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Kuang X, Liu J, Scanlon BR, Jiao JJ, Jasechko S, Lancia M, Biskaborn BK, Wada Y, Li H, Zeng Z, Guo Z, Yao Y, Gleeson T, Nicot JP, Luo X, Zou Y, Zheng C. The changing nature of groundwater in the global water cycle. Science 2024; 383:eadf0630. [PMID: 38422130 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, climate change and other anthropogenic activities have substantially affected groundwater systems worldwide. These impacts include changes in groundwater recharge, discharge, flow, storage, and distribution. Climate-induced shifts are evident in altered recharge rates, greater groundwater contribution to streamflow in glacierized catchments, and enhanced groundwater flow in permafrost areas. Direct anthropogenic changes include groundwater withdrawal and injection, regional flow regime modification, water table and storage alterations, and redistribution of embedded groundwater in foods globally. Notably, groundwater extraction contributes to sea level rise, increasing the risk of groundwater inundation in coastal areas. The role of groundwater in the global water cycle is becoming more dynamic and complex. Quantifying these changes is essential to ensure sustainable supply of fresh groundwater resources for people and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Kuang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junguo Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Henan Provincial Key Lab of Hydrosphere and Watershed Water Security, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bridget R Scanlon
- Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michele Lancia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boris K Biskaborn
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473 Potsdam Germany
| | - Yoshihide Wada
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hailong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhilin Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingying Yao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tom Gleeson
- Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Nicot
- Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiguang Zou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, China
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2
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Jasechko S, Seybold H, Perrone D, Fan Y, Shamsudduha M, Taylor RG, Fallatah O, Kirchner JW. Rapid groundwater decline and some cases of recovery in aquifers globally. Nature 2024; 625:715-721. [PMID: 38267682 PMCID: PMC10808077 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline1-10, resulting in seawater intrusion11, land subsidence12,13, streamflow depletion14-16 and wells running dry17. However, the global pace and prevalence of local groundwater declines are poorly constrained, because in situ groundwater levels have not been synthesized at the global scale. Here we analyse in situ groundwater-level trends for 170,000 monitoring wells and 1,693 aquifer systems in countries that encompass approximately 75% of global groundwater withdrawals18. We show that rapid groundwater-level declines (>0.5 m year-1) are widespread in the twenty-first century, especially in dry regions with extensive croplands. Critically, we also show that groundwater-level declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the world's regional aquifers. This widespread acceleration in groundwater-level deepening highlights an urgent need for more effective measures to address groundwater depletion. Our analysis also reveals specific cases in which depletion trends have reversed following policy changes, managed aquifer recharge and surface-water diversions, demonstrating the potential for depleted aquifer systems to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Hansjörg Seybold
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Debra Perrone
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Othman Fallatah
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Training and Radiation Protection, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - James W Kirchner
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Hilton A, Jasechko S. Widespread aquifer depressurization after a century of intensive groundwater use in USA. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh2992. [PMID: 37703375 PMCID: PMC11006208 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Water supplies for household use and irrigated agriculture rely on groundwater wells. When wells are drilled into a highly pressurized aquifer, groundwater may flow up the well and onto the land surface without pumping. These flowing artesian wells were common in the early 1900s in the United States before intensive groundwater withdrawals began, but their present-day prevalence remains unknown. Here, we compile and analyze ten thousand well water observations made more than a century ago. We show that flowing artesian conditions characterized ~61% of wells tapping confined aquifers before 1910, but only ~4% of wells tapping confined aquifers today. This pervasive loss of flowing artesian conditions evidences a widespread depressurization of confined aquifers after a century of intensive groundwater use in the United States. We conclude that this depressurization of confined aquifers has profoundly changed groundwater storage and flow, increasing the vulnerability of deep aquifers to pollutants and contributing to land subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Hilton
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of
California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Hartmann A, Jasechko S, Gleeson T, Wada Y, Andreo B, Barberá JA, Brielmann H, Bouchaou L, Charlier JB, Darling WG, Filippini M, Garvelmann J, Goldscheider N, Kralik M, Kunstmann H, Ladouche B, Lange J, Lucianetti G, Martín JF, Mudarra M, Sánchez D, Stumpp C, Zagana E, Wagener T. Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024492118. [PMID: 33972438 PMCID: PMC8158018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024492118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater pollution threatens human and ecosystem health in many regions around the globe. Fast flow to the groundwater through focused recharge is known to transmit short-lived pollutants into carbonate aquifers, endangering the quality of groundwaters where one quarter of the world's population lives. However, the large-scale impact of such focused recharge on groundwater quality remains poorly understood. Here, we apply a continental-scale model to quantify the risk of groundwater contamination by degradable pollutants through focused recharge in the carbonate rock regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. We show that focused recharge is the primary reason for widespread rapid transport of contaminants to the groundwater. Where it occurs, the concentration of pollutants in groundwater recharge that have not yet degraded increases from <1% to around 20 to 50% of their concentrations during infiltration. Assuming realistic application rates, our simulations show that degradable pollutants like glyphosate can exceed their permissible concentrations by 3 to 19 times when reaching the groundwater. Our results are supported by independent estimates of young water fractions at 78 carbonate rock springs over Europe and a dataset of observed glyphosate concentrations in the groundwater. They imply that in times of continuing and increasing industrial and agricultural productivity, focused recharge may result in an underestimated and widespread risk to usable groundwater volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hartmann
- Hydrological Modeling and Water Resources, University of Freiburg, D-79098 Freiburg, Germany;
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, BS8 1TR, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Tom Gleeson
- Department of Civil Engineering and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Yoshihide Wada
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bartolomé Andreo
- Department of Geology and Centre of Hydrogeology at the University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Barberá
- Department of Geology and Centre of Hydrogeology at the University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Heike Brielmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Groundwater Unit, Spittelauer Laende 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lhoussaine Bouchaou
- Laboratory of Applied Geology and Geo- Environment, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106 Agadir, Morocco
- International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Jean-Baptiste Charlier
- BRGM, University of Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- G-eau, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, AgroParisTech, Supagro, BRGM, F-34196 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Maria Filippini
- Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jakob Garvelmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- boden & grundwasser Allgäu GmbH, D-87527 Sonthofen, Germany
| | - Nico Goldscheider
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Kralik
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Center for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kunstmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, D-82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Ladouche
- BRGM, University of Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- G-eau, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, AgroParisTech, Supagro, BRGM, F-34196 Montpellier, France
| | - Jens Lange
- Hydrology, University of Freiburg, D-79098 Freiburg,Germany
| | | | - José Francisco Martín
- Department of Geology and Centre of Hydrogeology at the University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Matías Mudarra
- Department of Geology and Centre of Hydrogeology at the University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Damián Sánchez
- Department of Geology and Centre of Hydrogeology at the University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Christine Stumpp
- Institute for Soil Physics and Rural Water Management, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Zagana
- Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26500 Rion Patras, Greece
| | - Thorsten Wagener
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, BS8 1TR, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 1UH, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Debra Perrone
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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6
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Jasechko S, Perrone D, Seybold H, Fan Y, Kirchner JW. Groundwater level observations in 250,000 coastal US wells reveal scope of potential seawater intrusion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3229. [PMID: 32591535 PMCID: PMC7319989 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers can increase groundwater salinity beyond potable levels, endangering access to freshwater for millions of people. Seawater intrusion is particularly likely where water tables lie below sea level, but can also arise from groundwater pumping in some coastal aquifers with water tables above sea level. Nevertheless, no nation-wide, observation-based assessment of the scope of potential seawater intrusion exists. Here we compile and analyze ~250,000 coastal groundwater-level observations made since the year 2000 in the contiguous United States. We show that the majority of observed groundwater levels lie below sea level along more than 15% of the contiguous coastline. We conclude that landward hydraulic gradients characterize a substantial fraction of the East Coast (>18%) and Gulf Coast (>17%), and also parts of the West Coast where groundwater pumping is high. Sea level rise, coastal land subsidence, and increasing water demands will exacerbate the threat of seawater intrusion. The authors here investigate in the susceptibility of coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion. Based on 20 years’ worth of observational data, the study finds that 15% of the US coastline is affected by landward hydraulic gradients conducive to seawater intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Debra Perrone
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Hansjörg Seybold
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - James W Kirchner
- Department of Environmental System Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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7
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Womble P, Perrone D, Jasechko S, Nelson RL, Szeptycki LF, Anderson RT, Gorelick SM. Indigenous communities, groundwater opportunities. Science 2018; 361:453-455. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Womble
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Debra Perrone
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Water in the West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California–Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Nelson
- Water in the West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- University of Melbourne Law School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Robert T. Anderson
- University of Washington Law School, Seattle, WA, USA
- Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven M. Gorelick
- School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Global Freshwater Initiative, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Evaristo J, Jasechko S, McDonnell JJ. Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow. Nature 2015; 525:91-4. [PMID: 26333467 DOI: 10.1038/nature14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current land surface models assume that groundwater, streamflow and plant transpiration are all sourced and mediated by the same well mixed water reservoir--the soil. However, recent work in Oregon and Mexico has shown evidence of ecohydrological separation, whereby different subsurface compartmentalized pools of water supply either plant transpiration fluxes or the combined fluxes of groundwater and streamflow. These findings have not yet been widely tested. Here we use hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data ((2)H/(1)H (δ(2)H) and (18)O/(16)O (δ(18)O)) from 47 globally distributed sites to show that ecohydrological separation is widespread across different biomes. Precipitation, stream water and groundwater from each site plot approximately along the δ(2)H/δ(18)O slope of local precipitation inputs. But soil and plant xylem waters extracted from the 47 sites all plot below the local stream water and groundwater on the meteoric water line, suggesting that plants use soil water that does not itself contribute to groundwater recharge or streamflow. Our results further show that, at 80% of the sites, the precipitation that supplies groundwater recharge and streamflow is different from the water that supplies parts of soil water recharge and plant transpiration. The ubiquity of subsurface water compartmentalization found here, and the segregation of storm types relative to hydrological and ecological fluxes, may be used to improve numerical simulations of runoff generation, stream water transit time and evaporation-transpiration partitioning. Future land surface model parameterizations should be closely examined for how vegetation, groundwater recharge and streamflow are assumed to be coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaivime Evaristo
- Global Institute for Water Security and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Scott Jasechko
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N IN4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- Global Institute for Water Security and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada.,School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB34 3FX, UK.,Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Jasechko S, Sharp ZD, Gibson JJ, Birks SJ, Yi Y, Fawcett PJ. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature 2013; 496:347-50. [PMID: 23552893 DOI: 10.1038/nature11983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Renewable fresh water over continents has input from precipitation and losses to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Global-scale estimates of transpiration from climate models are poorly constrained owing to large uncertainties in stomatal conductance and the lack of catchment-scale measurements required for model calibration, resulting in a range of predictions spanning 20 to 65 per cent of total terrestrial evapotranspiration (14,000 to 41,000 km(3) per year) (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Here we use the distinct isotope effects of transpiration and evaporation to show that transpiration is by far the largest water flux from Earth's continents, representing 80 to 90 per cent of terrestrial evapotranspiration. On the basis of our analysis of a global data set of large lakes and rivers, we conclude that transpiration recycles 62,000 ± 8,000 km(3) of water per year to the atmosphere, using half of all solar energy absorbed by land surfaces in the process. We also calculate CO2 uptake by terrestrial vegetation by connecting transpiration losses to carbon assimilation using water-use efficiency ratios of plants, and show the global gross primary productivity to be 129 ± 32 gigatonnes of carbon per year, which agrees, within the uncertainty, with previous estimates. The dominance of transpiration water fluxes in continental evapotranspiration suggests that, from the point of view of water resource forecasting, climate model development should prioritize improvements in simulations of biological fluxes rather than physical (evaporation) fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jasechko
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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