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Aboujaoude S, Rizk C, Sokhn S, Moukarzel C, Aoun G. Dental Anomalies in a Sample of Lebanese Children: a Retrospective Study. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:319-324. [PMID: 38380282 PMCID: PMC10875945 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.319-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dental anomalies (DAs) represent a significant chapter in pediatric dentistry with a lot of practical relevance. Both primary and permanent dentitions may be affected. Objective The main objective of our study was to evaluate, using digital panoramic radiographs, the prevalence, distribution, and patterns of DAs in a sample of Lebanese children aged between 8 and 15 years old. Methods 112 digital panoramic radiographs of patients aged between 8 and 15 years (60 males and 52 females) from the year 2017 till 2022 attending the department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health at the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the Lebanese University were assessed for DAs of number (hypodontia, oligodontia, hyperdontia), of size (microdontia, macrodontia), of shape (fusion, gemination, dilaceration, taurodontism), of position (transposition, ectopia, impaction), and of structure (dentin dysplasia, amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta). The data were analyzed statistically using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results Out of 112 patient radiographs, 84 showed at least one DA, which suggests a very high prevalence (75%). Among them, 36.9% exhibited multiple types of anomalies. These 84 patients showed a total of 274 DAs, distributed equally among males and females. Conclusion Dentists should be alerted to the presence of DAs. Their high prevalence requires careful clinical and radiological examinations for early detection. Regular monitoring is mandatory and could guide preventive approaches to minimize associated dental complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Aboujaoude
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charline Rizk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carla Moukarzel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Challita R, Sokhn S, Challita R, Challita A, Aoun G. Analysis of Palatine and Adenoid Calcification in a Sample of the Lebanese Population Using Cone‑Beam Computed Tomography Technology. Cureus 2020; 12:e11238. [PMID: 33269166 PMCID: PMC7704187 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tonsilloliths and adenoid calcifications are usually an incidental finding in radiologic studies. Several studies were done to evaluate the presence of tonsillar calcifications using different radiological techniques that include panoramic radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). These percentages varied in different populations and changed with the technique used. A CBCT is used to allow the visualization of the calcifications to make a better diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in Lebanon to study tonsillar and adenoid calcifications using CBCT. This study aims to assess the epidemiology and the demographic criteria of tonsilloliths and adenoid calcifications in a sample of the Lebanese population using the CBCT. Methods In this retrospective study, CBCT images of 125 patients attending a private clinic in Jbeil, Lebanon from May 2016 to July 2019 were selected. Images were evaluated by a maxillofacial radiologist. Adenoid and palatine calcifications were recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY, USA). The level of statistical significance was established at a p-value < 0.05. Results A total of 21 patients (17.35%) had palatine calcifications and two patients (1.65%) had adenoid calcifications. From those with tonsilloliths, 12 female patients (16.43%) and nine male patients (18.75%) had palatine calcifications. Moreover, one male (2.08%) and one female (1.36%) had adenoid calcifications. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of calcifications with respect to gender. There was a non-statistically significant difference in the mean age of the patients with respect to the distribution of palatine and adenoid calcifications. The pattern of palatine calcifications showed a statistically significant difference in various age groups. Palatine calcifications distribution, with respect to the side, were statistically significant. Conclusion The prevalence of tonsilloliths in our sample was found to be 17.35%. The high prevalence detected was due to the technique used, the CBCT, which ensured a more detailed examination. The distribution was not affected by gender and age. However, multiple patterns of calcification were identified in younger age groups as opposed to other studies. Moreover, adenoid calcifications were present in 1.65% of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Challita
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ronald Challita
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Anthony Challita
- Periodontology and Implantology, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Georges Aoun
- Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
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Sokhn S, Challita R, Challita A, Challita R. The Infraorbital Foramen in a Sample of the Lebanese Population: A Radiographic Study. Cureus 2019; 11:e6381. [PMID: 31938659 PMCID: PMC6957048 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is an important structure in the maxillofacial region through which important structures pass. Wide variability in the shape and location of the infraorbital foramen among different populations and ethnic groups is present. So we conducted this study to specify the IOF shape, the presence of accessory foramina, and the IOF location with respect to anatomic landmarks in the Lebanese population. Patients and method A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 105 Lebanese adult patients. Images were reviewed and the shape, diameter, and location of the IOF were recorded. The presence of an accessory foramen was also noted. Then, SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US) was used for the statistical analysis. Results Concerning the distances from the IOF to the anatomic landmarks, the distance from the IOF to the infraorbital margin measured 7.98 ± 1.41 mm, to the lateral nasal wall 10.61 ± 2.39 mm, and to the midline 24.71 ± 2.09 mm. When distances were compared, a statistical difference was only identified in the distance between the IOF and the lateral nasal wall (p=0.00), and the distance between the IOF and the middle of the face (p=0.016) between genders. For the shape of the IOF, 54.8% of the IOF were circular in shape, and this shape was the most common shape in females. An accessory foramen was present in 8.6% of the cases. Finally, the mean diameter of the foramina measured 3.71 ± 0.63 mm. Conclusion The IOF shows a lot of variability between different populations. Thus, the exact location should always be remembered during an infraorbital nerve (ION) block, during maxillofacial surgeries, and during esthetic procedures involving the facial region in order to prevent unnecessary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayde Sokhn
- Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Ronald Challita
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Anthony Challita
- Periodontology and Implantology, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
| | - Raymond Challita
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, LBN
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Aoun G, Nasseh I, Sokhn S, Rifai M. Lingual Foramina and Canals of the Mandible: Anatomic Variations in a Lebanese Population. J Clin Imaging Sci 2017; 7:16. [PMID: 28589055 PMCID: PMC5433650 DOI: 10.4103/jcis.jcis_15_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mandibular lingual foramina (LF) and canals and their anatomic variations using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology in a Lebanese population. Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed CBCT images of 90 adult Lebanese patients (41 males and 49 females). We assessed the number and location of the LF. In additional, we measured: (a) The distance from both the alveolar crest and the inferior border of the mandible to the LF and (b) the length of the lingual canals (LCs). The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Shapiro–Wilk normality test, t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: In our sample, the LF and canals were present in 93.33% of the CBCT analyzed, and the majority (76.64%) was located above the genial tubercles. The distance from the foramen of the superior and the inferior LCs to the alveolar crest was 16.24 ± 2.82 mm and 25.49 ± 2.43 mm, respectively. The distance from the foramen of the superior canal to the inferior border of the mandible was 14 ± 2.32 mm. The mean length of the superior canal was 5.81 ± 1.6 mm and 4.25 ± 1.2 mm for the inferior one. There were no gender-related differences in the anatomic characteristics of the LF and canals except for the distance measured from the superior canal foramina to the alveolar crest where the measurement was significantly greater in males compared to females. Neither the number of canals nor the positions of the foramina were different between males and females. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we concluded that in our sample of Lebanese adults, there was substantial variability in the LF and canals anatomy and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Nasseh
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Rifai
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the nasopalatine canal in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 63 Lebanese adult patients were included in this study. The length, shape, diameter of the oral opening corresponding to the incisive foramen and inclination in relation to the hard palate of the nasopalatine canal were analyzed. Results: Of all canals assessed, 13 were hourglass-shaped, 23 were cylindrical-shaped, 23 were funnel-shaped and 4 were spindle-shaped. The mean canal length and the incisive foramen anteroposterior diameter were respectively 11.52 mm and 4.91 mm. The average canal inclination related to the hard palate was 17.09 degrees. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we conclude that in Lebanese patients, the shape of the nasopalatine canal is variable. No statistical significance was noticed between genders except for the canal length which was found shorter in our female sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Nasseh
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, Faculty of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, Faculty of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Aoun G, Nasseh I, Sokhn S. Radio-anatomical Study of the Greater Palatine Canal and the Pterygopalatine Fossa in a Lebanese Population: A Consideration for Maxillary Nerve Block. J Clin Imaging Sci 2016; 6:35. [PMID: 27833777 PMCID: PMC5041512 DOI: 10.4103/2156-7514.190862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the component, greater palatine canal-pterygopalatine fossa (GPC-PPF), in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 79 Lebanese adult patients (38 females and 41 males) were included in this study, and a total of 158 cases were evaluated bilaterally. The length and path of the GPCs-PPFs were determined, and the data obtained analyzed statistically. Results: In the sagittal plane, of all the GPCs-PPFs assessed, the average length was 35.02 mm on the right and 35.01 mm on the left. The most common anatomic path consisted in the presence of a curvature resulting in an internal narrowing whose average diameter was 2.4 mm on the right and 2.45 mm on the left. The mean diameter of the upper opening was 5.85 mm on the right and 5.82 mm on the left. As for the lower opening corresponding to the greater palatine foramen, the right and left average diameters were 6.39 mm and 6.42 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we concluded that throughout the Lebanese population, the GPC-PPF path is variable with a predominance of curved one (77.21% [122/158] in both the right and left sides); however, the GPC-PPF length does not significantly vary according to gender and side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Nasseh
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Aoun G, Nasseh I, Sokhn S, Saadeh M. Analysis of the greater palatine foramen in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography technology. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 5:S82-8. [PMID: 26942122 PMCID: PMC4756572 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.171594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the diameter and the position of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) in relation to adjacent anatomical landmarks in the maxilla in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 58 Lebanese adult patients were included in this study and a total of 116 GPF were evaluated bilaterally. The diameter of the GPF and its position relative to the maxillary molars, and distances to the midline maxillary suture and to the anterior nasal spine were analyzed. Results: Of all foramina assessed, 41.38% were located opposite to the third molar, 29.31% were distal to it, 27.59% were between the second and the third, and only 1.72% were opposite to the second. The average diameter was 5.633 mm on the right and 5.723 mm on the left, and the average distances to midline maxillary suture and anterior nasal spine were 16.228 mm and 48.294 mm on the right and 14.907 mm and 48.122 mm on the left, respectively. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we conclude that in Lebanese patients, the GPF location is variable, very rarely opposite to the second molar, and more closely related to the third, but may present mesial or distal to it in one-fourth of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Fundamental Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Nasseh
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Saadeh
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Maxillary nerve block through the greater palatine canal is rarely adopted by dental practitioners due to lack of experience in the technique at hand which may lead into several complications. Nevertheless, it is an excellent method to achieve profound anesthesia in the maxilla. This review focuses on the anatomy as well as the indications, contraindications, and complications associated with this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed using the scientific databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) for articles published up to December 2014 in English, using the key words "maxillary nerve block via the greater palatine canal." A total of 34 references met the inclusion criteria for this review and were selected. CONCLUSION Block of the maxillary nerve through the greater palatine canal is a useful technique providing profound anesthesia in the hemi-maxilla, if practiced properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Aoun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon ; Department of Fundamental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Zaarour
- Department of Oral Pathology and Diagnosis, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Nasseh
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology and Imaging, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Bechara B, Muraikhi S, McMahan A, Nasseh I, Moarbes M, Noujeim M, Sokhn S. Comparison between photostimulable phosphor plates using one or two angulations and cone beam computed tomography scans in detecting root fracture in endodontically treated teeth. J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/2321-3841.157522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sokhn S, Nasseh I, Noujeim M. Using cone beam computed tomography to determine safe regions for implant placement. Gen Dent 2011; 59:e72-e77. [PMID: 21903512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to identify and follow the course of the incisive canal in the mental interforaminal region of the human mandible and to describe other anatomical landmarks present in this region. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) studies for 40 patients were collected from the database at the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University. Ten patients had edentulous mandibles; the other 30 had partially or completely dentate mandibles. Axial native images and panoramic and cross-sectional reconstructions were examined to assess the anatomical landmarks in the anterior mandible. Multiple neurovascular canals and foramina were clearly detected on CBCT studies of the mandible. Numerous foramina were seen on the internal surface of the mandible, even distant from the midline. The incisive canal was identified in 97.5% of the images. These anatomical landmarks should be evaluated carefully during preoperative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sokhn S, Nasseh I. Dermal fibrosis and calcification secondary to burn injury. Quintessence Int 2009; 40:503-506. [PMID: 19587892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A case of fibrosis in the cheek of a 42-year-old woman is presented. The panoramic radiograph showed a well-defined, round radiopacity in the maxillary right third molar region. Other techniques revealed that it was a superimposition. The lesion was hard and painless and associated with hypertrophic scarring secondary to a burn injury many years earlier. Clinicians must be aware of the radiologic image of this fibrosis, so as not to confuse it with other radiopaque lesions of hard tissue origin that occur in both arches. A differential diagnosis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayde Sokhn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Lebanese University, School of Dentistry, Beirut
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