1
|
Li MWT, Poon SWY, Cheung C, Wong CKC, Shing MMK, Chow TTW, Lee SLK, Pang GSW, Kwan EYW, Poon GWK, Yau HC, Tung JYL, Liu APY. Incidence and Predictors for Oncologic Etiologies in Chinese Children with Pituitary Stalk Thickening. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3935. [PMID: 37568752 PMCID: PMC10417368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of children with endocrine disorders, pituitary stalk thickening (PST) poses a clinical conundrum due to the potential for underlying neoplasms and challenges in obtaining a tissue biopsy. The existing literature suggests Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) to be the commonest (16%) oncologic cause for PST, followed by germ cell tumors (GCTs, 13%) (CCLG 2021). As the cancer epidemiology varies according to ethnicity, we present herein the incidence and predictors for oncologic etiologies in Hong Kong Chinese children with PST. METHODS Based on a territory-wide electronic database, we reviewed patients aged < 19 years who presented to three referral centers with endocrinopathies between 2010 and 2022. Records for patients who underwent at least one MRI brain/pituitary were examined (n = 1670): those with PST (stalk thickness ≥ 3 mm) were included, while patients with pre-existing cancer, other CNS and extra-CNS disease foci that were diagnostic of the underlying condition were excluded. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (M:F = 10:18) were identified. The median age at diagnosis of PST was 10.9 years (range: 3.8-16.5), with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) being the most frequent presenting endocrine disorders. At a median follow-up of 4.8 years, oncologic diagnoses were made in 14 patients (50%), including 13 GCTs (46%; germinoma = 11, non-germinoma = 2) and one LCH (4%). Among patients with GCTs, 10 were diagnosed based on histology, two by abnormal tumor markers and one by a combination of histology and tumor markers. Three patients with germinoma were initially misdiagnosed as hypophysitis/LCH. The cumulative incidence of oncologic diagnoses was significantly higher in boys and patients with PST at presentation ≥6.5 mm, CDI or ≥2 pituitary hormone deficiencies at presentation and evolving hypopituitarism (all p < 0.05 by log-rank). CONCLUSIONS A higher rate of GCTs was observed in Chinese children with endocrinopathy and isolated PST. The predictors identified in this study may guide healthcare providers in Asia in clinical decision making. Serial measurement of tumor markers is essential in management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario W. T. Li
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Sarah W. Y. Poon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia Cheung
- Department of Radiology, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris K. C. Wong
- Department of Radiology, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew M. K. Shing
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Terry T. W. Chow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Samantha L. K. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Gloria S. W. Pang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Elaine Y. W. Kwan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Grace W. K. Poon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho-Chung Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joanna Y. L. Tung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
| | - Anthony P. Y. Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, China; (M.W.T.L.); (S.L.K.L.); (J.Y.L.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pang GSW, Lee CY, Fu ACC, Tsang JWY, Yau KHC, Belaramani K, Wong LM, But BWM, Chow JCK, Wong SMY, Cheung PCH, Lo PWC, Ng KL, Tung JYL, Poon SWY, Chan KT, Chan AMK, Wong SWC, Tay MK, Chung YK, Lam YY, Kwan EYW. Review on the Screening of Urine Glucose in School Children and Adolescents With Obesity for Early Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Hong Kong. J Endocr Soc 2021. [PMCID: PMC8265888 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are growing health concerns. A ten-fold increase of T2DM was noted in the Hong Kong paediatric population from 1997 to 2007. T2DM is often asymptomatic at presentation, but complications can emerge rapidly, especially in youngsters. Experience in Japan, Korea and Taiwan suggests that urine glucose screening is a practical and non-invasive screening tool for identification of T2DM. The Hong Kong Student Health Service (SHS) offers yearly health checks for students and is a good platform for screening of T2DM since attendance rate is over 90% for primary school students and over 70% for secondary school students. Method: In 2005, SHS and the Hong Kong Paediatric Society formulated a protocol on urine glucose screening for early diagnosis of T2DM in students with obesity. Students between the ages of 10–18 years old with age- and sex- specific body mass index (BMI) >97th percentile were recruited. Those screened positive for glycosuria were referred to paediatric departments for workup under a standardized protocol, whilst those who screened positive for both glucose and ketones were referred to the emergency departments. Students enrolled from school year 2005–2006 to 2017–2018 were included. Demographic data, clinical presentation, investigatory results and co-morbidities were captured using a structured reply letter. Results: A total of 219,276 eligible students attended SHS in the years specified and 216,528 students (99%) completed urine glucose screening. 381 (0.18%) students were tested positive for urine glucose; 18 (4.7%) had concomitant urine ketones. In total 120 students had T2DM, 41 had pre-diabetes [impaired fasting glucose and /or impaired glucose tolerance] and 126 turned out normal. 43 students defaulted the referrals and 51 students had known diabetes. 21 students (17.5%) were started on insulin therapy upon diagnosis. A significant proportion of students with T2DM had co-morbidities including raised alanine amino-transferase (57%), hypercholesterolaemia (59%), and hypertension (13%). Five students (4.2%) had microalbuminuria at presentation. Of those with ketonuria, two students had serum glucose of over 20mmol/L and required fluid resuscitation ± insulin infusion in high dependency unit. Conclusion: Our pick up rate for T2DM from students with obesity aged 10–18 years using urine glucose is 0.05% (120/216,528). According to the Hong Kong Childhood Diabetes Registry, the crude incidence of T2DM for this age group was 6.16 /100,000/year over the study period, which equates to 506 new cases of T2DM. Thus 24% of the new T2DM cases were diagnosed by this program and many had associated co-morbidities at diagnosis. Our study shows that urine glucose testing is an inexpensive and simple test that allows for early diagnosis and treatment of T2DM in the primary care setting in this at risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwong Tat Chan
- Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, HKSAR, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ho ACH, Poon SWY, Tsang ACO. Reversible brain shrinkage secondary to infant salt toxicity. Neurology 2020; 94:1103-1104. [PMID: 32461281 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C H Ho
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.C.H.H., A.C.O.T.), and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (S.W.Y.P.), Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Sarah W Y Poon
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.C.H.H., A.C.O.T.), and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (S.W.Y.P.), Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Anderson C O Tsang
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery (A.C.H.H., A.C.O.T.), and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (S.W.Y.P.), Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|