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Sahbaz S, Cox RB, Montero-Zamora P, Salas-Wright CP, Maldonado-Molina MM, Bates MM, Pérez-Gómez A, Mejía-Trujillo J, Vos SR, Scaramutti C, Perazzo PA, Duque M, Garcia MF, Brown EC, Schwartz SJ. Measuring Anxiety Among Latino Immigrant Populations: Within-Country and Between-Country Comparisons. Assessment 2024:10731911231223715. [PMID: 38217446 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231223715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety is the most prevalent mental health disorder among adults worldwide. Given its increased prevalence among migrants due to their marginalized position in the societies where they reside, psychometric evaluations of anxiety measures such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) are needed for use with migrants. The present study is the first attempt to compare the structure of GAD-7 scores for (a) different Latino groups in the same country and (b) the same Latino group in two different countries. Using three samples of Mexican and Venezuelan migrants (total N = 933), we provide reliability and validity evidence of the GAD-7 for use with adult Latino migrants. Utilizing confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory, we demonstrate that the GAD-7 is internally consistent, possesses a strong single-factor structure, and generates scores with equivalent psychometric properties. GAD-7 is appropriate for use with Mexican and Venezuelan migrants across differing gender groups and education levels.
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Ertanir B, Cobb CL, Unger JB, Celada-Dalton T, West AE, Zeledon I, Perazzo PA, Cano MÁ, Des Rosiers SE, Duque MC, Ozer S, Cruz N, Scaramutti C, Vos SR, Salas-Wright CP, Maldonado-Molina MM, Nehme L, Martinez CR, Zayas LH, Schwartz SJ. Crisis Migration Adverse Childhood Events: A New Category of Youth Adversity for Crisis Migrant Children and Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1871-1882. [PMID: 36626084 PMCID: PMC10661744 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-01016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present article proposes an extension of the concept of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to apply to crisis migration - where youth and families are fleeing armed conflicts, natural disasters, community violence, government repression, and other large-scale emergencies. We propose that adverse events occurring prior to, during, and following migration can be classified as crisis-migration-related ACEs, and that the developmental logic underlying ACEs can be extended to the new class of crisis-migration-related ACEs. Specifically, greater numbers, severity, and chronicity of crisis-migration-related ACEs would be expected to predict greater impairments in mental and physical health, poorer interpersonal relationships, and less job stability later on. We propose a research agenda centered around definitional clarity, rigorous measurement development, prospective longitudinal studies to establish predictive validity, and collaborations among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Ertanir
- School of Education, Institute Research and Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | - Amy E West
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ingrid Zeledon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | | | - Maria C Duque
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | | | - Natalie Cruz
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Saskia R Vos
- University of Miami (Florida), Miami, United States
| | | | | | - Lea Nehme
- Florida International University, Miami, United States
| | | | - Luis H Zayas
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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3
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Vos SR, Salas-Wright CP, Espinosa G, Scaramutti C, Lee TK, Duque M, Schwartz SJ. Perceived discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder among Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and the United States: The moderating effect of gender. Psychol Trauma 2023; 15:1076-1084. [PMID: 35549381 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to examine the association between perceived discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes among recently arrived Venezuelan parents in Florida and Colombia. The secondary aim was to determine whether, given the existence of an association between perceived discrimination and PTSD, this association may have been moderated by gender or by country of relocation. This is the first study to examine perceived discrimination and PTSD in Venezuelan migrants. METHOD In October 2017, 647 Venezuelan migrant parents (62% female, average age 33) participated in an online survey in the United States (primarily Florida) and Colombia (Bogotá). The survey was cross-sectional and assessed mental health outcomes, perceived discrimination, and participant demographics. RESULTS There was a significant positive association between discrimination and PTSD outcomes when controlling for age, college completion, marital status, and recency of arrival (β = .25, p < .001). Further, this relationship was moderated by gender, with the relationships of discrimination with PTSD symptom severity (β = .26, p < .001) and likelihood of a positive PTSD screen (OR = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [1.04, 1.09], p < .001) both reaching significance for women but not for men. CONCLUSIONS Perceived discrimination is an important factor when considering mental health outcomes among Venezuelans in the United States and in Colombia. Further, our findings suggest the presence of gender differences in the relationship between discrimination and PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Vos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | | | | | - Carolina Scaramutti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami
| | - Maria Duque
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin
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Elizarov E, Konshina T, Benish-Weisman M, Lee TK, Van Ryzin M, Vos SR, Schwartz SJ. Family functioning, well-being, and mental health among new immigrant families. J Fam Psychol 2023; 37:806-817. [PMID: 37104761 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify latent profiles of adolescent-reported and parent-reported family functioning, as well as their links with adolescent and parent well-being and mental health, among recent immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel. A sample of 160 parent-adolescent dyads completed measures of parent-adolescent communication, parental involvement, positive parenting, family conflict, self-esteem, optimism, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Results indicated four latent profiles-Low Family Functioning, Moderate Family Functioning, High Family Functioning, and High Parent/Low Adolescent Family Functioning (i.e., discrepant reports of family functioning). Adolescent depressive symptoms and anxiety were highest in the discrepant profile and lowest in the High Family Function profile; adolescent self-esteem and optimism were highest in the High Family Function profile and lowest in the Low Family Function profile; and parent depressive symptoms and anxiety were highest in the Low Family Function profile and lowest in the High Family Function profile. Parent self-esteem and optimism did not differ significantly across profiles. These results are discussed in terms of cultural and developmental contexts of adolescence and parenting within immigrant families, in terms of family systems theory, and in terms of the need for clinical services among families with discrepant reports of family functioning between parents and adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Elizarov
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa
| | - Tatiana Konshina
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Maya Benish-Weisman
- Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- Department of Child Psychology and Education, Sungkyunkwan University
| | | | - Saskia R Vos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin
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Shrader CH, Westrick A, Vos SR, Perrino T, Kanamori MJ, Ter-Ghazaryan D, Stoler J. Sociodemographic Correlates of Affordable Community Behavioral Health Treatment Facility Availability in Florida: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Behav Health Serv Res 2023; 50:348-364. [PMID: 36599990 PMCID: PMC9812544 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-022-09828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral health disorders such as mental disorders (MD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are epidemics in the US; however, the availability of treatment and prevention services remains low. This study assessed neighborhood-level sociodemographic attributes to characterize the availability of behavioral health treatment facilities in Florida. The American Community Survey and SAMHSA's Behavioral Health Treatment Locator were used to identify behavioral health treatment facilities in Florida and calculate their density by census tract. Spatial lag regression models were used to assess census tract-level correlates of facility density for 390 MD treatment facilities, 518 SUD facilities, and subsets of affordable MD and SUD facilities. Behavioral health treatment facility density was negatively associated with rurality and positively associated with the proportion of non-Latino Black, Latino, insured, and college-educated populations. Stark rural-urban disparities in behavioral health treatment availability present opportunities to prioritize telehealth and mobile interventions and improve treatment utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Hee Shrader
- Mailman School of Public Health, ICAP at Columbia University, Columbia University, 722 West 168Th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ashly Westrick
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Saskia R Vos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tatiana Perrino
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Mariano J Kanamori
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Diana Ter-Ghazaryan
- GIS Center, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Justin Stoler
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of Miami, 1300 Campo Sano Ave., Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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Montero-Zamora P, Vos SR, Unger JB, Zeledon I, Lee R, Soto DW, Brown EC, Duque M, Garcia MF, Scaramutti C, Ertanir B, Schwartz SJ. Perceived Negative Political Climate Among Hispanic/Latino Adolescents Before and After the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election: Associations with Internalizing Symptoms and Substance Use. Int J Intercult Relat 2023; 94:101790. [PMID: 37091741 PMCID: PMC10121197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The political climate often changes following the installment of a new president. This volatility presents opportunities for examining how elections might affect vulnerable subgroups such as Hispanic/Latino (HL) adolescents. The present study explored the perception of negative political climate among HL adolescents before and after the 2020 U.S. presidential election and its association with internalizing symptoms and substance use. We conducted the study in Los Angeles and Miami between 2020-2021, with a sample of 304 HL adolescents (Females = 60.8%), aged 15.3 years on average. Participants completed measures of negative political climate (pre- post-election) and measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety, substance misuse, and substance use intentions after the election. We used paired tests and linear mixed-effects modeling to explore changes in perceived negative climate before and after the election. Structural equation modeling was used to determine predictors of negative political climate and its associations with internalizing symptoms and substance use. Results indicated that following the election negative political climate increased significantly in Miami and among Cuban-origin adolescents but not in Los Angeles or among Mexican-origin adolescents. Pre-election perceived negative political climate was significantly predicted by gender, study site, and mother's nativity. Pre-election negative political climate predicted post-election internalizing symptoms and substance use intentions indirectly through post-election negative political climate. HL youth's perceived political climate is a complex construct that might vary across different sociopolitical contexts and populational sub-groups. Exploring variations in politically-based cultural stressors and their role as mental health and substance use risk factors is crucial to addressing HL disparities. KEY WORDS: Adolescence, Hispanic/Latino, political climate, presidential election, internalizing symptoms, substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Montero-Zamora
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Bellmont Hall, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Saskia R. Vos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120, NW 14 Street, Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | - Ingrid Zeledon
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles CA 90033 USA
| | - Daniel W. Soto
- Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Verna & Peter Dauterive Hall, Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Eric C. Brown
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120, NW 14 Street, Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Maria Duque
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Bellmont Hall, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Garcia
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, 5202 University Drive, Coral Gables FL 33124 USA
| | - Carolina Scaramutti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120, NW 14 Street, Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Beyhan Ertanir
- School of Education, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Bellmont Hall, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd., Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Montero-Zamora P, Salas-Wright CP, Maldonado-Molina MM, Brown EC, Vos SR, Garcia MF, Scaramutti C, Rodriguez J, Bates MM, Schwartz SJ. Hurricane stress, cultural stress, and mental health among hurricane Maria migrants in the U.S. mainland. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2023; 93:211-224. [PMID: 36802364 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hurricane Maria (2017) caused great damage to Puerto Rico, undermining people's quality of life and forcing thousands to migrate to the U.S. mainland. Identifying individuals at elevated risk of suffering mental health problems as a function of being exposed to hurricane and cultural stress is crucial to reducing the burden of such health outcomes. The present study was conducted in 2020-2021 (3-4 years postdisaster) with 319 adult Hurricane Maria survivors on the U.S. mainland. We aimed to (a) identify latent stress subgroups, as defined by hurricane stress and cultural stress, and (b) map these latent stress subgroups or classes onto sociodemographic characteristics and mental health indicators (i.e., symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety). We used latent profile analysis and multinomial regression modeling to accomplish the study aims. We extracted four latent classes: (a) low hurricane stress/low cultural stress (44.7%), (b) low hurricane stress/moderate cultural stress (38.7%), (c) high hurricane stress/moderate cultural stress (6.3%), and (d) moderate hurricane stress/high cultural stress (10.4%). Individuals in the low hurricane stress/low cultural stress class reported the highest household incomes and levels of English-language proficiency. The moderate hurricane stress/high cultural stress class reported the worst mental health outcomes. While postmigration cultural stress, as a chronic stressor, emerged as the most important predictor of poor mental health, hurricane stress, as an acute stressor that occurred several years earlier, emerged as less influential. Our findings might be used to inform mental health prevention experts who work with natural disaster survivors forced to migrate. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric C Brown
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami
| | - Saskia R Vos
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami
| | | | | | | | - Melissa M Bates
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida
| | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin
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8
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Schwartz SJ, Waterman AS, Cobb CL, Cano MÁ, Scaramutti C, Meca A, Ozer S, Ward C, Puente-Durán S, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Unger JB, Duque MC, Vos SR, Zeledon I, Garcia MF, Martinez CR. Cultural stress, daily well-being, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Hispanic college students. J Couns Psychol 2022; 69:416-429. [PMID: 35129997 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the extent to which, in a sample of 873 Hispanic college students, daily levels of, and variability in, well-being would mediate the predictive effects of culturally related stressors (discrimination, negative context of reception, and bicultural stress) on internalizing and externalizing symptoms 11 days later. A 12-day daily diary design was utilized, where reports of cultural stressors were gathered on Day 1, daily well-being reports were gathered on Days 2-11, and outcomes were measured on Day 12 (with controls for Day 1 levels of these same outcomes). Structural equation modeling results indicated that daily means of, and variability in, well-being significantly mediated the predictive effect of Day 1 ethnic/racial discrimination, negative context of reception, and bicultural stress on Day 12 symptoms of anxiety and depression. No effects emerged for externalizing symptoms. When we decomposed the latent well-being variability construct into its component indicators (self-esteem, life satisfaction, psychological well-being/self-acceptance, and eudaimonic well-being), daily variability in life satisfaction and self-acceptance appeared to be primarily responsible for the mediated predictive effects we observed. These results are discussed in terms of implications for further research, for counseling practice, and for the development of more inclusive university practices and policies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cory L Cobb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies
| | | | | | | | - Simon Ozer
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
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9
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Vos SR, Clark‐Ginsberg A, Puente‐Duran S, Salas‐Wright CP, Duque MC, Herrera IC, Maldonado‐Molina MM, Castillo MN, Lee TK, Garcia MF, Fernandez CA, Hanson M, Scaramutti C, Schwartz SJ. The family crisis migration stress framework: A framework to understand the mental health effects of crisis migration on children and families caused by disasters. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:41-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cad.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R. Vos
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria C. Duque
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Ivonne Calderón Herrera
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | | | - Melissa N. Castillo
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Garcia
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Cristina A. Fernandez
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Marissa Hanson
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Carolina Scaramutti
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Departments of Kinesiology, Health Education, and Educational Psychology, College of Education University of Texas at Austin Texas USA
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Vos SR, Shrader CH, Alvarez VC, Meca A, Unger JB, Brown EC, Zeledon I, Soto D, Schwartz SJ. Cultural Stress in the Age of Mass Xenophobia: Perspectives from Latin/o Adolescents. Int J Intercult Relat 2021; 80:217-230. [PMID: 33456095 PMCID: PMC7806182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the last four years, xenophobic rhetoric directed toward Latino immigrants in U.S. media outlets and political forums has greatly increased. Using a general inductive approach, this qualitative study examined the forms of cultural stress, with a focus on discrimination and xenophobia, experienced by Latino adolescents in urban U.S. settings in 2018 and 2019. Six focus groups were conducted in Miami and Los Angeles (three groups per city) with first- and second-generation tenth-grade Latino students (n = 34). The following four themes emerged from the data: perceived discrimination from other Latino subgroups (in-group discrimination), perceived discrimination from non-Latino groups (out-group discrimination), internalization of stressors and discrimination experienced by participants' parents, and the current U.S. political rhetoric surrounding immigration. Understanding cultural stress among Latino adolescents provides valuable insight for future interventions to offset negative health outcomes associated with cultural stress.
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