEP (118 ng/mg) (GC-MS). BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions (1-150 µg/mL) for 24 h. All particles induced concentration-dependent genotoxicity (comet assay) but no pro-inflammatory cytokine release in epithelial cells, whereas dung and wood particles also induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Alamar Blue). Only wood particles induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophage-like cells, while dung particles were unique at increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). In summary, particles derived from combustion of less energy dense fuels like dung and wood had a higher PAH content and were more cytotoxic in epithelial cells. In addition, the least energy dense and cheapest fuel, dung, also induced pro-inflammatory effects in macrophage-like cells. These findings highlight the influence of fuel type on the toxic profile of the emitted particles and warrant further research to understand and mitigate health effects of indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mathilde N Delaval
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Dauter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Asmamaw Abera
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Carlander U. Modelled lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles in occupational scenarios: a comparison to doses used in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:969-985. [PMID: 35188583 PMCID: PMC8921161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translating particle dose from in vitro systems to relevant human exposure remains a major challenge for the use of in vitro studies in assessing occupational hazard and risk of particle exposure. This study aimed to model the lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles following occupational scenarios and subsequently compare the lung doses to those used in vitro. We reviewed published welding fume concentrations and size distributions to identify input values simulating real-life exposure scenarios in the multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The majority of the particles were reported to be below 0.1 μm and mass concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 45 mg/m3. Following 6-h exposure to 5 mg/m3 with a count median diameter of 50 nm, the tracheobronchial lung dose (0.89 µg/cm2) was found to exceed the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose (0.125 µg/cm2) previously assessed by us in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt). However, the tracheobronchial retention decreased rapidly when no exposure occurred, in contrast to the alveolar retention which builds-up over time and exceeded the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose after 1.5 working week. After 1 year, the tracheobronchial and alveolar retention was estimated to be 1.15 and 2.85 µg/cm2, respectively. Exposure to low-end aerosol concentrations resulted in alveolar retention comparable to cytotoxic in vitro dose in HBEC-3kt after 15-20 years of welding. This study demonstrates the potential of combining real-life exposure data with particle deposition modelling to improve the understanding of in vitro concentrations in the context of human occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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McCarrick S, Midander K, Krausová M, Carlander U, Karlsson HL. Gold Nanoparticles Dissolve Extracellularly in the Presence of Human Macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5895-5908. [PMID: 34475755 PMCID: PMC8405836 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the potential to be used in various biomedical applications, partly due to the inertness and stability of gold. Upon intravenous injection, the NPs interact with the mononuclear phagocyte system, first with monocytes in the blood and then with macrophages in tissue. The NP-macrophage interaction will likely affect the stability of the AuNPs, but this is seldom analyzed. This study aimed to elucidate the role of macrophages in the biodissolution of AuNPs and underlying mechanisms. METHODS With an in vitro dissolution assay, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantitatively compare the dissolution of 5 and 20 nm AuNPs coated with citrate or PEG in cell medium alone or in the presence of THP1-derived macrophages at 24 hours. In addition, we analyzed the cell dose, compared extra- and intracellular dissolution, and explored the possible role of reactive nitrogen species. RESULTS The results showed a higher cellular dose of the citrate-coated AuNPs, but dissolution was mainly evident for those sized 5 nm, irrespective of coating. The macrophages clearly assisted the dissolution, which was approximately fivefold higher in the presence of macrophages. The dissolution, however, appeared to take place mainly extracellularly. Acellular experiments demonstrated that peroxynitrite can initiate oxidation of gold, but a ligand is required to keep the gold ions in solution. CONCLUSION This study suggests extracellular dissolution of AuNPs in the presence of macrophages, likely with the contribution of the release of reactive nitrogen species, and provides new insight into the fate of AuNPs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Klara Midander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magdaléna Krausová
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
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4
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Hedberg YS, Wei Z, McCarrick S, Romanovski V, Theodore J, Westin EM, Wagner R, Persson KA, Karlsson HL, Odnevall Wallinder I. Welding fume nanoparticles from solid and flux-cored wires: Solubility, toxicity, and role of fluorides. J Hazard Mater 2021; 413:125273. [PMID: 33581669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume particles are hazardous. Their toxicity likely depends on their composition and reactivity. This study aimed at exploring the role of sodium or other fluorides (NaF), which are intentionally added to flux-cored wire electrodes for stainless steel welding, on the solubility (in phosphate buffered saline) and toxicity of the generated welding fume particles. A multi-analytical particle characterization approach along with in-vitro cell assays was undertaken. The release of Cr(VI) and Mn from the particles was tested as a function of fluoride solution concentration. The welding fume particles containing NaF released significantly higher amounts of Cr(VI) compared with solid wire reference fumes, which was associated with increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in-vitro. No crystalline Na or potassium (K) containing chromates were observed. Cr(VI) was incorporated in an amorphous mixed oxide. Solution-added fluorides did not increase the solubility of Cr(VI), but contributed to a reduced Mn release from both solid and flux-cored wire fume particles and the reduction of Cr(VI) release from solid wire fume particles. Chemical speciation modeling suggested that metal fluoride complexes were not formed. The presence of NaF in the welding electrodes did not have any direct, but possibly an indirect, role in the Cr(VI) solubility of welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada; Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 0J3, Canada.
| | - Z Wei
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Romanovski
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia; Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - J Theodore
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E M Westin
- voestalpine Böhler Welding Group GmbH, Böhler-Welding-Str. 1, 8605 Kapfenberg, Austria
| | - R Wagner
- Linde GmbH/UniBw Munich, Germany
| | | | - H L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kessler A, Hedberg J, McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Blomberg E, Odnevall I. Adsorption of Horseradish Peroxidase on Metallic Nanoparticles: Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Using 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin Diacetate. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1481-1495. [PMID: 33856197 PMCID: PMC8220500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) together with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is widely used in nanotoxicology to study acellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from nanoparticles (NPs). This study examined whether HRP adsorbs onto NPs of Mn, Ni, and Cu and if this surface process influences the extent of metal release and hence the ROS production measurements using the DCFH assay in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), saline, or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Adsorption of HRP was evident onto all NPs and conditions, except for Mn NPs in PBS. The presence of HRP resulted in an increased release of copper from the Cu NPs in PBS and reduced levels of nickel from the Ni NPs in saline. Both metal ions in solution and the adsorption of HRP onto the NPs can change the activity of HRP and thus influence the ROS results. The effect of HRP on the NP reactivity was shown to be solution chemistry dependent. Most notable was the evident affinity/adsorption of phosphate toward the metal NPs, followed by a reduced adsorption of HRP, the concomitant reduction in released manganese from the Mn NPs, and increased levels of released metals from the Cu NPs in PBS. Minor effects were observed for the Ni NPs. The solution pH should be monitored since the release of metals can change the solution pH and the activity of HRP is known to be pH-dependent. It is furthermore essential that solution pH adjustments are made following the addition of NaOH during diacetyl removal of DCFH-DA. Even though not observed for the given exposure conditions of this study, released metal ions could possibly induce agglomeration or partial denaturation of HRP, which in turn could result in steric hindrance for H2O2 to reach the active site of HRP. This study further emphasizes the influence of HRP on the background kinetics, its solution dependence, and effects on measured ROS signals. Different ways of correcting for the background are highlighted, as this can result in different interpretations of generated results. The results show that adsorption of HRP onto the metal NPs influenced the extent of metal release and may, depending on the investigated system, result in either under- or overestimated ROS signals if used together with the DCFH assay. HRP should hence be used with caution when measuring ROS in the presence of reactive metallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kessler
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah McCarrick
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE
Research Institute of Sweden, Division Bioeconomy
and Health, Material and Surface Design, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering
Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 169 27 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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McCarrick S, Cappellini F, Kessler A, Moelijker N, Derr R, Hedberg J, Wold S, Blomberg E, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hendriks G, Karlsson HL. ToxTracker Reporter Cell Lines as a Tool for Mechanism-Based (geno)Toxicity Screening of Nanoparticles-Metals, Oxides and Quantum Dots. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10010110. [PMID: 31935871 PMCID: PMC7023144 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of nanoparticles (NPs) requires efficient testing of their potential toxic effects. A promising approach is to use reporter cell lines to quickly assess the activation of cellular stress response pathways. This study aimed to use the ToxTracker reporter cell lines to investigate (geno)toxicity of various metal- or metal oxide NPs and draw general conclusions on NP-induced effects, in combination with our previous findings. The NPs tested in this study (n = 18) also included quantum dots (QDs) in different sizes. The results showed a large variation in cytotoxicity of the NPs tested. Furthermore, whereas many induced oxidative stress only few activated reporters related to DNA damage. NPs of manganese (Mn and Mn3O4) induced the most remarkable ToxTracker response with activation of reporters for oxidative stress, DNA damage, protein unfolding and p53-related stress. The QDs (CdTe) were highly toxic showing clearly size-dependent effects and calculations suggest surface area as the most relevant dose metric. Of all NPs investigated in this and previous studies the following induce the DNA damage reporter; CuO, Co, CoO, CdTe QDs, Mn, Mn3O4, V2O5, and welding NPs. We suggest that these NPs are of particular concern when considering genotoxicity induced by metal- and metal oxide NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Cappellini
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amanda Kessler
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonas Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Wold
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division Bioscience and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 111 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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7
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McCarrick S, Wei Z, Moelijker N, Derr R, Persson KA, Hendriks G, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y, Karlsson HL. High variability in toxicity of welding fume nanoparticles from stainless steel in lung cells and reporter cell lines: the role of particle reactivity and solubility. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1293-1309. [PMID: 31418618 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1650972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people in the world perform welding as their primary occupation resulting in exposure to metal-containing nanoparticles in the fumes generated. Even though health effects including airway diseases are well-known, there is currently a lack of studies investigating how different welding set-ups and conditions affect the toxicity of generated nanoparticles of the welding fume. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of nine types of welding fume particles generated via active gas shielded metal arc welding (GMAW) of chromium-containing stainless steel under different conditions and, furthermore, to correlate the toxicity to the particle characteristics. Toxicological endpoints investigated were generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and activation of ToxTracker reporter cell lines. The results clearly underline that the choice of filler material has a large influence on the toxic potential. Fume particles generated by welding with the tested flux-cored wire (FCW) were found to be more cytotoxic compared to particles generated by welding with solid wire or metal-cored wire (MCW). FCW fume particles were also the most potent in causing ROS and DNA damage and they furthermore activated reporters related to DNA double- strand breaks and p53 signaling. Interestingly, the FCW fume particles were the most soluble in PBS, releasing more chromium in the hexavalent form and manganese compared to the other fumes. These results emphasize the importance of solubility of different metal constituents of the fume particles, rather than the total metal content, for their acute toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Nanoparticle-induced genotoxicity can arise through different mechanisms, and generally, primary and secondary genotoxicity can be distinguished where the secondary is driven by an inflammatory response. It is, however, yet unclear how a secondary genotoxicity can be detected using in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammation and genotoxicity caused by agglomerated nickel (Ni) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and, furthermore, to explore the possibility to test secondary (inflammation-driven) genotoxicity in vitro. As a benchmark particle to compare with, we used crystalline silica (quartz). A proteome profiler antibody array was used to screen for changes in release of 105 different cytokines and the results showed an increased secretion of various cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) following exposure of macrophages (differentiated THP-1 cells). Both Ni and NiO caused DNA damage (comet assay) following exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) and interestingly conditioned media (CM) from exposed macrophages also resulted in DNA damage (2- and 3-fold increase for Ni and NiO, respectively). Similar results were also found when using a co-culture system of macrophages and epithelial cells. In conclusion, this study shows that it is possible to detect a secondary genotoxicity in lung epithelial cells by using in vitro methods based on conditioned media or co-cultures. Further investigation is needed in order to find out what factors that are causing this secondary genotoxicity and whether such effects are caused by numerous nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Åkerlund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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McCarrick S, Cunha V, Zapletal O, Vondráček J, Dreij K. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Pollut 2019; 246:678-687. [PMID: 30616058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a group of environmental pollutants found in complex mixtures together with PAHs. In contrast to the extensively studied PAHs, which have been established to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, much less is known about the effects of oxy-PAHs. The present work aimed to investigate the genotoxic potency of a set of environmentally relevant oxy-PAHs along with environmental soil samples in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). We found that all oxy-PAHs tested induced DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner and some of the oxy-PAHs further induced micronuclei formation. Our results showed weak effects in response to the oxy-PAH containing subfraction of the soil sample. The genotoxic potency was confirmed in both HBEC and HepG2 cells following exposure to oxy-PAHs by an increased level of phospho-Chk1, a biomarker used to estimate the carcinogenic potency of PAHs in vitro. We further exposed zebrafish embryos to single oxy-PAHs or a binary mixture with PAH benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and found the mixture to induce comparable or greater effects on the induction of DNA strand breaks compared to the sum of that induced by B[a]P and oxy-PAHs alone. In conclusion, oxy-PAHs were found to elicit genotoxic effects at similar or higher levels to that of B[a]P which indicates that oxy-PAHs may contribute significantly to the total carcinogenic potency of environmental PAH mixtures. This emphasizes further investigations of these compounds as well as the need to include oxy-PAHs in environmental monitoring programs in order to improve health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Zapletal
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Thörnqvist PO, McCarrick S, Ericsson M, Roman E, Winberg S. Bold zebrafish (Danio rerio) express higher levels of delta opioid and dopamine D2 receptors in the brain compared to shy fish. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:927-934. [PMID: 29935279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in coping with environmental challenges is a well-known phenomenon across vertebrates, including teleost fish. Dopamine is the major transmitter in the brain reward networks, and important for motivational processes and stress coping. Functions of the endogenous opioid system are not well studied in teleosts. However, in mammals the activity in the brain reward networks is regulated by the endogenous opioid system. This study aimed at investigating if there was a correlation between risk-taking behavior and the expression of dopamine and opioid receptors in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Risk-taking behavior was assessed in a novel tank diving test, and the most extreme high risk taking, i.e. bold, and low risk taking, i.e. shy, fish were sampled for qPCR analysis of whole brain gene expression. The expression analysis showed a significantly higher expression of the dopamine D2 receptors (drd2a and drd2b) and the delta opioid receptor (DOR; oprd1b) in bold compared to shy fish. Besides reward and reinforcing properties, DORs are also involved in emotional responses. Dopamine D2 receptors are believed to be important for active stress coping in rodents, and taken together the results of the current study suggest similar functions in zebrafish. However, additional experiments are required to clarify how dopamine and opioid receptor activation affect behavior and stress coping in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Ove Thörnqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sarah McCarrick
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Ericsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behavior Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svante Winberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology Unit, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Cappellini F, Hedberg Y, McCarrick S, Hedberg J, Derr R, Hendriks G, Odnevall Wallinder I, Karlsson HL. Mechanistic insight into reactivity and (geno)toxicity of well-characterized nanoparticles of cobalt metal and oxides. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:602-620. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1470694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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