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Weraduwage SM, Whitten D, Kulke M, Sahu A, Vermaas JV, Sharkey TD. The isoprene-responsive phosphoproteome provides new insights into the putative signalling pathways and novel roles of isoprene. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1099-1117. [PMID: 38038355 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Many plants, especially trees, emit isoprene in a highly light- and temperature-dependent manner. The advantages for plants that emit, if any, have been difficult to determine. Direct effects on membranes have been disproven. New insights have been obtained by RNA sequencing, proteomic and metabolomic studies. We determined the responses of the phosphoproteome to exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to isoprene in the gas phase for either 1 or 5 h. Isoprene effects that were not apparent from RNA sequencing and other methods but were apparent in the phosphoproteome include effects on chloroplast movement proteins and membrane remodelling proteins. Several receptor kinases were found to have altered phosphorylation levels. To test whether potential isoprene receptors could be identified, we used molecular dynamics simulations to test for proteins that might have strong binding to isoprene and, therefore might act as receptors. Although many Arabidopsis proteins were found to have slightly higher binding affinities than a reference set of Homo sapiens proteins, no specific receptor kinase was found to have a very high binding affinity. The changes in chloroplast movement, photosynthesis capacity and so forth, found in this work, are consistent with isoprene responses being especially useful in the upper canopy of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas Whitten
- Research Technology Support Facility-Proteomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Martin Kulke
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Abira Sahu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Sahu A, Mostofa MG, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate accumulation reveals MEP pathway regulation for high CO 2-induced suppression of isoprene emission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309536120. [PMID: 37782800 PMCID: PMC10576107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309536120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted by some plants and is the most abundant biogenic hydrocarbon entering the atmosphere. Multiple studies have elucidated protective roles of isoprene against several environmental stresses, including high temperature, excessive ozone, and herbivory attack. However, isoprene emission adversely affects atmospheric chemistry by contributing to ozone production and aerosol formation. Thus, understanding the regulation of isoprene emission in response to varying environmental conditions, for example, elevated CO2, is critical to comprehend how plants will respond to climate change. Isoprene emission decreases with increasing CO2 concentration; however, the underlying mechanism of this response is currently unknown. We demonstrated that high-CO2-mediated suppression of isoprene emission is independent of photosynthesis and light intensity, but it is reduced with increasing temperature. Furthermore, we measured methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway metabolites in poplar leaves harvested at ambient and high CO2 to identify why isoprene emission is reduced under high CO2. We found that hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate (HMBDP) was increased and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) decreased at high CO2. This implies that high CO2 impeded the conversion of HMBDP to DMADP, possibly through the inhibition of HMBDP reductase activity, resulting in reduced isoprene emission. We further demonstrated that although this phenomenon appears similar to abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stomatal regulation, it is unrelated as ABA treatment did not alter the effect of elevated CO2 on the suppression of isoprene emission. Thus, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of the MEP pathway and isoprene emission in the face of increasing CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abira Sahu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bishop’s University, SherbrookeJIE0L3, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing48824, MI
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3
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Kulke M, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD, Vermaas JV. Nanoscale simulation of the thylakoid membrane response to extreme temperatures. Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37212244 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane is in a temperature-sensitive equilibrium that shifts repeatedly during the life cycle in response to ambient temperature or solar irradiance. Plants respond to seasonal temperature variation by changing their thylakoid lipid composition, while a more rapid mechanism for short-term heat exposure is required. The emission of the small organic molecule isoprene has been postulated as one such possible rapid mechanism. The protective mechanism of isoprene is unknown, but some plants emit isoprene at high temperature. We investigate the dynamics and structure for lipids within a thylakoid membrane across temperatures and varied isoprene content using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The results are compared with experimental findings for temperature-dependent changes in the lipid composition and shape of thylakoids. The surface area, volume, and flexibility of the membrane, as well as the lipid diffusion, increase with temperature, while the membrane thickness decreases. Saturated thylakoid 34:3 glycolipids derived from eukaryotic synthesis pathways exhibit altered dynamics relative to lipids from prokaryotic synthesis paths, which could explain the upregulation of specific lipid synthesis pathways at different temperatures. Increasing isoprene concentration was not observed to have a significant thermoprotective effect on the thylakoid membranes, and that isoprene readily permeated the membrane models tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kulke
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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4
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Khana DB, Tatli M, Rivera Vazquez J, Weraduwage SM, Stern N, Hebert AS, Angelica Trujillo E, Stevenson DM, Coon JJ, Sharky TD, Amador-Noguez D. Systematic Analysis of Metabolic Bottlenecks in the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway of Zymomonas mobilis. mSystems 2023; 8:e0009223. [PMID: 36995223 PMCID: PMC10134818 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00092-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is an industrially relevant aerotolerant anaerobic bacterium that can convert up to 96% of consumed glucose to ethanol. This highly catabolic metabolism could be leveraged to produce isoprenoid-based bioproducts via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, but we currently have limited knowledge concerning the metabolic constraints of this pathway in Z. mobilis. Here, we performed an initial investigation of the metabolic bottlenecks within the MEP pathway of Z. mobilis using enzyme overexpression strains and quantitative metabolomics. Our analysis revealed that 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) represents the first enzymatic bottleneck in the Z. mobilis MEP pathway. DXS overexpression triggered large increases in the intracellular levels of the first five MEP pathway intermediates, of which the buildup in 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) was the most substantial. The combined overexpression of DXS, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBDP) synthase (IspG), and HMBDP reductase (IspH) mitigated the bottleneck at MEcDP and mobilized carbon to downstream MEP pathway intermediates, indicating that IspG and IspH activity become the primary pathway constraints during DXS overexpression. Finally, we overexpressed DXS with other native MEP enzymes and a heterologous isoprene synthase and showed that isoprene can be used as a carbon sink in the Z. mobilis MEP pathway. By revealing key bottlenecks within the MEP pathway of Z. mobilis, this study will aid future engineering efforts aimed at developing this bacterium for industrial isoprenoid production. IMPORTANCE Engineered microorganisms have the potential to convert renewable substrates into biofuels and valuable bioproducts, which offers an environmentally sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-derived products. Isoprenoids are a diverse class of biologically derived compounds that have commercial applications as various commodity chemicals, including biofuels and biofuel precursor molecules. Thus, isoprenoids represent a desirable target for large-scale microbial generation. However, our ability to engineer microbes for the industrial production of isoprenoid-derived bioproducts is limited by an incomplete understanding of the bottlenecks in the biosynthetic pathway responsible for isoprenoid precursor generation. In this study, we combined genetic engineering with quantitative analyses of metabolism to examine the capabilities and constraints of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in the industrially relevant microbe Zymomonas mobilis. Our integrated and systematic approach identified multiple enzymes whose overexpression in Z. mobilis results in an increased production of isoprenoid precursor molecules and mitigation of metabolic bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daven B Khana
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mehmet Tatli
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julio Rivera Vazquez
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Noah Stern
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edna Angelica Trujillo
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M Stevenson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharky
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Amador-Noguez
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Weraduwage SM, Sahu A, Kulke M, Vermaas JV, Sharkey TD. Characterization of promoter elements of isoprene-responsive genes and the ability of isoprene to bind START domain transcription factors. Plant Direct 2023; 7:e483. [PMID: 36742092 PMCID: PMC9889695 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene has recently been proposed to be a signaling molecule that can enhance tolerance of both biotic and abiotic stress. Not all plants make isoprene, but all plants tested to date respond to isoprene. We hypothesized that isoprene interacts with existing signaling pathways rather than requiring novel mechanisms for its effect on plants. We analyzed the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes and the corresponding transcription factors binding these promoter elements to obtain clues about the transcription factors and other proteins involved in isoprene signaling. Promoter regions of isoprene-responsive genes were characterized using the Arabidopsis cis-regulatory element database. CREs bind ARR1, Dof, DPBF, bHLH112, GATA factors, GT-1, MYB, and WRKY transcription factors, and light-responsive elements were overrepresented in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes; CBF-, HSF-, WUS-binding motifs were underrepresented. Transcription factors corresponding to CREs overrepresented in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes were mainly those important for stress responses: drought-, salt/osmotic-, oxidative-, herbivory/wounding and pathogen-stress. More than half of the isoprene-responsive genes contained at least one binding site for TFs of the class IV (homeodomain leucine zipper) HD-ZIP family, such as GL2, ATML1, PDF2, HDG11, ATHB17. While the HD-zipper-loop-zipper (ZLZ) domain binds to the L1 box of the promoter region, a special domain called the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer, or START domain, can bind ligands such as fatty acids (e.g., linolenic and linoleic acid). We tested whether isoprene might bind in such a START domain. Molecular simulations and modeling to test interactions between isoprene and a class IV HD-ZIP family START-domain-containing protein were carried out. Without membrane penetration by the HDG11 START domain, isoprene within the lipid bilayer was inaccessible to this domain, preventing protein interactions with membrane bound isoprene. The cross-talk between isoprene-mediated signaling and other growth regulator and stress signaling pathways, in terms of common CREs and transcription factors could enhance the stability of the isoprene emission trait when it evolves in a plant but so far it has not been possible to say what how isoprene is sensed to initiate signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Abira Sahu
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Martin Kulke
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Josh V. Vermaas
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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6
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Weraduwage SM, Frame MK, Sharkey TD. Role of guard cell- or mesophyll cell-localized phytochromes in stomatal responses to blue, red, and far-red light. Planta 2022; 256:55. [PMID: 35932433 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Guard cell- or mesophyll cell-localized phytochromes do not have a predominant direct light sensory role in red- or blue-light-mediated stomatal opening or far-red-light-mediated stomatal closure of Arabidopsis. The role of phytochromes in blue- and red-light-mediated stomatal opening, and far-red-light- mediated decrease in opening, is still under debate. It is not clear whether reduced stomatal opening in a phytochrome B (phyB) mutant line, is due to phytochrome acting as a direct photosensor or an indirect growth effect. The exact tissue localization of the phytochrome photoreceptor important for stomatal opening is also not known. We studied differences in stomatal opening in an Arabidopsis phyB mutant, and lines showing mesophyll cell-specific or guard cell-specific inactivation of phytochromes. Stomatal conductance (gs) of intact leaves was measured under red, blue, and blue + far-red light. Lines exhibiting guard cell-specific inactivation of phytochrome did not show a change in gs under blue or red light compared to Col-0. phyB consistently exhibited a reduction in gs under both blue and red light. Addition of far-red light did not have a significant impact on the blue- or red-light-mediated stomatal response. Treatment of leaves with DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), a photosynthetic electron transport (PET) inhibitor, eliminated the response to red light in all lines, indicating that stomatal opening under red light is controlled by PET, and not directly by phytochrome. Similar to previous studies, leaves of the phyB mutant line had fewer stomata. Overall, phytochrome does not appear have a predominant direct sensory role in stomatal opening under red or blue light. However, phytochromes likely have an indirect effect on the degree of stomatal opening under light through effects on leaf growth and stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biology/Biochemistry, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke Quebec, J1M OL3, Canada
| | - Melinda K Frame
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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7
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Bibik JD, Weraduwage SM, Banerjee A, Robertson K, Espinoza-Corral R, Sharkey TD, Lundquist PK, Hamberger BR. Pathway Engineering, Re-targeting, and Synthetic Scaffolding Improve the Production of Squalene in Plants. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2121-2133. [PMID: 35549088 PMCID: PMC9208017 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants are increasingly becoming an option for sustainable bioproduction of chemicals and complex molecules like terpenoids. The triterpene squalene has a variety of biotechnological uses and is the precursor to a diverse array of triterpenoids, but we currently lack a sustainable strategy to produce large quantities for industrial applications. Here, we further establish engineered plants as a platform for production of squalene through pathway re-targeting and membrane scaffolding. The squalene biosynthetic pathway, which natively resides in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, was re-targeted to plastids, where screening of diverse variants of enzymes at key steps improved squalene yields. The highest yielding enzymes were used to create biosynthetic scaffolds on co-engineered, cytosolic lipid droplets, resulting in squalene yields up to 0.58 mg/gFW or 318% higher than a cytosolic pathway without scaffolding during transient expression. These scaffolds were also re-targeted to plastids where they associated with membranes throughout, including the formation of plastoglobules or plastidial lipid droplets. Plastid scaffolding ameliorated the negative effects of squalene biosynthesis and showed up to 345% higher rates of photosynthesis than without scaffolding. This study establishes a platform for engineering the production of squalene in plants, providing the opportunity to expand future work into production of higher-value triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Bibik
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aparajita Banerjee
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ka’shawn Robertson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Roberto Espinoza-Corral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Peter K. Lundquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- The Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Björn R. Hamberger
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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8
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Weraduwage SM, Rasulov B, Sahu A, Niinemets Ü, Sharkey TD. Isoprene measurements to assess plant hydrocarbon emissions and the methylerythritol pathway. Methods Enzymol 2022; 676:211-237. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Neofotis P, Temple J, Tessmer OL, Bibik J, Norris N, Pollner E, Lucker B, Weraduwage SM, Withrow A, Sears B, Mogos G, Frame M, Hall D, Weissman J, Kramer DM. The induction of pyrenoid synthesis by hyperoxia and its implications for the natural diversity of photosynthetic responses in Chlamydomonas. eLife 2021; 10:67565. [PMID: 34936552 PMCID: PMC8694700 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In algae, it is well established that the pyrenoid, a component of the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), is essential for efficient photosynthesis at low CO2. However, the signal that triggers the formation of the pyrenoid has remained elusive. Here, we show that, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the pyrenoid is strongly induced by hyperoxia, even at high CO2 or bicarbonate levels. These results suggest that the pyrenoid can be induced by a common product of photosynthesis specific to low CO2 or hyperoxia. Consistent with this view, the photorespiratory by-product, H2O2, induced the pyrenoid, suggesting that it acts as a signal. Finally, we show evidence for linkages between genetic variations in hyperoxia tolerance, H2O2 signaling, and pyrenoid morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Neofotis
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Joshua Temple
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Oliver L Tessmer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jacob Bibik
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Nicole Norris
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Eric Pollner
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Ben Lucker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Alecia Withrow
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Barbara Sears
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Greg Mogos
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Melinda Frame
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - David Hall
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Joseph Weissman
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil, Annandale, United States
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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10
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Gonzalez-Esquer CR, Ferlez B, Weraduwage SM, Kirst H, Lantz AT, Turmo A, Sharkey TD, Kerfeld CA. Validation of an insertion-engineered isoprene synthase as a strategy to functionalize terpene synthases. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29997-30005. [PMID: 35480253 PMCID: PMC9041124 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpene synthases are biotechnologically-relevant enzymes with a variety of applications. However, they are typically poor catalysts and have been difficult to engineer. Structurally, most terpene synthases share two conserved domains (α- and β-domains). Some also contain a third domain containing a second active site (γ-domain). Based on the three-domain architecture, we hypothesized that αβ terpene synthases could be engineered by insertion of a heterologous domain at the site of the γ-domain (an approach we term “Insertion-engineering terpene synthase”; Ie-TS). We demonstrate that by mimicking the domain architecture of αβγ terpene synthases, we can redesign isoprene synthase (ISPS), an αβ terpene synthase, while preserving enzymatic activity. Insertion of GFP or a SpyCatcher domain within ISPS introduced new functionality while maintaining or increasing catalytic turnover. This insertion-engineering approach establishes that the γ-domain position is accessible for incorporation of additional sequence features and enables the rational engineering of terpene synthases for biotechnology. “Insertion-engineering” approach allows for the modification of αβ terpene synthases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Ferlez
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Henning Kirst
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra T. Lantz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aiko Turmo
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Lantz AT, Allman J, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Isoprene: New insights into the control of emission and mediation of stress tolerance by gene expression. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2808-2826. [PMID: 31350912 PMCID: PMC6788959 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a volatile compound produced in large amounts by some, but not all, plants by the enzyme isoprene synthase. Plants emit vast quantities of isoprene, with a net global output of 600 Tg per year, and typical emission rates from individual plants around 2% of net carbon assimilation. There is significant debate about whether global climate change resulting from increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will increase or decrease global isoprene emission in the future. We show evidence supporting predictions of increased isoprene emission in the future, but the effects could vary depending on the environment under consideration. For many years, isoprene was believed to have immediate, physical effects on plants such as changing membrane properties or quenching reactive oxygen species. Although observations sometimes supported these hypotheses, the effects were not always observed, and the reasons for the variability were not apparent. Although there may be some physical effects, recent studies show that isoprene has significant effects on gene expression, the proteome, and the metabolome of both emitting and nonemitting species. Consistent results are seen across species and specific treatment protocols. This review summarizes recent findings on the role and control of isoprene emission from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T. Lantz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Allman
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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12
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Li J, Weraduwage SM, Preiser AL, Tietz S, Weise SE, Strand DD, Froehlich JE, Kramer DM, Hu J, Sharkey TD. A Cytosolic Bypass and G6P Shunt in Plants Lacking Peroxisomal Hydroxypyruvate Reductase. Plant Physiol 2019; 180:783-792. [PMID: 30886114 PMCID: PMC6548278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by Rubisco is the first step in photorespiration and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants. Our recent data indicate that mutants in photorespiration have increased rates of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. We investigated mutant lines lacking peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase to determine if there are connections between 2-phosphoglycolate accumulation and cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that 2-phosphoglycolate is a competitive inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme in the Calvin-Benson cycle that converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This block in metabolism could be overcome if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is exported to the cytosol, where cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase could convert it to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. We found evidence that carbon is reimported as glucose-6-phosphate, forming a cytosolic bypass around the block of stromal triose phosphate isomerase. However, this also stimulates a glucose-6-phosphate shunt, which consumes ATP, which can be compensated by higher rates of cyclic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alyssa L Preiser
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Stefanie Tietz
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - John E Froehlich
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David M Kramer
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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13
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Zuo Z, Weraduwage SM, Lantz AT, Sanchez LM, Weise SE, Wang J, Childs KL, Sharkey TD. Isoprene Acts as a Signaling Molecule in Gene Networks Important for Stress Responses and Plant Growth. Plant Physiol 2019; 180:124-152. [PMID: 30760638 PMCID: PMC6501071 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene synthase converts dimethylallyl diphosphate to isoprene and appears to be necessary and sufficient to allow plants to emit isoprene at significant rates. Isoprene can protect plants from abiotic stress but is not produced naturally by all plants; for example, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) do not produce isoprene. It is typically present at very low concentrations, suggesting a role as a signaling molecule; however, its exact physiological role and mechanism of action are not fully understood. We transformed Arabidopsis with a Eucalyptus globulus isoprene synthase The regulatory mechanisms of photosynthesis and isoprene emission were similar to those of native emitters, indicating that regulation of isoprene emission is not specific to isoprene-emitting species. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were enhanced by isoprene, which also had a marked positive effect on hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf, and inflorescence growth in Arabidopsis. By contrast, leaf and stem growth was reduced in tobacco engineered to emit isoprene. Expression of genes belonging to signaling networks or associated with specific growth regulators (e.g. gibberellic acid that promotes growth and jasmonic acid that promotes defense) and genes that lead to stress tolerance was altered by isoprene emission. Isoprene likely executes its effects on growth and stress tolerance through direct regulation of gene expression. Enhancement of jasmonic acid-mediated defense signaling by isoprene may trigger a growth-defense tradeoff leading to variations in the growth response. Our data support a role for isoprene as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alexandra T Lantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Lydia M Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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14
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Soltani A, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD, Lowry DB. Elevated temperatures cause loss of seed set in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) potentially through the disruption of source-sink relationships. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:312. [PMID: 31014227 PMCID: PMC6480737 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change models predict more frequent incidents of heat stress worldwide. This trend will contribute to food insecurity, particularly for some of the most vulnerable regions, by limiting the productivity of crops. Despite its great importance, there is a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of variation in heat tolerance within plant species. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is relatively susceptible to heat stress, which is of concern given its critical role in global food security. Here, we evaluated three genotypes of P. vulgaris belonging to kidney market class under heat and control conditions. The Sacramento and NY-105 genotypes were previously reported to be heat tolerant, while Redhawk is heat susceptible. RESULTS We quantified several morpho-physiological traits for leaves and found that photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf area all increased under elevated temperatures. Leaf area expansion under heat stress was greatest for the most susceptible genotype, Redhawk. To understand gene regulatory responses among the genotypes, total RNA was extracted from the fourth trifoliate leaves for RNA-sequencing. Several genes involved in the protection of PSII (HSP21, ABA4, and LHCB4.3) exhibited increased expression under heat stress, indicating the importance of photoprotection of PSII. Furthermore, expression of the gene SUT2 was reduced in heat. SUT2 is involved in the phloem loading of sucrose and its distal translocation to sinks. We also detected an almost four-fold reduction in the concentration of free hexoses in heat-treated beans. This reduction was more drastic in the susceptible genotype. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggests that while moderate heat stress does not negatively affect photosynthesis, it likely interrupts intricate source-sink relationships. These results collectively suggest a physiological mechanism for why pollen fertility and seed set are negatively impacted by elevated temperatures. Identifying the physiological and transcriptome dynamics of bean genotypes in response to heat stress will likely facilitate the development of varieties that can better tolerate a future of elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soltani
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | | | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - David B. Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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15
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Ren T, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Prospects for enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity by manipulating mesophyll cell morphology. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1153-1165. [PMID: 30590670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are beautifully specialized organs designed to maximize the use of light and CO2 for photosynthesis. Engineering leaf anatomy therefore holds great potential to enhance photosynthetic capacity. Here we review the effect of the dominant leaf anatomical traits on leaf photosynthesis and confirm that a high chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular airspace per unit leaf area (Sc) is critical for efficient photosynthesis. The possibility of improving Sc through appropriately increasing mesophyll cell density is further analyzed. The potential influences of modifying mesophyll cell morphology on CO2 diffusion, light distribution within the leaf, and other physiological processes are also discussed. Some potential target genes regulating leaf mesophyll cell proliferation and expansion are explored. Indeed, more comprehensive research is needed to understand how manipulating mesophyll cell morphology through editing the potential target genes impacts leaf photosynthetic capacity and related physiological processes. This will pinpoint the targets for engineering leaf anatomy to maximize photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Resiience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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16
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Campos ML, Yoshida Y, Major IT, de Oliveira Ferreira D, Weraduwage SM, Froehlich JE, Johnson BF, Kramer DM, Jander G, Sharkey TD, Howe GA. Rewiring of jasmonate and phytochrome B signalling uncouples plant growth-defense tradeoffs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12570. [PMID: 27573094 PMCID: PMC5155487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants resist infection and herbivory with innate immune responses that are often associated with reduced growth. Despite the importance of growth-defense tradeoffs in shaping plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems, the molecular mechanisms that link growth and immunity are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that growth-defense tradeoffs mediated by the hormone jasmonate are uncoupled in an Arabidopsis mutant (jazQ phyB) lacking a quintet of Jasmonate ZIM-domain transcriptional repressors and the photoreceptor phyB. Analysis of epistatic interactions between jazQ and phyB reveal that growth inhibition associated with enhanced anti-insect resistance is likely not caused by diversion of photoassimilates from growth to defense but rather by a conserved transcriptional network that is hardwired to attenuate growth upon activation of jasmonate signalling. The ability to unlock growth-defense tradeoffs through relief of transcription repression provides an approach to assemble functional plant traits in new and potentially useful ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L. Campos
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Ian T. Major
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - John E. Froehlich
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Brendan F. Johnson
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - David M. Kramer
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Gregg A. Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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17
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M Weraduwage S, Kim SJ, Renna L, C Anozie F, D Sharkey T, Brandizzi F. Pectin Methylesterification Impacts the Relationship between Photosynthesis and Plant Growth. Plant Physiol 2016; 171:833-48. [PMID: 27208234 PMCID: PMC4902601 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells of specialized organs such as leaves. The rigid cell wall encapsulating photosynthetic cells controls the expansion and distribution of cells within photosynthetic tissues. The relationship between photosynthesis and plant growth is affected by leaf area. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms affecting carbon partitioning to different aspects of leaf growth are not known. To fill this gap, we analyzed Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of pectin methylesterification, which is known to modulate cell wall plasticity and plant growth. Pectin methylesterification levels were varied through manipulation of cotton Golgi-related (CGR) 2 or 3 genes encoding two functionally redundant pectin methyltransferases. Increased levels of methylesterification in a line over-expressing CGR2 (CGR2OX) resulted in highly expanded leaves with enhanced intercellular air spaces; reduced methylesterification in a mutant lacking both CGR-genes 2 and 3 (cgr2/3) resulted in thin but dense leaf mesophyll that limited CO2 diffusion to chloroplasts. Leaf, root, and plant dry weight were enhanced in CGR2OX but decreased in cgr2/3. Differences in growth between wild type and the CGR-mutants can be explained by carbon partitioning but not by variations in area-based photosynthesis. Therefore, photosynthesis drives growth through alterations in carbon partitioning to new leaf area growth and leaf mass per unit leaf area; however, CGR-mediated pectin methylesterification acts as a primary factor in this relationship through modulation of the expansion and positioning of the cells in leaves, which in turn drive carbon partitioning by generating dynamic carbon demands in leaf area growth and leaf mass per unit leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Luciana Renna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Fransisca C Anozie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.M.W., F.C.A., T.D.S.); Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (S.-J.K., L.R., F.B.); Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (S.-J.K., F.B.); and Department of Plant Biology (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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18
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Weraduwage SM, Micallef MC, Marillia EF, Taylor DC, Grodzinski B, Micallef BJ. Increased mtPDH Activity Through Antisense Inhibition of Mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Enhances Inflorescence Initiation, and Inflorescence Growth and Harvest Index at Elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 26904065 PMCID: PMC4751281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (mtPDH) is a key respiratory enzyme that links glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and it is negatively regulated by mtPDH kinase (mtPDHK). Arabidopsis lines carrying either a constitutive or seed-specific antisense construct for mtPDHK were used to test the hypothesis that alteration of mtPDH activity in a tissue- and dosage-dependent manner will enhance reproductive growth particularly at elevated CO2 (EC) through a combined enhancement of source and sink activities. Constitutive transgenic lines showed increased mtPDH activity in rosette leaves at ambient CO2 (AC) and EC, and in immature seeds at EC. Seed-specific transgenic lines showed enhanced mtPDH activity in immature seeds. A strong relationship existed between seed mtPDH activity and inflorescence initiation at AC, and at EC inflorescence stem growth, silique number and seed harvest index were strongly related to seed mtPDH activity. Leaf photosynthetic rates showed an increase in rosette leaves of transgenic lines at AC and EC that correlated with enhanced inflorescence initiation. Collectively, the data show that mtPDHK plays a key role in regulating sink and source activities in Arabidopsis particularly during the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry J. Micallef
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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19
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Weraduwage SM, Chen J, Anozie FC, Morales A, Weise SE, Sharkey TD. The relationship between leaf area growth and biomass accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:167. [PMID: 25914696 PMCID: PMC4391269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf area growth determines the light interception capacity of a crop and is often used as a surrogate for plant growth in high-throughput phenotyping systems. The relationship between leaf area growth and growth in terms of mass will depend on how carbon is partitioned among new leaf area, leaf mass, root mass, reproduction, and respiration. A model of leaf area growth in terms of photosynthetic rate and carbon partitioning to different plant organs was developed and tested with Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh. ecotype Columbia (Col-0) and a mutant line, gigantea-2 (gi-2), which develops very large rosettes. Data obtained from growth analysis and gas exchange measurements was used to train a genetic programming algorithm to parameterize and test the above model. The relationship between leaf area and plant biomass was found to be non-linear and variable depending on carbon partitioning. The model output was sensitive to the rate of photosynthesis but more sensitive to the amount of carbon partitioned to growing thicker leaves. The large rosette size of gi-2 relative to that of Col-0 resulted from relatively small differences in partitioning to new leaf area vs. leaf thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fransisca C. Anozie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alejandro Morales
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sean E. Weise
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
- *Correspondence: Thomas D. Sharkey, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd., 201 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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