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Meili CH, TagElDein MA, Jones AL, Moon CD, Andrews C, Kirk MR, Janssen PH, J. Yeoman C, Grace S, Borgogna JLC, Foote AP, Nagy YI, Kashef MT, Yassin AS, Elshahed MS, Youssef NH. Diversity and community structure of anaerobic gut fungi in the rumen of wild and domesticated herbivores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0149223. [PMID: 38299813 PMCID: PMC10880628 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01492-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The rumen houses a diverse community that plays a major role in the digestion process in ruminants. Anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) are key contributors to plant digestion in the rumen. Here, we present a global amplicon-based survey of the rumen AGF mycobiome by examining 206 samples from 15 animal species, 15 countries, and 6 continents. The rumen AGF mycobiome was highly diverse, with 81 out of 88 currently recognized AGF genera or candidate genera identified. However, only six genera (Neocallimastix, Orpinomyces, Caecomyces, Cyllamyces, NY9, and Piromyces) were present at >4% relative abundance. AGF diversity was higher in members of the families Antilocapridae and Cervidae compared to Bovidae. Community structure analysis identified a pattern of phylosymbiosis, where host family (10% of total variance) and species (13.5%) partially explained the rumen mycobiome composition. As well, diet composition (9%-19%), domestication (11.14%), and biogeography (14.1%) also partially explained AGF community structure; although sampling limitation, geographic range restrictions, and direct association between different factors hindered accurate elucidation of the relative contribution of each factor. Pairwise comparison of rumen and fecal samples obtained from the same subject (n = 13) demonstrated greater diversity and inter-sample variability in rumen versus fecal samples. The genera Neocallimastix and Orpinomyces were present in higher abundance in rumen samples, while Cyllamyces and Caecomyces were enriched in fecal samples. Comparative analysis of global rumen and feces data sets revealed a similar pattern. Our results provide a global view of AGF community in the rumen and identify patterns of AGF variability between rumen and feces in herbivores Gastrointestinal (GI) tract.IMPORTANCERuminants are highly successful and economically important mammalian suborder. Ruminants are herbivores that digest plant material with the aid of microorganisms residing in their GI tract. In ruminants, the rumen compartment represents the most important location where microbially mediated plant digestion occurs, and is known to house a bewildering array of microbial diversity. An important component of the rumen microbiome is the anaerobic gut fungi (AGF), members of the phylum Neocallimastigomycota. So far, studies examining AGF diversity have mostly employed fecal samples, and little is currently known regarding the identity of AGF residing in the rumen compartment, factors that impact the observed patterns of diversity and community structure of AGF in the rumen, and how AGF communities in the rumen compare to AGF communities in feces. Here, we examined the rumen AGF diversity using an amplicon-based survey targeting a wide range of wild and domesticated ruminants (n = 206, 15 different animal species) obtained from 15 different countries. Our results demonstrate that while highly diverse, no new AGF genera were identified in the rumen mycobiome samples examined. Our analysis also indicate that animal host phylogeny, diet, biogeography, and domestication status could play a role in shaping AGF community structure. Finally, we demonstrate that a greater level of diversity and higher inter-sample variability was observed in rumen compared to fecal samples, with two genera (Neocallimastix and Orpinomyces) present in higher abundance in rumen samples, and two others (Cyllamyces and Caecomyces) enriched in fecal samples. Our results provide a global view of the identity, diversity, and community structure of AGF in ruminants, elucidate factors impacting diversity and community structure of the rumen mycobiome, and identify patterns of AGF community variability between the rumen and feces in the herbivorous GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey H. Meili
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Moustafa A. TagElDein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adrienne L. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christina D. Moon
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Andrews
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R. Kirk
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter H. Janssen
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Savannah Grace
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | | | - Andrew P. Foote
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yosra I. Nagy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona T. Kashef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aymen S. Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa S. Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Noha H. Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Pakrad F, Ahmadi F, Grace S, Oshvandi K, Kazemnejad A. Traditional versus extended hybrid cardiac rehabilitation based on the continuous care model for coronary artery bypass surgery patients in a middle-income country: an embedded mixed method. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac056.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a proven method to reduce the risk of disease, but unfortunately in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), it is either unavailable or done in small quantities.
Purpose
To compare traditional (1-month supervised) vs hybrid cardiac rehabilitation (CR; usual care) with an additional 3 months offered remotely based on the continuous care model (intervention) in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).
Methods
The embedded method has been used for the conduction of this study in two phases. The first phase of the study was carried out using a randomised clinical trial. Of 107 eligible patients who were referred to CR during the period of study, 82.2% (N=88) were enrolled (target sample size). Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 (concealed; 44 per parallel arm). After CR, participants were given a mobile application and communicated biweekly with the nurse from months 1-4 to control risk factors. Quality of life (QOL, Short Form-36, primary outcome); functional capacity (treadmill test); and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale were evaluated pre-CR, after 1 month, and 3 months after CR (end of intervention), as well as re-hospitalisation. In the second phase, a qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method. 17 patients from the intervention group and 3 members of their families were interviewed.
Results
The results of the quantitative stage showed the analysis of variance interaction effects for the physical and mental component summary scores of QOL were <.001, favoring intervention (per protocol); there were also significant increases from pre-CR to 1 month, and from 1 month to the final assessment in the intervention arm (P<.001), with change in the control arm only to 1 month. The effect sizes were 0.115 and 0.248, respectively. Similarly, the interaction effect for functional capacity was significant (P<.001), with a clinically significant 1.5 metabolic equivalent of task increase in the intervention arm. There were trends for group effects for the psychosocial indicators, with paired t tests revealing significant increases in each at both assessment points in the intervention arm. At 4 months, there were 4 (10.3%) re-hospitalisations in the control arm and none in intervention (P=.049). Intended theoretical mechanisms were also affected by the intervention. From the analysis of qualitative data, 20 subcategories, 6 categories, and three themes, including promotion and continuity of self-care, self-efficacy enhancement, belief, and lifestyle modification were extracted. Finally, qualitative findings supported quantitative findings.
Conclusions
Extending CR in this accessible manner, rendering it more comprehensive was effective in improving outcomes. Therefore, using the CCM can greatly reduce the gap due to cardiac rehabilitation in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pakrad
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - F Ahmadi
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - S Grace
- York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - K Oshvandi
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - A Kazemnejad
- Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
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Mastronardo C, Muddle LS, Grace S, Engel RM, Fazalbhoy A. Digital health technologies for osteopaths and allied healthcare service providers: A scoping review. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2021; 41:37-44. [PMID: 36032806 PMCID: PMC9391923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Digital health technologies are poised to revolutionise the healthcare industry by improving accessibility to services and patient outcomes. The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges for the delivery of allied healthcare and has catalysed rapid adoption of telehealth. As such, allied healthcare consumers and providers stand to benefit from the capabilities of the digital health movement, ultimately justifying a scoping review of current and emerging technologies. Objective To provide decision makers with up-to-date information on the allied health applications of new and emerging digital health technologies; their evidence of efficacy, scope of use, and limitations. Methods A scoping review of the literature was conducted, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. To synthesise original research, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases were searched from 2010 to June 2020 and reference lists were examined for randomised control trials analysing the efficacy of these technologies in allied health applications. Results A total of 14 articles were included with a focus on common musculoskeletal conditions managed by allied health service providers. Studies were selected for data extraction after abstract and full-text screening by three independent reviewers. The results of this review indicate that telehealth technology effectively monitors and progresses patient care, while mobile health applications provide remote support and enable data collection. Conclusion Emerging trends suggest that digital technologies serve as promising adjuncts to allied healthcare. Further research is warranted regarding the safety and efficacy of digital health technologies in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mastronardo
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - L S Muddle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - S Grace
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - R M Engel
- Department of Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - A Fazalbhoy
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
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Carnes D, Bright P, Brownhill K, Carroll K, Engel R, Grace S, Vogel S, Vaucher P. Crying Unsettled and disTressed Infants Effectiveness Study of osteopathic care (CUTIES trial): Pragmatic randomised superiority trial protocol. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Santiago de Araujo Pio C, Beckie T, Varnfield M, Sarrafzadegan N, Babu A, Baidya S, Buckley J, Chen S, Gagliardi A, Heine M, Khiong JS, Mola A, Radi B, Pola MS, Trani MR, Abreu A, Sawdon J, Moffatt P, Grace S. PROMOTING PATIENT UTILIZATION OF OUTPATIENT CARDIAC REHABILITATION: A JOINT INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL AND CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION POSITION STATEMENT. Can J Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.07.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Thomas E, Grace S, Boyle D, Henley-Smith S, Gallagher R, Neubeck L, Cox N, Manski-Nankervis J, O’Neil A. Feasibility of Utilising an Electronic Data Scraping Tool to Develop a Cardiac Rehabilitation Registry. Heart Lung Circ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.06.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Beilharz F, Castle DJ, Grace S, Rossell SL. A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in body dysmorphic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:16-36. [PMID: 28190269 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have explored abnormal visual processing, yet it is unclear how this relates to treatment. The aim of this study was to summarize our current understanding of visual processing in BDD and review associated treatments. METHOD The literature was collected through PsycInfo and PubMed. Visual processing articles were included if written in English after 1970, had a specific BDD group compared to healthy controls and were not case studies. Due to the lack of research regarding treatments associated with visual processing, case studies were included. RESULTS A number of visual processing abnormalities are present in BDD, including face recognition, emotion identification, aesthetics, object recognition and gestalt processing. Differences to healthy controls include a dominance of detailed local processing over global processing and associated changes in brain activation in visual regions. Perceptual mirror retraining and some forms of self-exposure have demonstrated improved treatment outcomes, but have not been examined in isolation from broader treatments. CONCLUSION Despite these abnormalities in perception, particularly concerning face and emotion recognition, few BDD treatments attempt to specifically remediate this. The development of a novel visual training programme which addresses these widespread abnormalities may provide an effective treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beilharz
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D J Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S Grace
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S L Rossell
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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MacGregor S, Reid R, Harris J, Grace S. LOCATION, MODALITY AND DEGREE OF EXERCISE OVER 18 MONTHS IN CARDIAC REHABILITATION GRADUATES. Can J Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Prince S, Reed J, Mark A, Blanchard C, Grace S, Reid R. AN EXAMINATION OF ACCELEROMETER CUT-POINTS FOR QUANTIFYING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CARDIAC POPULATIONS. Can J Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Grace S, Higgs J. Practitioner-client relationships in integrative medicine clinics in Australia: a contemporary social phenomenon. Complement Ther Med 2010; 18:8-12. [PMID: 20178873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in developed countries has been attributed more to contemporary cultural trends than to inherent problems in mainstream medicine. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of post-modern values on relationships between practitioners and clients in integrative medicine (IM) clinics in Australia. DESIGN This research used hermeneutic phenomenology to uncover experiences of practitioner-client relationships in IM and the meanings clients and practitioners attached to these relationships. Data were collected using cumulative case studies, focus groups and key informant interviews. Data analysis consisted of reading and re-reading texts derived from interview transcripts and field notes and constantly comparing texts to identify meanings and patterns. Themes extracted from the data set were continually refined, discarded and elaborated until meta-themes emerged. SETTING Australian IM clinics where general medical practitioners and CAM practitioners were co-located. RESULTS Post-modern values were evident in practitioner-client relationships in Australian IM clinics and were manifested in two ways. (1) Clients did not bring an expectation that they would receive prescriptive treatment regimens. They regarded consultations as opportunities for obtaining information or advice, or for monitoring their health. (2) Practitioners valued clients' knowledge and judgments and respected clients' right to choose and direct their health care. CONCLUSIONS In the IM clinics in this research, the traditional role of the practitioner as sole possessor of expertise had changed. Practitioners had become one among a number of resources that informed clients used when designing personal health care plans or negotiating health care with practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grace
- The Education for Practice Institute, Charles Sturt University, 16 Masons Drive, North Parramatta 2151, Sydney, NSW 2151, Australia.
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Landen OL, Glenzer S, Froula D, Dewald E, Suter LJ, Schneider M, Hinkel D, Fernandez J, Kline J, Goldman S, Braun D, Celliers P, Moon S, Robey H, Lanier N, Glendinning G, Blue B, Wilde B, Jones O, Schein J, Divol L, Kalantar D, Campbell K, Holder J, McDonald J, Niemann C, Mackinnon A, Collins R, Bradley D, Eggert J, Hicks D, Gregori G, Kirkwood R, Niemann C, Young B, Foster J, Hansen F, Perry T, Munro D, Baldis H, Grim G, Heeter R, Hegelich B, Montgomery D, Rochau G, Olson R, Turner R, Workman J, Berger R, Cohen B, Kruer W, Langdon B, Langer S, Meezan N, Rose H, Still B, Williams E, Dodd E, Edwards J, Monteil MC, Stevenson M, Thomas B, Coker R, Magelssen G, Rosen P, Stry P, Woods D, Weber S, Alvarez S, Armstrong G, Bahr R, Bourgade JL, Bower D, Celeste J, Chrisp M, Compton S, Cox J, Constantin C, Costa R, Duncan J, Ellis A, Emig J, Gautier C, Greenwood A, Griffith R, Holdner F, Holtmeier G, Hargrove D, James T, Kamperschroer J, Kimbrough J, Landon M, Lee D, Malone R, May M, Montelongo S, Moody J, Ng E, Nikitin A, Pellinen D, Piston K, Poole M, Rekow V, Rhodes M, Shepherd R, Shiromizu S, Voloshin D, Warrick A, Watts P, Weber F, Young P, Arnold P, Atherton L, Bardsley G, Bonanno R, Borger T, Bowers M, Bryant R, Buckman S, Burkhart S, Cooper F, Dixit S, Erbert G, Eder D, Ehrlich B, Felker B, Fornes J, Frieders G, Gardner S, Gates C, Gonzalez M, Grace S, Hall T, Haynam C, Heestand G, Henesian M, Hermann M, Hermes G, Huber S, Jancaitis K, Johnson S, Kauffman B, Kelleher T, Kohut T, Koniges AE, Labiak T, Latray D, Lee A, Lund D, Mahavandi S, Manes KR, Marshall C, McBride J, McCarville T, McGrew L, Menapace J, Mertens E, Munro D, Murray J, Neumann J, Newton M, Opsahl P, Padilla E, Parham T, Parrish G, Petty C, Polk M, Powell C, Reinbachs I, Rinnert R, Riordan B, Ross G, Robert V, Tobin M, Sailors S, Saunders R, Schmitt M, Shaw M, Singh M, Spaeth M, Stephens A, Tietbohl G, Tuck J, Van Wonterghem B, Vidal R, Wegner P, Whitman P, Williams K, Winward K, Work K, Wallace R, Nobile A, Bono M, Day B, Elliott J, Hatch D, Louis H, Manzenares R, O'Brien D, Papin P, Pierce T, Rivera G, Ruppe J, Sandoval D, Schmidt D, Valdez L, Zapata K, MacGowan B, Eckart M, Hsing W, Springer P, Hammel B, Moses E, Miller G. The first experiments on the national ignition facility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:2006133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Aubert G, Hassan-Walker AF, Madrigal JA, Emery VC, Morte C, Grace S, Koh MB, Potter M, Prentice HG, Dodi IA, Travers PJ. Cytomegalovirus-specific cellular immune responses and viremia in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants. J Infect Dis 2001; 184:955-63. [PMID: 11574909 DOI: 10.1086/323354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2001] [Revised: 06/05/2001] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune suppression inherent in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) offers a favorable environment for infection by opportunistic agents, such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Despite the application of potent antiviral prophylaxis, patients remain at risk for CMV infection until adequate immunity is restored. CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell counts were monitored, using HLA-A2 tetrameric complexes, to establish the level of immune response to the viral phosphoprotein UL83 in patients after allogeneic SCT. Correlating this with viral replication and clinical status shows that the level of tetramer-positive T cells provides an assessment of CMV immune reconstitution after stem cell transplantation. Most patients with seropositive donors did reconstitute long-term CMV immunity, unless prolonged immunosuppression to control graft-versus-host disease was induced. Together with polymerase chain reaction testing, this technique provides measurable parameters that can be a guide to therapeutic decision making and can form the basis of CMV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aubert
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom.
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Grace S, McCullough H, Hutchins D, Potter M. A randomised, cross over, pilot study to investigate the compliance and tolerance of itraconazole liquid when administered either at room temperature or chilled. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)82063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Piedra PA, Grace S, Jewell A, Spinelli S, Hogerman DA, Malinoski F, Hiatt PW. Sequential annual administration of purified fusion protein vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17:217-24. [PMID: 9535249 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199803000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed the clinical benefit of the PFP-2 vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for children with cystic fibrosis (CF). OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and immunogenicity of yearly sequential administration of the PFP-2 vaccine in CF children. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-nine of the 34 CF children who participated in the previous study were enrolled in this open label vaccine study. All of the CF children ages 2.6 to 8.9 years received the PFP-2 vaccine, the PFP/PFP group received the PFP-2 vaccine in 1993 and 1994 and the saline/PFP group received the vaccine for the first time in 1994. At entry demographic data and measurements of lung function and nutrition were collected. Microneutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to F protein and Western blot assay were performed on plasma drawn before and 4 weeks after vaccination and at the end of the RSV season. During the study weekly telephone calls were made and acute respiratory illnesses were evaluated. RESULTS Baseline measurements were similar between groups. Systemic and local vaccine reactions were mild and similar for both groups. A 4-fold or greater neutralizing antibody rise to RSV occurred in 4 of 14 (28.6%) and 9 of 14 (64.3%) in PFP/PFP and saline/PFP groups (P = 0.13), respectively. Four children in the PFP/PFP group and 7 in the saline/PFP group were infected with RSV. A reduction in lower respiratory illnesses (1.0 vs. 2.0), antibiotic courses (2.5 vs. 5.6) and days of illnesses (37.3 vs. 93.1) was observed in the PFP/PFP vaccinees infected with RSV compared with the saline/PFP group (t test; P < or = 0.05). One death occurred in the PFP/PFP group; the cause of death was consistent with septic shock and unrelated to vaccination or RSV infection. CONCLUSION Sequential annual PFP-2 vaccination was safe and not associated with exaggerated respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Piedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Piedra PA, Grace S, Jewell A, Spinelli S, Bunting D, Hogerman DA, Malinoski F, Hiatt PW. Purified fusion protein vaccine protects against lower respiratory tract illness during respiratory syncytial virus season in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:23-31. [PMID: 8684872 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199601000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test in a double blind, placebo-controlled study a purified fusion protein (PFP-2) vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in RSV-seropositive children with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS Seventeen CF children, mean age 4.5 years, received PFP-2 vaccine and 17 CF children, mean age 5.8 years, received a saline vaccine. At enrollment the Shwachman clinical score, Brasfield radiographic score, oxygen saturation (SpO2), anthropometric indices and other variables were recorded. After vaccination the reactions were assessed daily for 7 days. During the RSV season weekly telephone interviews were performed and children with an acute respiratory illness were evaluated and cultured for RSV. Serum was drawn before vaccination, 1 month after vaccination and at the end of the RSV season and tested for antibodies to RSV. RESULTS Other than age the baseline measurements at enrollment were similar between groups. The PFP-2 vaccine produced mild local reactions and induced a significant neutralizing antibody response in two-thirds of the vaccinees and a significant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-fusion glycoprotein antibody response in nearly all the PFP-2 vaccinees. Vaccine-enhanced disease was not observed in PFP-2 vaccines infected with RSV. Protection against RSV infection was not observed; however, a significant reduction (t test, P < 0.01) in mean number of lower respiratory tract illnesses (0.8 vs. 2.1), antibiotic courses (2.2 vs 4.5) and days ill (30.5 vs. 67) occurred among RSV-infected PFP-2 vaccinees. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy of the PFP-2 vaccine against lower respiratory tract illness during the RSV season was shown in RSV-seropositive children with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Piedra
- Department of Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Mouse serum (MS) was investigated as an alternative to fetal calf serum (FCS) as a medium supplement for the culture of murine macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages were successfully cultured in medium supplemented with 1-20% MS and were able to produce superoxide anions in response to stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and to phagocytose antibody-coated erythrocytes effectively. Macrophages cultured in the presence of 5% or 20% FCS showed a generally augmented response to PMA, raising the possibility that they had been 'primed' by constituents or contaminants of FCS. Lipopolysaccharide-elicited macrophages initially showed vigorous in vitro responses to PMA which decreased with increasing culture time in MS-supplemented medium. This 'de-differentiation' of elicited macrophages could be due to the absence of LPS contamination and foreign protein when autologous serum is used as a medium supplement. In all cultures the presence of non-adherent cells for the first 24 h increased the number and superoxide response of adherent cells. MS is a convenient, reliable and inexpensive alternative to FCS as a medium supplement for murine macrophage cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grace
- Department of Physiology, Godfrey Huggins School of Medicine, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Wilcock G, Grace S, De Villiers D, Borok MZ, Emmanual J, Downing R. Kaposi's sarcoma in Zimbabwe. II. Peripheral lymphocytes, immunoglobulin G levels and HIV antibody positivity. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988; 27:25-8. [PMID: 3251044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) were grouped according to their clinical symptoms into "indolent", "locally aggressive", "endemic generalised aggressive" and "epidemic generalised aggressive" disease. Only the patients in the epidemic generalised aggressive disease group had serum antibodies to HIV. Complete peripheral blood counts, including lymphocyte subsets, and serum IgG assays were performed on all patients before treatment was initiated. In all the aggressive disease groups there was evidence of immune deficiency in that T helper/inducer (T4) cells were reduced leading to reduced T4,T8 (suppresser/cytotoxic) ratio. All patient groups had increased levels of serum IgG. Although immune deficiency and aggressive KS can be explained in the HIV infected patients no underlying cause has been found in the HIV negative patients with aggressive KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare
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Grace S, De Villiers DM, Almond NM, Elson CJ. Relationship between non-antigen-specific immunodepression and persisting immune complexes induced by pertussis in mice. Immunology 1986; 57:621-5. [PMID: 2870021 PMCID: PMC1453862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A temporal relationship has been demonstrated between persisting immune complexes and non-antigen-specific immunodepression. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of Bordetella pertussis at weekly intervals. After 7 weeks they developed circulating immune complexes, the levels of which increased with continued administration of pertussis. The increase in immune complex levels was accompanied by a diminished primary immune response to intraperitoneally injected sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) as judged by a reduction in their direct and indirect plaque-forming cell response and serum agglutination titres. Spleen cells from immunodepressed pertussis-treated mice were transferred to irradiated normal recipients and displayed a normal response to SRBC. By contrast, spleen cells transferred from normal donors to irradiated pertussis-treated recipients had an impaired response to SRBC. Thus, the immunodepression caused by pertussis treatment is a property of the environment and not the lymphocytes themselves. It is considered that chronic circulating immune complexes induced by pertussis administration may cause non-antigen-specific immunodepression.
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21
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken for the purpose of evaluating the solvent perturbation technique as a method to identify enzyme catalytic residues. For establishment of expected directions and sizes of pKa perturbations for different types of acids in different classes of solvents, a study of the pKa of a series of acids in mixed solvent systems was carried out. Consistent with previous findings, the presence of organic solvents (25% v/v) increased the pKa values of neutral acids while it decreased or did not change the pKa values of cationic acids. The size of the perturbation observed was dependent on the nature of the organic solvent and on the polarity of the neutral form of the acid. The solvent perturbation studies were then extended to the catalytic aspartate residue of yeast hexokinase. The pKa of this residue was determined from the MgATP V/K profile measured in the presence and absence of organic solvents (25% v/v). While dimethylformamide and methanol induced small but perhaps significant increases in the observed pKa, dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene glycol did not. The pKa values, from the MgATP V/K profiles measured in the presence of fully saturating glucose, were not significantly increased by the organic solvents. The pKi vs. pH profile for the competitive inhibitor lyxose was also measured in the presence and absence of organic solvents. While methanol (25% v/v), dimethylformamide (25% v/v), and dioxane (17.5% v/v) induced a large increase in the pKa, propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (25% v/v) did not. The results from this investigation indicate that the solvent perturbation technique should not be relied upon indiscriminately.
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Grace S, Munday KA, Noble AR, Richards HK. Active and inactive renin in rabbit plasma during sodium depletion and repletion [proceedings]. J Physiol 1977; 273:85P-86P. [PMID: 599483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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23
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Grace S, Munday KA, Noble AR, Richards HK. Active and inactive renin in rabbit plasma during and after haemorrhage [proceedings]. J Physiol 1977; 270:72P-73P. [PMID: 915817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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State D, German RH, Barrett BM, Hill GS, Grace S. Segmental gastric antral resection in experimental peptic ulceration. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1977; 144:387-8. [PMID: 841456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In using the technique of histamine in beeswax peptic ulceration in dogs, these experimental preparations were studied as to their efficacy to protect against ulceration: laparotomy controls; bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 50 per cent gastrectomy and vagotomy plus a Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy; a 50 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corplus plus bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty; a 75 per cent gastrectomy and Billroth II gastrojejeunostomy, and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the gastric antrum and corpus and bilateral truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Only a 75 per cent gastrectomy Billroth II and a 75 per cent segmental resection of the antrum and corpus plus vagotomy and pyloroplasty consistently protected against histamine in beeswax induced ulceration.
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