1
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Suetsugu K, Nishigaki H, Fukushima S, Ishitani E, Kakishima S, Sueyoshi M. Thread-like appendix on Arisaema urashima (Araceae) attracts fungus gnat pollinators. Ecology 2022; 103:e3782. [PMID: 35757913 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fukushima
- Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 1887-1, Haniya, Sanbu, Chiba, 289-1223, Japan
| | - Eiji Ishitani
- Chiba Prefectural Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 1887-1, Haniya, Sanbu, Chiba, 289-1223, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden National Museum of Nature and Science Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research National Museum of Nature and Science Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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3
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Ishida A, Nakamura T, Saiki ST, Yoshimura J, Kakishima S. Evolutionary loss of thermal acclimation accompanied by periodic monocarpic mass flowering in Strobilanthes flexicaulis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14273. [PMID: 34253817 PMCID: PMC8275617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While life history, physiology and molecular phylogeny in plants have been widely studied, understanding how physiology changes with the evolution of life history change remains largely unknown. In two closely related understory Strobilanthes plants, the molecular phylogeny has previously shown that the monocarpic 6-year masting S. flexicaulis have evolved from a polycarpic perennial, represented by the basal clade S. tashiroi. The polycarpic S. tashiroi exhibited seasonal thermal acclimation with increased leaf respiratory and photosynthetic metabolism in winter, whereas the monocarpic S. flexicaulis showed no thermal acclimation. The monocarpic S. flexicaulis required rapid height growth after germination under high intraspecific competition, and the respiration and N allocation were biased toward nonphotosynthetic tissues. By contrast, in the long-lived polycarpic S. tashiroi, these allocations were biased toward photosynthetic tissues. The life-history differences between the monocarpic S. flexicaulis and the polycarpic S. tashiroi are represented by the “height growth” and “assimilation” paradigms, respectively, which are controlled by different patterns of respiration and nitrogen regulation in leaves. The obtained data indicate that the monocarpic S. flexicaulis with the evolutionary loss of thermal acclimation may exhibit increased vulnerability to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Shin-Taro Saiki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.,The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, National Museum of Nature and Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.
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4
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Suetsugu K, Sato R, Kakishima S, Okuyama Y, Sueyoshi M. The sterile appendix of two sympatric Arisaema species lures each specific pollinator into deadly trap flowers. Ecology 2021; 102:e03242. [PMID: 33190280 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Rikuo Sato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sueyoshi
- Center for Biodiversity, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
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5
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Okuyama Y, Goto N, Nagano AJ, Yasugi M, Kokubugata G, Kudoh H, Qi Z, Ito T, Kakishima S, Sugawara T. Radiation history of Asian Asarum (sect. Heterotropa, Aristolochiaceae) resolved using a phylogenomic approach based on double-digested RAD-seq data. Ann Bot 2020; 126:245-260. [PMID: 32285123 PMCID: PMC7380484 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genus Asarum sect. Heterotropa (Aristolochiaceae) probably experienced rapid diversification into 62 species centred on the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan, providing an ideal model for studying island adaptive radiation. However, resolving the phylogeny of this plant group using Sanger sequencing-based approaches has been challenging. To uncover the radiation history of Heterotropa, we employed a phylogenomic approach using double-digested RAD-seq (ddRAD-seq) to yield a sufficient number of phylogenetic signals and compared its utility with that of the Sanger sequencing-based approach. METHODS We first compared the performance of phylogenetic analysis based on the plastid matK and trnL-F regions and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and phylogenomic analysis based on ddRAD-seq using a reduced set of the plant materials (83 plant accessions consisting of 50 species, one subspecies and six varieties). We also conducted more thorough phylogenomic analyses including the reconstruction of biogeographic history using comprehensive samples of 135 plant accessions consisting of 54 species, one subspecies, nine varieties of Heterotropa and six outgroup species. KEY RESULTS Phylogenomic analyses of Heterotropa based on ddRAD-seq were superior to Sanger sequencing-based approaches and resulted in a fully resolved phylogenetic tree with strong support for 72.0-84.8 % (depending on the tree reconstruction methods) of the branches. We clarified the history of Heterotropa radiation and found that A. forbesii, the only deciduous Heterotropa species native to mainland China, is sister to the evergreen species (core Heterotropa) mostly distributed across the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan. CONCLUSIONS The core Heterotropa group was divided into nine subclades, each of which had a narrow geographic distribution. Moreover, most estimated dispersal events (22 out of 24) were between adjacent areas, indicating that the range expansion has been geographically restricted throughout the radiation history. The findings enhance our understanding of the remarkable diversification of plant lineages in the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Okuyama
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- For correspondence: E-mail
| | - Nana Goto
- The Nature Conservation Society of Japan (NACS-J), Tokyo, Japan
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Life Sciences, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Goro Kokubugata
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Zhechen Qi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Takuro Ito
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugawara
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Kakishima S, Liang Y, Ito T, Yang TYA, Lu P, Okuyama Y, Hasebe M, Murata J, Yoshimura J. Evolutionary origin of a periodical mass-flowering plant. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4373-4381. [PMID: 31031912 PMCID: PMC6476870 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of periodical mass-flowering plants (shortly periodical plants), exhibiting periodical mass flowering and death immediately after flowering, has not been demonstrated. Within the genus Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae), which includes more than 50 periodical species, Strobilanthes flexicaulis on Okinawa Island, Japan, flowers gregariously every 6 years. We investigated the life history of S. flexicaulis in other regions and that of closely related species together with their molecular phylogeny to reveal the evolutionary origin of periodical mass flowering. S. flexicaulis on Taiwan Island was found to be a polycarpic perennial with no mass flowering and, in the Yaeyama Islands, Japan, a monocarpic perennial with no mass flowering. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that a polycarpic perennial was the ancestral state in this whole group including S. flexicaulis and the closely related species. No distinctive genetic differentiation was found in S. flexicaulis among all three life histories (polycarpic perennial, monocarpic perennial, and periodical plant). These results suggest that among S. flexicaulis, the periodical mass flowering on Okinawa Island had evolved from the polycarpic perennial on Taiwan Island via the monocarpic perennial in the Yaeyama Islands. Thus, the evolution of life histories could have taken at the level of local populations within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Department of BotanyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaJapan
| | - Yi‐shuo Liang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Takuro Ito
- Department of BotanyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Tsung-Yu Aleck Yang
- Department of Biology, TNM HerbariumNational Museum of Natural ScienceTaichungTaiwan, ROC
- Department of Life ScienceNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Pei‐Luen Lu
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taitung UniversityTaitungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yudai Okuyama
- Department of BotanyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTsukubaJapan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- School of Life ScienceThe Graduate University for Advanced StudiesMyodaijiJapan
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyNational Institute for Basic BiologyMyodaijiJapan
| | - Jin Murata
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyShizuoka UniversityHamamatsuJapan
- Department of Environmental and Forest BiologyState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestryNew YorkNew York
- Marine Biosystems Research CenterChiba UniversityChibaJapan
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7
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Fujisawa T, Koyama T, Kakishima S, Cooley JR, Simon C, Yoshimura J, Sota T. Triplicate parallel life cycle divergence despite gene flow in periodical cicadas. Commun Biol 2018; 1:26. [PMID: 30271912 PMCID: PMC6123741 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodical cicadas comprise three species groups containing three pairs of 13- and 17-year life cycle species showing parallel divergence, along with a more anciently diverged 13-year species (Magicicda tredecim). The mechanism and genetic basis of this parallel divergence is unknown. Here we use orthologous transcriptome sequences to explore the demographic processes and genomic evolution associated with parallel life cycle divergence. The three 13- and 17-year species pairs have similar demographic histories, and the two life cycles diverged 200,000-100,000 years ago. Interestingly, these life cycle differences have been maintained despite substantial gene flow between 13- and 17-year species within species groups, which is possible during co-emergences. Sequence divergence between 13- and 17-year species in each species group (excluding M. tredecim) is minimal, and we find no shared divergent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or loci associated with all instances of life cycle divergence. The two life cycles may be controlled by highly limited genomic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomochika Fujisawa
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takuya Koyama
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561 Japan
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 305-0005 Japan
| | - John R. Cooley
- College of Integrative Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268-3043 USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268-3043 USA
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561 Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502 Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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8
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Koyama T, Ito H, Fujisawa T, Ikeda H, Kakishima S, Cooley JR, Simon C, Yoshimura J, Sota T. Genomic divergence and lack of introgressive hybridization between two 13-year periodical cicadas support life cycle switching in the face of climate change. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:5543-5556. [PMID: 27661077 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Life history evolution spurred by post-Pleistocene climatic change is hypothesized to be responsible for the present diversity in periodical cicadas (Magicicada), but the mechanism of life cycle change has been controversial. To understand the divergence process of 13-year and 17-year cicada life cycles, we studied genetic relationships between two synchronously emerging, parapatric 13-year periodical cicada species in the Decim group, Magicicada tredecim and M. neotredecim. The latter was hypothesized to be of hybrid origin or to have switched from a 17-year cycle via developmental plasticity. Phylogenetic analysis using restriction-site-associated DNA sequences for all Decim species and broods revealed that the 13-year M. tredecim lineage is genomically distinct from 17-year Magicicada septendecim but that 13-year M. neotredecim is not. We detected no significant introgression between M. tredecim and M. neotredecim/M. septendecim thus refuting the hypothesis that M. neotredecim are products of hybridization between M. tredecim and M. septendecim. Further, we found that introgressive hybridization is very rare or absent in the contact zone between the two 13-year species evidenced by segregation patterns in single nucleotide polymorphisms, mitochondrial lineage identity and head width and abdominal sternite colour phenotypes. Our study demonstrates that the two 13-year Decim species are of independent origin and nearly completely reproductively isolated. Combining our data with increasing observations of occasional life cycle change in part of a cohort (e.g. 4-year acceleration of emergence in 17-year species), we suggest a pivotal role for developmental plasticity in Magicicada life cycle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Koyama
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tomochika Fujisawa
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - John R Cooley
- College of Integrative Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06268-3043, USA
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.,Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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9
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Kitamura K, Kakishima S, Uehara T, Morita S, Tainaka KI, Yoshimura J. The Effects of Rainfall on the Population Dynamics of an Endangered Aquatic Plant, Schoenoplectus gemmifer (Cyperaceae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157773. [PMID: 27327439 PMCID: PMC4915625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conservation of aquatic plants in river ecosystems should consider the wash-out (away) problem resulting from severe rainfall. The aquatic plant Schoenoplectus gemmifer is an endangered species endemic to Japan. Our previous study reported that the population size of S. gemmifer in Hamamatsu city, Japan, had decreased by one-tenth because many individuals had been washed out by a series of heavy rains in 2004. However, there is insufficient information on the ecological nature of this endangered aquatic plant for adequate conservation. In this paper, we report the population dynamics of one population in Hamamatsu city from 2004 to 2012 in relation to rainfall. We surveyed the number and growing location of all living individuals in the population 300 times during the study period. To examine the temporal changes of individual plants, we also counted the number of culms for 38 individuals in four observations among 300 records. Decreases and increases in the population size of this plant were associated with washing out and the settlement of gemmae (vegetative propagation), respectively. The major cause of the reduction in the population size was an increase in the number of washed-out individuals and not the decreased settlement of gemmae. The wash-out rates for small and large individuals were not significantly different. Small individuals having a stream form with linear leaves resisted flooding, and large individuals were often partially torn off by flooding events. Modification of river basins to reduce the flow velocity may be effective for the conservation of S. gemmifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Kitamura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Tainaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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10
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Rabajante JF, Tubay JM, Ito H, Uehara T, Kakishima S, Morita S, Yoshimura J, Ebert D. Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501548. [PMID: 26973878 PMCID: PMC4783124 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between hosts and parasites have been hypothesized to cause winnerless coevolution, called Red Queen dynamics. The canonical Red Queen dynamics assume that all interacting genotypes of hosts and parasites undergo cyclic changes in abundance through negative frequency-dependent selection, which means that any genotype could become frequent at some stage. However, this prediction cannot explain why many rare genotypes stay rare in natural host-parasite systems. To investigate this, we build a mathematical model involving multihost and multiparasite genotypes. In a deterministic and controlled environment, Red Queen dynamics occur between two genotypes undergoing cyclic dominance changes, whereas the rest of the genotypes remain subordinate for long periods of time in phase-locked synchronized dynamics with low amplitude. However, introduction of stochastic noise in the model might allow the subordinate cyclic host and parasite types to replace dominant cyclic types as new players in the Red Queen dynamics. The factors that influence such evolutionary switching are interhost competition, specificity of parasitism, and degree of stochastic noise. Our model can explain, for the first time, the persistence of rare, hardly cycling genotypes in populations (for example, marine microbial communities) undergoing host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomar F. Rabajante
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Jerrold M. Tubay
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Preschool Education, Nagoya College, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland
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11
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Tubay JM, Suzuki K, Uehara T, Kakishima S, Ito H, Ishida A, Yoshida K, Mori S, Rabajante JF, Morita S, Yokozawa M, Yoshimura J. Microhabitat locality allows multi-species coexistence in terrestrial plant communities. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15376. [PMID: 26483077 PMCID: PMC4613359 DOI: 10.1038/srep15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most terrestrial plant communities exhibit relatively high species diversity and many competitive species are ubiquitous. Many theoretical studies have been carried out to investigate the coexistence of a few competitive species and in most cases they suggest competitive exclusion. Theoretical studies have revealed that coexistence of even three or four species can be extremely difficult. It has been suggested that the coexistence of many species has been achieved by the fine differences in suitable microhabitats for each species, attributing to niche-separation. So far there is no explicit demonstration of such a coexistence in mathematical and simulation studies. Here we built a simple lattice Lotka-Volterra model of competition by incorporating the minute differences of suitable microhabitats for many species. By applying the site variations in species-specific settlement rates of a seedling, we achieved the coexistence of more than 10 species. This result indicates that competition between many species is avoided by the spatial variations in species-specific microhabitats. Our results demonstrate that coexistence of many species becomes possible by the minute differences in microhabitats. This mechanism should be applicable to many vegetation types, such as temperate forests and grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M. Tubay
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Preschool Education, Nagoya College, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshida
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeta Mori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Jomar F. Rabajante
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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12
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Kakishima S, Morita S, Yoshida K, Ishida A, Hayashi S, Asami T, Ito H, Miller DG, Uehara T, Mori S, Hasegawa E, Matsuura K, Kasuya E, Yoshimura J. The contribution of seed dispersers to tree species diversity in tropical rainforests. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150330. [PMID: 26587246 PMCID: PMC4632518 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropical rainforests are known for their extreme biodiversity, posing a challenging problem in tropical ecology. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diversity of tree species, yet our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete. Here, we consider the contribution of animal seed dispersers to the species diversity of trees. We built a multi-layer lattice model of trees whose animal seed dispersers are allowed to move only in restricted areas to disperse the tree seeds. We incorporated the effects of seed dispersers in the traditional theory of allopatric speciation on a geological time scale. We modified the lattice model to explicitly examine the coexistence of new tree species and the resulting high biodiversity. The results indicate that both the coexistence and diversified evolution of tree species can be explained by the introduction of animal seed dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshida
- Biodiversity Conservation Planning Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Saki Hayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Donald G. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Shigeta Mori
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Eisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eiiti Kasuya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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13
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Ito H, Kakishima S, Uehara T, Morita S, Koyama T, Sota T, Cooley JR, Yoshimura J. Evolution of periodicity in periodical cicadas. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14094. [PMID: 26365061 PMCID: PMC4568538 DOI: 10.1038/srep14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) in the USA are famous for their unique prime-numbered life cycles of 13 and 17 years and their nearly perfectly synchronized mass emergences. Because almost all known species of cicada are non-periodical, periodicity is assumed to be a derived state. A leading hypothesis for the evolution of periodicity in Magicicada implicates the decline in average temperature during glacial periods. During the evolution of periodicity, the determinant of maturation in ancestral cicadas is hypothesized to have switched from size dependence to time (period) dependence. The selection for the prime-numbered cycles should have taken place only after the fixation of periodicity. Here, we build an individual-based model of cicadas under conditions of climatic cooling to explore the fixation of periodicity. In our model, under cold environments, extremely long juvenile stages lead to extremely low adult densities, limiting mating opportunities and favouring the evolution of synchronized emergence. Our results indicate that these changes, which were triggered by glacial cooling, could have led to the fixation of periodicity in the non-periodical ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Nagoya College, Toyoake, Aichi Pref., 470-1193, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takuya Koyama
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - John R Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268-3043, USA
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan.,Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.,Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
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14
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Koyama T, Ito H, Kakishima S, Yoshimura J, Cooley JR, Simon C, Sota T. Geographic body size variation in the periodical cicadas Magicicada
: implications for life cycle divergence and local adaptation. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1270-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Koyama
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - H. Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - S. Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - J. Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Shizuoka University; Hamamatsu Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology; College of Environmental Science and Forestry; State University of New York; Syracuse NY USA
- Marine Biosystems Research Center; Chiba University; Uchiura Kamogawa Chiba Japan
| | - J. R. Cooley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT USA
| | - C. Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT USA
| | - T. Sota
- Department of Zoology; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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15
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Asanuma H, Kakishima S, Ito H, Kobayashi K, Hasegawa E, Asami T, Matsuura K, Roff DA, Yoshimura J. Evolutionary optimality in sex differences of longevity and athletic performances. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5425. [PMID: 24958071 PMCID: PMC4067624 DOI: 10.1038/srep05425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many sexual differences are known in human and animals. It is well known that females are superior in longevity, while males in athletic performances. Even though some sexual differences are attributed to the evolutionary tradeoff between survival and reproduction, the aforementioned sex differences are difficult to explain by this tradeoff. Here we show that the evolutionary tradeoff occurs among three components: (1) viability, (2) competitive ability and (3) reproductive effort. The sexual differences in longevity and athletic performances are attributed to the tradeoff between viability (survival) and competitive ability that belongs to the physical makeup of an individual, but not related to the tradeoff between survival and reproduction. This provides a new perspective on sex differences in human and animals: females are superior in longevity and disease recovery, while males are superior in athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Asanuma
- 1] Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2]
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- 1] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2]
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eisuke Hasegawa
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Derek A Roff
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- 1] Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [3] Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan [4] Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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16
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Tubay JM, Ito H, Uehara T, Kakishima S, Morita S, Togashi T, Tainaka KI, Niraula MP, Casareto BE, Suzuki Y, Yoshimura J. The paradox of enrichment in phytoplankton by induced competitive interactions. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2835. [PMID: 24089056 PMCID: PMC3789149 DOI: 10.1038/srep02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity loss of phytoplankton with eutrophication has been reported in many aquatic ecosystems, e.g., water pollution and red tides. This phenomenon seems similar, but different from the paradox of enrichment via trophic interactions, e.g., predator-prey systems. We here propose the paradox of enrichment by induced competitive interactions using multiple contact process (a lattice Lotka-Volterra competition model). Simulation results demonstrate how eutrophication invokes more competitions in a competitive ecosystem resulting in the loss of phytoplankton diversity in ecological time. The paradox is enhanced under local interactions, indicating that the limited dispersal of phytoplankton reduces interspecific competition greatly. Thus, the paradox of enrichment appears when eutrophication destroys an ecosystem either by elevated interspecific competition within a trophic level and/or destabilization by trophic interactions. Unless eutrophication due to human activities is ceased, the world's aquatic ecosystems will be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M. Tubay
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakishima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Tainaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Mohan P. Niraula
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Beatriz E. Casareto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
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17
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Kakishima S, Terajima Y, Murata J, Tsukaya H. Infrared thermography and odour composition of the Amorphophallus gigas (Araceae) inflorescence: the cooling effect of the odorous liquid. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2011; 13:502-507. [PMID: 21489101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During the second blooming of a cultivated Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm and Binnend in the Botanical Gardens of the University of Tokyo, the surface temperature of the inflorescence was measured using an infrared camera. Contrary to studies of other species in the genus Amorphophallus, the surface of the inflorescence showed only very faint thermogenesis and had a lower temperature than that of the background. This cooling effect appeared to be due to a loss of heat through evaporation, which was caused by the secretion of a very large amount of odorous liquid. Chemical analysis revealed that the major components of this liquid were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acids. The composition of the odorous liquid was slightly different between the spathe surface and the sterile appendix. The major component(s) of the odorous material from the spathe was butyric acid, and from the sterile appendix was valeric acids. These components would play dual roles of adding the characteristic smell to the inflorescence and cooling the inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kakishima
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Tsukaya H, Kakishima S, Hidayat A, Murata J, Okada H. Flowering phenology of the nine-year plant, Strobilanthes cernua (Acanthaceae). Tropics 2011. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.20.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Ohba R, Kakishima S, Ito S. Water tank studies of plume rise and diffusion in a stably stratified layer under calm conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02514789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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