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Leyhr D, Rösch D, Cumming SP, Höner O. Selection-Dependent Differences in Youth Elite Basketball Players' Relative Age, Maturation-Related Characteristics, and Motor Performance. Res Q Exerc Sport 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38350004 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2024.2311644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of players' relative age, maturation-related characteristics, and motor performance tests on two different stages of talent selection (regional and national level) in youth elite basketball. Methods: Relative age, maturation-related variables (height, weight, maturity offset, maturity timing) and motor performance (Countermovement jump, Standing long jump, Modified agility T-test, Linear sprint 20 m) of N = 68 male youth basketball players (Mage = 14.39 ± 0.28 years) were assessed during the initial selection tournament for the German U15 national team. Pre-selection biases regarding relative age and maturity timing on the regional level were investigated utilizing one-sample t-tests. Differences in relative age, maturation-related characteristics and motor performance between players selected (n = 27) and non-selected (n = 41) for the youth national team were examined via independent samples' t-tests and logistic regression analyses. Results: Strong pre-selection biases toward early-born and early-maturing players were confirmed on the regional level. Significant advantages in height and weight and higher values in maturity offset and maturity timing were found for selected players. Among the motor variables, only Countermovement jump performance was significantly better in selected players. When controlling for relative age and biological maturation regression models including motor performance variables did not significantly discriminate players' selection status. Conclusion: Coaches working in national, but also preceding selection stages (regional and club level) should raise their awareness to relative age and biological maturation when evaluating players' potential and current (motor) performance.
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Monasterio X, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Cumming SP, Malina RM, Williams S, Lekue JA, Santisteban J, Diaz-Beitia G, Larruskain J. Estimating Maturity Status in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Evaluation of Methods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024:00005768-990000000-00471. [PMID: 38377009 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the concordance of predicted maturity status classifications (pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity) relative to observed age at PHV in youth soccer players. METHODS Longitudinal height records for 124 male soccer players were extracted from academy records spanning the 2000-2022 seasons. Age at PHV for each player was estimated with the Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Players were classified as pre-, circa- or post-PHV using both ±1 year and ± 0.5 year criteria to define the circa-PHV interval. Maturity status was estimated with several prediction protocols: maturity offset (Mirwald, Moore-1, Moore-2), maturity ratio (Fransen), percentage of predicted adult height (PAH%) using the Khamis-Roche (KR) and Tanner-Whitehouse-2 (TW2-RUS) equations using several bands: 85%-96%, 88%-96%, 88%-93%, and 90%-93% for the circa-PHV interval, and visual evaluation of individual growth-curves alone or with PAH% based on KR and TW2-RUS. Concordance of maturity status classifications based on complete growth curves and predicted estimates of maturity status was addressed with percentage agreement and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS Visual evaluation of the growth curves had the highest concordance (≈ 80%) with maturity status classifications (pre-, circa-, post-PHV) based on longitudinal data for individual players. Predicted maturity offset with the Mirwald, Moore-1 and Fransen equations misclassified about one- third to one-half of the players, while concordance based on PAH% varied with the band used, but not with the method of height prediction. CONCLUSIONS Visual assessment of the individual growth curves by an experienced assessor provides an accurate estimate of maturity status relative to PHV. Maturity offset prediction equations misclassifies the majority of players, while PAH% provides a reasonably valid alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, SPAIN
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, SPAIN
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM
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Malina RM, Králík M, Kozieł SM, Cumming SP, Konarski JM, Sousa-e-Silva P, Martinho DV, Figueiredo AJ, Coelho-e-Silva MJ. Ages at peak height velocity in male soccer players 11-16 years: relationships with skeletal age and comparisons among longitudinal studies. Biol Sport 2024; 41:135-144. [PMID: 38188122 PMCID: PMC10765433 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Estimated ages at take-off (TO) and at peak height velocity (PHV) based on two models and maturity status based upon age at PHV and skeletal age (SA) were compared in a longitudinal sample of male soccer players. In addition, estimated ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players were compared. The longitudinal height records of 58 players of European ancestry, measured annually on four or five occasions between 11 and 16 years, were modeled with Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) and Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) to estimate ages at TO and PHV. SAs were assessed with the Fels method. Ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players (Europe 7, Japan 6) were evaluated with meta-analysis. Estimated ages at TO, 11.2 ± 0.8 (SITAR) and 11.0 ± 0.8 (FCPA) years, and at PHV, 13.6 ± 0.9 (SITAR) and 13.7 ± 0.0 (FCPA) years, were similar. An earlier age at PHV was associated with advanced skeletal maturity status (rho = -0.77 at ~14 years). Ages at PHV among European players indicated a north (later) - south (earlier) gradient, and were later than ages at PHV among Japanese players. In summary, ages at TO and PHV were similar with SITAR and FPCA, and ages at PHV were most strongly correlated with SA at ~14 years. Mean ages at PHV showed a north-south gradient among European samples, and were later compared to Japanese samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Anthropology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jan M. Konarski
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Theory of Sports Department, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
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Cumming SP, Pi-Rusiñol R, Rodas G, Drobnic F, Rogol AD. The validity of automatic methods for estimating skeletal age in young athletes: a comparison of the BAUSport ultrasound system and BoneXpert with the radiographic method of Fels. Biol Sport 2024; 41:61-67. [PMID: 38188108 PMCID: PMC10765447 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the validity of two automated methods (BAUSport, BoneXpert software using Fels, Greulich-Pyle, Tanner-Whithouse III protocols) for estimating skeletal age (SA) in young athletes in comparison to a reference standard (Fels). 85 male and female athletes, nine to seventeen years of age, from multiple sports were assessed for SA as part of an annual medical and health screening programme. Intra-class correlations demonstrated high degrees of association between the automatic methods for estimating SA (BAUSport r = .98; BoneXpert r = .96-.99) and the discrepancy between SA and chronological age (SA-CA) (BAUSport r = .93; BoneXpert r = .88-.97), with the reference standard. Concordance analyses for the categorisation of participants as early, on-time and late maturing also demonstrated substantial levels of agreement for both methods (BAUSport Kappa = .71; BoneXpert Fels Kappa = .63) with the reference standard. Bland-Altman plots comparing the automatic methods with the reference standard identified statistically significant fixed biases, ranging in magnitude from small to large. Collectively, these results suggest that BoneXpert and BAUSport can provide comparable estimates of SA and SA-CA in young athletes relative to the Fels method. Biases in the estimation of SA should, however, be considered and the automatic methods should be implemented as part of a comprehensive growth and maturity screening protocol. The non-invasive nature of the BAUSport method affords particular advantages (no radiation exposure, portability) in contexts where the regular estimation of SA is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gil Rodas
- FC Barcelona, Futbol Club Barcelona Medical Services, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- FC Barcelona, Futbol Club Barcelona Medical Services, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan D Rogol
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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Monasterio X, Cumming SP, Larruskain J, Johnson DM, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Lekue JA, Diaz-Beitia G, Santisteban JM, Williams S. The combined effects of growth and maturity status on injury risk in an elite football academy. Biol Sport 2024; 41:235-244. [PMID: 38188110 PMCID: PMC10765440 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.129472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the interaction between growth rate on specific injury incidence and burden on pre-, circa- and post-peak height velocity (PHV) periods. Injury and stature data collected during the 2000-2020 seasons in an elite football academy were retrospectively analysed. Only players with height measurements from childhood until the attainment of adult height were included in the study (N = 84). Growth data were smoothed using a cubic spline to calculate daily growth rate and height. Growth rate was categorised into three groups: fast (> 7.2 cm/year), moderate (3.5-7.2 cm/year) and slow (< 3.5 cm/year). Percentage of observed adult height was used to classify players as pre-PHV (< 88%), circa-PHV (88-95%) or post-PHV (> 95%). Overall and specific injury incidence and burden and rate ratios for comparisons between growth rate groups were calculated on pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods, separately. Overall injury incidence and burden were greater in pre-PHV players with quicker growth rates compared to players growing moderately and slowly. All in all, players with more rapid growth-rates were at higher risk for growth-related injuries in all pre-, circa- and post-PHV periods. Post-PHV, the incidence and burden of joint/ligament injuries were 2.4 and 2.6-times greater in players growing slowly compared to players growing moderately. Practitioners should monitor growth rate and maturity status and consider their interaction to facilitate the design of targeted injury risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Monasterio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - David M Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose A Lekue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Gontzal Diaz-Beitia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Juan M Santisteban
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Sousa-E-Silva P, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Celis-Moreno JM, Costa DC, Martinho DV, Ribeiro LP, Oliveira T, Gonçalves-Santos J, Tavares OM, Castanheira JM, Pereira T, Conde J, Cayolla RR, Duarte-Mendes P, Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of Fels skeletal age assessments among male tennis players 8-16 years. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:196. [PMID: 37101252 PMCID: PMC10131323 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal age (SA) is an estimate of biological maturity status that is commonly used in sport-related medical examinations. This study considered intra-observer reproducibility and inter-observer agreement of SA assessments among male tennis players. METHODS SA was assessed with the Fels method in 97 male tennis players with chronological ages (CA) spanning 8.7-16.8 years. Radiographs were evaluated by two independent trained observers. Based on the difference between SA and CA, players were classified as late, average or early maturing; if a player was skeletally mature, he was noted as such as an SA is not assigned. RESULTS The magnitude of intra-individual differences between repeated SA assessments were d = 0.008 year (observer A) and d = 0.001 year (observer B); the respective coefficients of variation were 1.11% and 1.75%. Inter-observer mean differences were negligible (t = 1.252, p = 0.210) and the intra-class correlation coefficient was nearly perfect (ICC = 0.995). Concordance of classifications of players by maturity status between observers was 90%. CONCLUSION Fels SA assessments were highly reproducible and showed an acceptable level of inter-observer agreement between trained examiners. Classifications of players by skeletal maturity status based on assessments of the two observers were highly concordant, though not 100%. The results highlight the importance of experienced observers in skeletal maturity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sousa-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge M Celis-Moreno
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela C Costa
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís P Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Algarve, School of Health, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tomas Oliveira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Oscar M Tavares
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Castanheira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telmo Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Conde
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo R Cayolla
- University Portucalense, REMIT (Research Centre on Economics, Management and Information Technologies), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Duarte-Mendes
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, School of Education, Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Sport, Health & Exercise Research Unit (SHERU), Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | | | | | - Robert M Malina
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Austin, TX, USA
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA
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7
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Johnson D, Williams S, Bradley B, Cumming SP. Can we reduce injury risk during the adolescent growth spurt? An iterative sequence of prevention in male academy footballers. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:452-460. [PMID: 37823577 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2261854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: The adolescent growth spurt is associated with an increased risk of injury in young athletes.Aim: This study aimed to use an interdisciplinary collaboration between technical coaches, sports scientists, and medical staff to mitigate this risk.Subjects and methods: 77 male academy footballers were followed across two seasons. At-risk players were identified using somatic maturity status and growth rate in stature and the lower limbs, using thresholds of 88% to 92.8% of predicted adult stature, ≥7.2 cm/year, and ≥3.6 cm/year, respectively. During the 2019-20 season, players with symptoms of a growth-related injury or two of three risk factors were included in an intervention strategy that included modified training load, football-specific skills, balance, coordination and landing drills, and an individualised strength program.Results: For players with the three risk factors, there was a significant reduction in the incidence (rate ratio [RR] = 0.14 (5.2 per 1000h → 0.8 per 1000h, p = 0.05) and burden (RR = 0.08 (216 per 1000h → 17 per 1000h, p = 0.02) between the seasons. For players with ≤2 risk factors, there were no significant differences in injury risk between the baseline and intervention seasons.Conclusion: Overall, it may be possible to mitigate injury incidence and burden during the adolescent growth spurt in high-risk athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Sports Science and Medicine, AFC Bournemouth Football Club, Bournemouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean Williams
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ben Bradley
- Sports Science and Medicine, AFC Bournemouth Football Club, Bournemouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Towlson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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9
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Sousa-e-Silva P, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Seabra A, Costa DC, Martinho DV, Duarte JP, Oliveira T, Gonçalves-Santos J, Rodrigues I, Ribeiro LP, Figueiredo AJ, Konarski JM, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Skeletal age assessed by TW2 using 20-bone, carpal and RUS score systems: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal soccer players. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271386. [PMID: 35998133 PMCID: PMC9397866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine intra- and inter-observer agreement for the three skeletal ages derived from the TW2 method among male pubertal soccer players. The sample included 142 participants aged 11.0–15.3 years. Films of the left hand-wrist were evaluated twice by each of two observers. Twenty bones were rated and three scoring systems used to determine SA adopting the TW2 version: 20-bone, CARPAL and RUS. Overall agreement rates were 95.1% and 93.8% for, respectively, Observer A and Observer B. Although, agreement rates between observers differed for 13 bones (5 carpals, metacarpal-I, metacarpal-III, metacarpal-V, proximal phalanges-I, III and V, distal phalanx-III), intra-class correlationa were as follows: 0.990 (20-bone), 0.969 (CARPAL), and 0.988 (RUS). For the three SA protocols, BIAS was negligible: 0.02 years (20-bone), 0.04 years (CARPAL), and 0.03 years (RUS). Observer-associated error was not significant for 20-bone SA (TEM = 0.25 years, %CV = 1.86) neither RUS SA (TEM = 0.31 years, %CV = 2.22). Although the mean difference for CARPAL SAs between observers (observer A: 12.48±1.18 years; observer B: 12.29±1.24 years; t = 4.662, p<0.01), the inter-observer disagreement had little impact (TEM: 0.34 years: %CV: 2.78). The concordance between bone-specific developmental stages seemed was somewhat more problematic for the carpals than for the long bones. Finally, when error due to the observer is not greater than one stage and the replicated assignments had equal probability for being lower or higher compared to initial assignments, the effect on SAs was trivial or small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sousa-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre Seabra
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon Portugal
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela C. Costa
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P. Duarte
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - António J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jan M. Konarski
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Theory of Sports Department (Sport Science), Poznań, Poland
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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10
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Johnson DM, Cumming SP, Bradley B, Williams S. The influence of exposure, growth and maturation on injury risk in male academy football players. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1127-1136. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2051380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Johnson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Academy Sports Science and Medicine Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
| | | | - Ben Bradley
- Academy Sports Science and Medicine Department, AFC Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
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11
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Radnor JM, Staines J, Bevan J, Cumming SP, Kelly AL, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL. Maturity Has a Greater Association than Relative Age with Physical Performance in English Male Academy Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:171. [PMID: 34941809 PMCID: PMC8705996 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to: (1) examine differences in physical performance across birth-quartiles and maturity-status, and (2) determine the relationships among relative age, maturation and physical performance in young male soccer players. The sample included 199 males aged between 8.1 and 18.9 years, from two professional soccer academies in the English Football League. Data were collected for height, weight, self-reported biological parent heights, 30 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Relative age was conveyed as a decimal, while maturity status was determined as the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH). There were no significant differences in any measure between birth quartiles, however early maturers outperformed on-time and later maturers in most performance measures. Pearson-product-moment correlations revealed that maturation was inversely associated with 30 m sprint time in U12 to U16 (r = -0.370-0.738; p < 0.05), but only positively associated with CMJ performance in U12 (r = 0.497; p < 0.05). In contrast, relative age was unrelated to sprint performance and only significantly associated with superior CMJ performance in U16. This study indicates that maturity has a greater association with sprint performance than relative age in English male academy soccer players. Practitioners should monitor and assess biological maturation in young soccer players to attempt to control for the influence on physical performance, and avoid biasing selection on absolute performance rather than identifying the most talented player.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
| | - Jacob Staines
- Exeter City Football Club, Exeter EX4 6PX, UK; (J.S.); (J.B.)
| | - James Bevan
- Exeter City Football Club, Exeter EX4 6PX, UK; (J.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK;
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (R.S.L.); (J.L.O.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
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12
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Jayanthi N, Schley S, Cumming SP, Myer GD, Saffel H, Hartwig T, Gabbett TJ. Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation. Sports Health 2021; 14:142-153. [PMID: 34763556 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211056088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load. CONCLUSION Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION TAXONOMY (SORT) B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Jayanthi
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Family Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia
| | | | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Johns Creek, Georgia.,Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, Georgia.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Saffel
- South Bend-Notre Dame Sports Medicine Fellowship, Beacon Bone & Joint Specialists, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Tim Hartwig
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Strathfield Campus, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Gillison FB, Grey EB, Cumming SP, Sherar LB. Does adjusting for biological maturity when calculating child weight status improve the accuracy of predicting future health risk? BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1979. [PMID: 34727900 PMCID: PMC8561871 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting the weight categorisation of children for their biological maturity status could improve the accuracy of predicting weight status and cardiometabolic risk at age 17. METHODS Data from 1525 participants (787 female) from the ALSPAC study were analysed. Participants' weight status at age 11 was estimated using first standard chronological age and sex adjusted BMI cut-offs, and again using maturity adjusted BMI cut-offs. Each BMI category at age 11 was regressed against cardiometabolic risk score and BMI category at age 17, controlling for sex, ethnicity and socio-economic status. RESULTS At age 11 years, 22% of boys and 46% of girls who were categorised as overweight or having obesity based on chronological age were re-categorised into a lower BMI category after adjusting for biological maturity. Biologically adjusted BMI categories better predicted BMI category at age 17 compared with non-adjusted BMI categories (∆BIC = - 21.69); the odds of having obesity at age 17 were 18.28 times greater with each increase in BMI category at age 11. Adjusted and non-adjusted BMI status at 11 years showed equivalent accuracy in predicting cardiometabolic risk at age 17; the odds ratio of high cardiometabolic risk was 1.85, with heightened risk in boys, particularly early maturers. CONCLUSION The traditional method of categorising adolescents into a BMI category may over-predict overweight and obesity, particularly in girls. Adjusting for biological maturity when estimating weight status through calculating adolescents' BMI classification was equivalent to standard approaches in predicting other cardiovascular risk at age 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B Gillison
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Elisabeth B Grey
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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14
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Patel TS, McGregor A, Cumming SP, Williams K, Williams S. Return to competitive gymnastics training in the UK following the first COVID-19 national lockdown. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:191-201. [PMID: 34558741 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), the UK entered a national lockdown, and all sport was suspended. The study aimed to explore the process of returning to gymnastics training after several months away from the gym, with a particular interest towards training load and injury. Twenty-six, national programmed gymnasts from Men's artistic, Women's artistic and Trampoline gymnastics recorded training load and injury whilst returning to training. At the end of data collection, three coaches were interviewed to further explore the experiences and practices of returning to training. Home-based training during lockdown was seen as beneficial in maintaining a level of fitness. Coaches described a gradual increase in training to reduce the risk of injury, and this partly explains a non-significant association between training load and a substantial injury (p = 0.441). However, week-to-week changes in training load following periods of additional restrictions (additional lockdown, periods of isolation, or substantial restrictions) were not always gradual. There was a significant association between an injury in the preceding week (niggle or substantial injury to a different body part) and a substantial injury in the subsequent week (RR: 5.29, p = 0.011). Monitoring training was described to be a useful practice during the process of returning to training. Coaches believed that although the short-term development of their gymnasts was affected, the long-term development would not be impacted from COVID-19. It is anticipated that learnings from this study can be applied to future practices and situations, particularly when gymnasts are away from the gym for an extended period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Sarika Patel
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alex McGregor
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK
| | | | - Karen Williams
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK
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15
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Malina RM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martinho DV, Sousa-e-Siva P, Figueiredo AJ, Cumming SP, Králík M, Kozieł SM. Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254659. [PMID: 34310636 PMCID: PMC8312932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Siva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Colyer S, Miles JJ, Crump FJ, Hall-Martinez JP, Little GS, Mallabone J, Chapman AJ, Cumming SP. Association between biological maturation and anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors during cutting. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1078-1087. [PMID: 34275261 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent females are particularly susceptible to suffering anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, likely influenced by well-established maturational changes. This study investigated ACL biomechanical injury risk factors and their association with biological maturation in females. METHODS Thirty-five adolescent females (15 ± 1 yr) completed a series of maximum-effort 90° unanticipated cutting manoeuvres. Established biomechanical ACL injury risk factors (including external knee abduction moments, knee abduction, hip abduction, knee flexion, ground reaction force) were derived from an optoelectronic motion analysis system and force platforms, with inter-limb asymmetries in these risk factors also computed. Biological maturation (percentage of predicted adult stature) was assessed using validated regression equations, incorporating anthropometric measures of participants and their biological parents. RESULTS Significant bilateral asymmetries were observed with higher peak external knee abduction moments, higher ground reaction forces and less knee flexion (from 0-18% and 30-39% of contact) during the non-dominant vs. dominant cuts (effect sizes = 0.36, 0.63 and 0.50, respectively). Maturation did not appear to influence these asymmetries; however, less hip abduction was observed (e.g. 21-51% of contact for dominant cuts) in more biologically-mature females. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a potential maturationrelated change in cutting technique that may explain the apparent heightened ACL injury risk in this population. As females mature, training targeted at neuromuscular control of hip abductor (e.g. gluteal) muscle groups could potentially mitigate ACL injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK -
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17
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Patel TS, McGregor A, Williams K, Cumming SP, Williams S. The influence of growth and training loads on injury risk in competitive trampoline gymnasts. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2632-2641. [PMID: 34219613 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1948259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is currently limited research exploring the relationship between growth, training load and injury in gymnasts. Twenty-one national level, trampoline gymnasts recorded training load and injury for 8-weeks. Percentage of predicted adult height (%PAH) was calculated using the Khamis-Roche method and used to define growth spurt status. Training load was calculated using the session rate of perceived exertion and analysed as differential loads and as a 7-day exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA7day). There was a significant non-linear association between %PAH and the probability of injury when adjusting for either training load metric (differential load, P = 0.015; EWMA7day; P = 0.008), with the highest injury risk estimated at ~90% PAH (circa growth spurt). The probability of injury significantly increased with increases in EWMA7day training load (RR: 1.88 95% CI: 1.21- 2.91, P = 0.005) but not with differential load. No significant interaction between %PAH, training load and the probability of injury were observed. Data suggest that competitive trampoline gymnasts are at an increased risk of injury during the adolescent growth spurt or with higher weekly training loads. Coaches should be educated and encouraged to identify periods of rapid growth and monitor training load, to reduce the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Sarika Patel
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alex McGregor
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK
| | - Karen Williams
- British Gymnastics, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Shropshire, UK
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18
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Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Coelho-E-Silva M, Malina RM. Developmental fitness curves: assessing sprint acceleration relative to age and maturity status in elite junior tennis players. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:336-345. [PMID: 32522032 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1781250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of maturity-status on athletic performance is reasonably well-documented. Methodological and practical issues of assessment and lack of longitudinal data have impacted the success of various models. AIM To develop age- and sex-specific developmental curves for sprint acceleration in elite youth tennis players and to address variation in performance relative to chronological and biological age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Measures of acceleration were available for 3120 elite youth tennis players aged 8-15 years attending National and Regional Talent Identification days. Variation in acceleration by chronological and estimated biological ages was evaluated in corresponding data for an independent sample of elite youth players 8.9 to 15.1 years of age. RESULTS Acceleration varied as a function of chronological and biological age relative to developmental curves. Early maturing males and females had significantly poorer performances when acceleration was considered relative to biological age. Significant discrepancy in percentiles relative to biological versus chronological ages was also evident between early and late maturing players of each sex. CONCLUSION Evaluating performance relative to developmental curves and maturity status may be a practical means of monitoring long-term athlete development in tennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian K Myburgh
- National Tennis Centre, Lawn Tennis Association, London, UK.,Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Manuel Coelho-E-Silva
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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19
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Parr J, Winwood K, Hodson-Tole E, Deconinck FJA, Parry L, Hill JP, Malina RM, Cumming SP. Predicting the timing of the peak of the pubertal growth spurt in elite male youth soccer players: evaluation of methods. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:400-408. [PMID: 32543933 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1782989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three commonly used non-invasive protocols are implemented to estimate the timing at which PHV most likely occurs. Accurate estimation of circumpubertal years can aid in managing training load of adolescent athletes. AIM Three protocols were compared against observed age at PHV: an estimate of 13.8 ± 1.0 years - generic age at PHV (from longitudinal measures); an estimate based on the maturity offset equation, predicted age at PHV ±1.0 year; a window of PHV based on 85-96% of predicted adult height at time of observation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A final sample of 23 (from 28) adolescent male participants were selected from the academy of an English Premier League club. Anthropometric measures were collected across five playing seasons; age at PHV was estimated with Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). The three protocols were compared based on measures at 13.0 years. Results and Conclusions: An age window based on predicted maturity offset did not improve estimation of PHV compared to generic age method; however, the percentage of predicted adult height window showed improvement in performance shown by the following results. Predicted age at PHV correctly assigned 15 participants (65%) as experiencing PHV, while the percentage height correctly assigned 17 participants (74%). Generic age and predicted age at PHV correctly predicted observed age at PHV for 14 participants (61%), percentage of adult height window correctly predicted 22 participants (96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Parr
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - Keith Winwood
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma Hodson-Tole
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Les Parry
- Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James P Hill
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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20
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Abstract
CONTEXT Bio-banding is the process of grouping players by their maturational status rather than chronological age. It is designed to limit the impact of maturational timing on talent identification and development and expose early and late maturing players to new learning experiences and challenges. A common criticism of bio-banding is that it does not consider age related differences in psychosocial and behaviour development. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this case study is to describe how theory and research pertaining to the design and delivery of mixed-aged classrooms can be used to prepare early and late maturing players for bio-banding and optimise the benefits of this practice. METHOD After placing the players in their bio-banded groups, one Elite Premier League Academy provided bespoke group psychology sessions for early and late maturing players for six weeks. RESULTS Providing bespoke psychology sessions for players maturation age allows for the cognitive processes of both early and late maturity status to work within the zone of proximal development. CONCLUSION Pedagogical practice associated with mixed age classrooms can be used in bio-banded contexts to benefit both early and late maturing players. Delivering psychological sessions alongside bio-banding permits learning and development to both ends of the maturity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hill
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Department of Sports Science and Medicine, Southampton Football Club, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Spencer
- Department of Sports Science and Medicine, Southampton Football Club, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Southampton Football Club, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Darragh McGee
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Scott
- Department of Sports Science and Medicine, Southampton Football Club, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Frame
- Department of Psychology, Southampton Football Club, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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21
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Teunissen JWA, Rommers N, Pion J, Cumming SP, Rössler R, D'Hondt E, Lenoir M, Savelsbergh GJP, Malina RM. Accuracy of maturity prediction equations in individual elite male football players. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:409-416. [PMID: 32996814 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1783360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equations predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) are often used to assess somatic maturity and to adjust training load accordingly. However, information on the intra-individual accuracy of APHV in youth athletes is not available. AIM The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy of predication equations for the estimation of APHV in individual youth male football players. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Body dimensions were measured at least every three months in 17 elite youth male football players (11.9 ± 0.8 years at baseline) from the 2008-2009 through the 2011-2012 seasons. APHV was predicted at each observation with four suggested equations. Predicted APHV was compared to the player's observed APHV using one-sample-t-tests and equivalence-tests. Longitudinal stability was assessed by comparing the linear coefficient of the deviation to zero. RESULTS Predicted APHV was equivalent to the observed APHV in none of the players. A difference with a large effect size (Cohen's d > 0.8) was noted in 87% of the predictions. Moreover, predictions were not stable over time in 71% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS None of the evaluated prediction equations is accurate for estimating APHV in individual players nor are predictions stable over time, which limits their utility for adjusting training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Ajw Teunissen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikki Rommers
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Pion
- Department of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Roland Rössler
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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22
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Cumming SP, Harrington DM, Davis MJ, Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Khunti K, Rowlands AV, Yates T, Sherar LB. Maturational timing, physical self-perceptions and physical activity in UK adolescent females: investigation of a mediated effects model. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:384-390. [PMID: 32996817 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1784277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced (early) biological maturation may be a risk factor for inactivity among adolescent girls. AIM To test the mediational effects of body attractiveness and physical self-worth on the relationship between biological maturity and accelerometer assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a large multi-ethnic sample of girls from the Midlands area in the UK (11-14 years). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Biological maturity (predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV)); self-perceptions of body attractiveness, physical self-worth, and minutes spent in MVPA were assessed in 1062 females aged 11-14 years. RESULTS Structural equation modelling using maximum likelihood estimation and boot- strapping procedures supported the hypothesised model. Later maturation predicted higher perceptions of body attractiveness (β = 0.25, p < .001) which, in turn, predicted higher perceptions of physical self-worth (β = 0.91, p < .001) and, significantly higher MVPA (β = 0.22, p < .001). Examination of the bootstrap-generated bias-corrected confidence intervals suggested that perceptions of body attractiveness and physical self-worth partially mediated a positive association between predicted APHV and MVPA (β = 0.05, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Greater biological maturity (i.e. early maturity) in adolescent girls is associated with less involvement in MVPA and appears to be partly explained by lower perceptions of body attractiveness and physical self-worth. Physical activity interventions should consider girls' perceptions of their pubertal related physiological changes during adolescence, particularly among early maturing girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, Bath, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Melanie J Davis
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Trish Gorely
- University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Applied Health Research and Care East Midlands, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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23
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Sherar LB, Cumming SP. Human biology of physical activity in the growing child. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:313-315. [PMID: 32996815 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1816934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health, and Exercise Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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24
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Moore SA, Cumming SP, Balletta G, Ramage K, Eisenmann JC, Baxter-Jones ADG, Jackowski SA, Sherar LB. Exploring the relationship between adolescent biological maturation, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:365-383. [PMID: 32996818 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1805006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Across adolescence, there is a notable decline in physical activity in boys and girls. Maturational timing may be a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours during adolescence. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to summarise literature that examined the relationship between maturational timing, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for articles that assessed biological maturation and physical activity (including sports participation and active transportation) or sedentary behaviours in adolescents. Two reviewers conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening, reference and forward citation searches. Included articles were evaluated for quality using a standardised tool. A narrative synthesis was used to analyse the findings due to the heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS Searches yielded 78 articles (64 unique studies) that met the inclusion criteria, representing 242,316 participants (153,179 unique). Studies ranged from 30.0% (low) to 91.7% (high) in quality. An inverse relationship between maturational timing and physical activity (in 50 and 60% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) and a positive relationship between maturational timing and sedentary behaviour (in 100% and 53% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) was most commonly reported. Evidence supporting an association between maturational timing, sports participation, and active transportation was inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS While this review demonstrates some evidence for early maturational timing as a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increase in sedentary behaviours, the reviewed literature also demonstrates that this relationship is complex. Future research that tracks maturity-related variations in physical activity and sedentary behaviours over adolescence is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Therapeutic Recreation, Faculty of Child, Family, and Community Studies, Douglas College, Coquitlam, Canada
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health, and Exercise Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Joey C Eisenmann
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Stefan A Jackowski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Malina RM, Cumming SP, Rogol AD, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Figueiredo AJ, Konarski JM, Kozieł SM. Bio-Banding in Youth Sports: Background, Concept, and Application. Sports Med 2020; 49:1671-1685. [PMID: 31429034 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual differences in size, maturity status, function, and behavior among youth of the same chronological age (CA) have long been a concern in grouping for sport. Bio-banding is a recent attempt to accommodate maturity-associated variation among youth in sport. The historical basis of the concept of maturity-matching and its relevance to youth sport, and bio-banding as currently applied are reviewed. Maturity matching in sport has often been noted but has not been systematically applied. Bio-banding is a recent iteration of maturity matching for grouping youth athletes into 'bands' or groups based on characteristic(s) other than CA. The percentage of predicted young adult height at the time of observation is the estimate of maturity status of choice. Several applications of bio-banding in youth soccer have indicated positive responses from players and coaches. Bio-banding reduces, but does not eliminate, maturity-associated variation. The potential utility of bio-banding for appropriate training loads, injury prevention, and fitness assessment merits closer attention, specifically during the interval of pubertal growth. The currently used height prediction equation requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,, 10735 FM 2668, Bay City, TX, 77414, USA.
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/0423), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Figueiredo
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/0423), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Theory of Sports Department, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir M Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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V. Martinho D, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Gutiérrez AO, Duarte JP, Lourenço-Farinha P, Luz LGO, Gonçalves-Santos J, Machado DRL, Leite N, Conde J, Castanheira JM, Cumming SP, Sherar LB, Malina RM. Scaling left ventricular mass in adolescent female soccer players. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 32284059 PMCID: PMC7153237 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of chronological age (CA), skeletal maturation, training experience and concurrent body size descriptors, to inter-individual variance in left ventricular mass (LVM) among female adolescent soccer players. METHODS The sample included 228 female soccer players 11.8-17.1 years. Training experience defined as years of participation in competitive soccer (range 2-9 years), was obtained by interview. Stature, body mass and skinfolds (triceps, medial calf) were measured. Fat mass was estimated; Fat-free mass was derived. LVM was assessed by echocardiography. Skeletal maturity status was as the difference of skeletal age (SA, Fels method) minus CA. RESULTS Fat-free mass was the most prominent single predictor of LVM (R2 = 36.6%). It was associated with an allometric coefficient close to linearity (k = 0.924, 95%CI: 0.737 to 1.112). A significant multiplicative allometric model including body mass, fat-free mass, CA, training experience and skeletal maturity status was also obtained (R = 0.684; R2 = 46.2%). CONCLUSION Stature has limitations as a valid size descriptor of LVM. Body mass, fat-free mass, training experience, CA, body mass and skeletal maturity status were relevant factors contributing to inter-individual variability in LVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V. Martinho
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo O. Gutiérrez
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Sonora Institute of Technology, Sonora, Mexico
| | - João P. Duarte
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lourenço-Farinha
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonardo G. O. Luz
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- LACAPS, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
| | | | - Dalmo R. L. Machado
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Neiva Leite
- Physical Education Department, Research Nucleus of Quality of Life, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Castanheira
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), University of Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Lauren B. Sherar
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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Mitchell SB, Haase AM, Cumming SP. Experiences of delayed maturation in female vocational ballet students: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. J Adolesc 2020; 80:233-241. [PMID: 32208172 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a well-established bias toward late maturing females in the context of ballet, with up to 70% of professionals delayed in maturation. The timing of maturation has implications for physical and psychological outcomes which are likely to be amplified in dance. The aim of this research was to explore the role of maturity timing in adolescent dance students' experiences of vocational ballet training. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 28 adolescent female dancers of differing maturity timing across three vocational ballet schools in the UK. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed in the analysis of data. This study comprises findings from the nine late maturing dancers within the sample. RESULTS Late maturing dancers perceived a number of aesthetic and functional advantages. The aesthetic advantages noted by the dancers are congruent with the well-established bias toward a later maturing physique for ballet; being 'small' and not having 'bits' is advantageous for these dancers in terms of maintaining a more pre-pubescent look and thereby conforming more easily to the expectations of the ballet world. However, dancers in this study perceived some significant drawbacks. Despite aesthetic advantages, later maturing dancers were disadvantaged by the current training system which sees them undertaking the most crucial training period during their most rapid period of growth. CONCLUSIONS Greater consideration of maturation is needed within training systems and further research is warranted to understand these experiences in more depth and their implications for the physical and psychological wellbeing of young people in dance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan B Mitchell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Child Mental Health Group, University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Anne M Haase
- Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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Baxter-Jones ADG, Barbour-Tuck EN, Dale D, Sherar LB, Knight CJ, Cumming SP, Ferguson LJ, Kowalski KC, Humbert ML. The role of growth and maturation during adolescence on team-selection and short-term sports participation. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:316-323. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1707870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donovan Dale
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Lauren B. Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Camilla J. Knight
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Leah J. Ferguson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kent C. Kowalski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M. Louise Humbert
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Bradley B, Johnson D, Hill M, McGee D, Kana-Ah A, Sharpin C, Sharp P, Kelly A, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Bio-banding in academy football: player's perceptions of a maturity matched tournament. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 46:400-408. [PMID: 31288575 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2019.1640284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Individual differences in biological maturation impact player selection and development in youth football.Aim: To evaluate players perceptions of competing in a football tournament where they were matched by maturity rather than chronological age.Subjects: Participants included male junior footballers from three professional academies (n = 115).Methods: The study employed multiple methods of analysis, including one sample mean t-tests, equivalence tests, ANOVAs, and thematic analysis of qualitative data derived from open-ended questions.Results and conclusions: Player's perceived the bio-banding format as providing two main benefits. Early maturing players perceived greater physical and technical challenge, and in turn new opportunities and challenges. Late maturing players perceived less physical and technical challenge, yet greater opportunity to demonstrate technical and tactical abilities. The players reported that they enjoyed and understood the purpose of the bio-banded format, and perceived less risk for injury. Players in all three maturity groups reported more opportunity to engage in leadership behaviours, influence game-play, and express themselves on the ball in the bio-banded format. Bio-banding may facilitate development for both early and late maturing academy players by presenting new learning environments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Johnson
- A.F.C Bournemouth, Bournemouth, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Megan Hill
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Abstract
This study examined the simultaneous effects of relative age and biological maturity status upon player selection in an English professional soccer academy. A total of 202 players from the U9 to U16 age groups, over an eight-year period (total of 566 observations), had their relative age (birth quarter) and biological maturity (categorised as late, on-time or early maturing based upon the Khamis-Roche method of percentage of predicted adult height at time of observation) recorded. Players born in the first birth quarter of the year (54.8%) were over-represented across all age groups. A selection bias towards players advanced in maturity status for chronological age emerged in U12 players and increased with age; 0% of players in the U15 and U16 age group were categorised as late maturing. A clear maturity selection bias for early maturing players was, however, only apparent when the least conservative criterion for estimating maturity status was applied (53.8% early and 1.9% late maturing in the U16 age group). Professional football academies need to recognise relative age and maturation as independent constructs that exist and operate independently. Thus, separate strategies should perhaps be designed to address the respective selection biases, to better identify, retain and develop players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hill
- Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- Department of Sports Science and Medicine, Southampton Football Club , Southampton, UK
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin , Texas, USA
| | - Darragh McGee
- Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath, UK
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31
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Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Cross-Sectional Analysis Investigating the Concordance of Maturity Status Classifications in Elite Caucasian Youth Tennis Players. Sports Med Open 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31264052 PMCID: PMC6603099 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the concordance of skeletal age (SA) with two predicted estimates of biological maturity status in elite British youth tennis players. METHOD Participants were 71 male and female elite youth tennis players aged 8 to 16 years. Weight, height, and sitting height were measured. SA (Fels method) was the criterion indicator of maturity status. Maturity status was predicted with two methods: predicted age at peak height velocity and percentage of predicted adult height at the time of observation. Players were classified as late, average (on time), or early maturing with each method. Concordance of classifications was evaluated with kappa coefficients and Spearman's rank order correlations. RESULTS Kappa coefficients between maturity status classifications were low in both sexes, - 0.11 to 0.22, while Spearman's rank order correlations between maturity status classifications based on SA and the percentage of predicted mature height were moderate in males (0.35) and females (0.25), but the corresponding correlations based on predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) varied, moderate and negative in boys (- 0.37) and low and positive in girls (0.11). Concordance of maturity status classifications based on the prediction methods and SA among tennis players was thus limited. CONCLUSIONS Maturity status based on the percentage of predicted mature height at the time of observation correlated better with maturity status based on SA in contrast to status based on predicted age at PHV in this sample of elite youth tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian K. Myburgh
- National Tennis Centre, Lawn Tennis Association, 100 Priory Lane, Roehampton, London, SW15 5JQ UK
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercises Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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32
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Cumming SP. A game plan for growth: how football is leading the way in the consideration of biological maturation in young male athletes. Ann Hum Biol 2019; 45:373-375. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2018.1513560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;
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34
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Figueiredo AJ, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Relative age effect: Characteristics of youth soccer players by birth quarter and subsequent playing status. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:677-684. [PMID: 30246606 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1522703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare characteristics of club level male soccer players 11 and 13 years of age, and to evaluate playing status in soccer two and 10 years after baseline by birth quarter (BQ). METHODS Youth players 11 (n = 62, born 1992, observed December 2003) and 13 (n = 50, born 1990, observed April 2004) years were grouped by BQ. Baseline data included stature, weight, maturity status, functional capacities, soccer skills, goal orientation, and coach evaluation of potential. Playing status in soccer in 2006 and 2014 was also available. Baseline characteristics and subsequent playing status were compared by BQ. RESULTS Baseline characteristics did not differ by BQ except for age and percentage of predicted adult height. Though not significant, coaches tended to rate players in BQ1as higher in potential. For those competing in soccer as adults, BQ2 (4), BQ3 (5) and BQ4 (2) were represented among players11 years, and BQ1 (3), BQ2 (2), BQ3 (1) and BQ4 (4) among players 13 years. CONCLUSION Although limited to small numbers, differences among players by BQ were inconsistent. The results indicate a need to extend potential explanations of the RAE to include behavioral variables, coaches, training environment, and perhaps the culture of the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J Figueiredo
- a Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- a Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Sean P Cumming
- b Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Robert M Malina
- c Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas , Austin , Texas.,d School of Public Health and Information Sciences , University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
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Luz LGO, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Luz TDD, Sousa-E-Silva P, Duarte JP, Machado-Rodrigues A, Seabra A, Santos R, Cumming SP, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Biocultural Predictors of Motor Coordination Among Prepubertal Boys and Girls. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:21-39. [PMID: 29316859 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517744471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict motor coordination from a matrix of biocultural factors for 173 children (89 boys, 84 girls) aged 7-9 years who were assessed with the Körperkoordinationtest für Kinder test battery. Socioeconomic variables included built environment, area of residence, mother's educational level, and mother's physical activity level (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire [short version]). The behavioral domain was marked by participation in organized sports and habitual physical activity measured by accelerometers ( ActiGraph GT1M). Indicators of biological development included somatic maturation and body mass index. Among males, the best logistic regression model to explain motor coordination (Nagelkerke R2 = 50.8; χ2 = 41.166; p < .001) emerged from age-group (odds ratio [OR]: 0.007-0.065), late maturation (OR = 0.174), normal body weight status (OR = 0.116), mother's educational level (OR = 0.129), and urban area of residence (OR = 0.236). Among girls, the best logistic regression to explain motor coordination (Nagelkerke R2 = 40.8; χ2 = 29.933; p < .01) derived from age (OR: 0.091-0.384), normal body mass index (OR = 0.142), participation in organized sport (OR = 0.121), and mother's physical activity level (OR = 0.183). This sex-specific, ecological approach to motor coordination proficiency may help promote physical activity during prepubertal years through familiar determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo G O Luz
- 1 LACAPS, Alagoas Federal University (UFAL), Arapiraca, Brazil.,2 CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- 2 CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal.,3 Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal.,4 IBILI, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,5 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, 70887 Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tatiana D D Luz
- 6 Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,7 Alagoas Federal University (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - João P Duarte
- 2 CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal.,6 Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,8 Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aristides Machado-Rodrigues
- 2 CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal.,9 CIAS, University of Coimbra, Portugal.,10 School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal
| | - André Seabra
- 11 CIAFEL, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- 12 Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sean P Cumming
- 13 Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department of Health, University of Bath, UK
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- 2 CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal.,6 Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Luz LGO, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Duarte JP, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Machado-Rodrigues A, Seabra A, Carmo BCM, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Multivariate Relationships among Morphology, Fitness and Motor Coordination in Prepubertal Girls. J Sports Sci Med 2018; 17:197-204. [PMID: 29769820 PMCID: PMC5950736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor coordination and physical fitness are multidimensional concepts which cannot be reduced to a single variable. This study evaluated multivariate relationships among morphology, physical fitness and motor coordination in 74 pre-pubertal girls 8.0-8.9 years of age. Data included body dimensions, eight fitness items and four motor coordination tasks (KTK battery). Maturity status was estimated as percentage of predicted mature stature attained at the time of observation. Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between multivariate domains. Significant pairs of linear functions between indicators of morphology and fitness (rc = 0.778, Wilks' Lambda = 0.175), and between fitness and motor coordination (rc = 0.765, Wilks' Lambda = 0.289) were identified. Girls who were lighter and had a lower waist-to-stature ratio and % fat mass attained better scores in the endurance run, sit-ups and standing long jump tests, but poorer performances in hand grip strength and 2-kg ball throw. Better fitness test scores were also associated with better motor coordination scores. Relationships between body size and estimated fatness with motor fitness suggested an inverse relationship that was particularly evident in performance items that required the displacement of the body through space, while motor coordination was more closely related with fitness than with somatic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo G O Luz
- LACAPS, Federal University of Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FCDEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FCDEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FCT, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IBILI, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusofona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon Portugal
- FCT, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aristides Machado-Rodrigues
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIAS, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - André Seabra
- CIAFEL, FADE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Roel Vaeyens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Club Brugge KV, Brugge, Belgium
| | | | | | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Wilkie HJ, Standage M, Gillison FB, Cumming SP, Katzmarzyk PT. The home electronic media environment and parental safety concerns: relationships with outdoor time after school and over the weekend among 9-11 year old children. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:456. [PMID: 29621981 PMCID: PMC5887248 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time spent outdoors is associated with higher physical activity levels among children, yet it may be threatened by parental safety concerns and the attraction of indoor sedentary pursuits. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between these factors and outdoor time during children's discretionary periods (i.e., after school and over the weekend). METHODS Data from 462 children aged 9-11 years old were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. The odds of spending > 1 h outdoors after school, and > 2 h outdoors on a weekend were computed, according to demographic variables, screen-based behaviours, media access, and parental safety concerns. Interactions with sex and socioeconomic status (SES) were explored. RESULTS Boys, low SES participants, and children who played on their computer for < 2 h on a school day had higher odds of spending > 1 h outside after school than girls, high SES children and those playing on a computer for ≥2 h, respectively. Counterintuitive results were found for access to media devices and crime-related safety concerns as both of these were positively associated with time spent outdoors after school. A significant interaction for traffic-related concerns*sex was found; higher road safety concerns were associated with lower odds of outdoor time after school in boys only. Age was associated with weekend outdoor time, which interacted with sex and SES; older children were more likely to spend > 2 h outside on weekends but this was only significant among girls and high SES participants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that specific groups of children are less likely to spend their free time outside, and it would seem that only prolonged recreational computer use has a negative association with children's outdoor time after school. Further research is needed to explore potential underlying mechanisms, and parental safety concerns in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Wilkie
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Martyn Standage
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Fiona B Gillison
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Wilkie HJ, Standage M, Gillison FB, Cumming SP, Katzmarzyk PT. Correlates of intensity-specific physical activity in children aged 9-11 years: a multilevel analysis of UK data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018373. [PMID: 29431128 PMCID: PMC5829668 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) can provide numerous physical and psychological health gains, yet a low proportion of children in England are sufficiently active to accrue benefit. Analysing the correlates of PA from a socioecological perspective may help to identify factors that promote versus discourage PA. The purpose of the present study was to: (1) assess the relationships between a wide range of potential correlates and intensity-specific PA and (2) explore which correlates are associated with meeting government PA guidelines. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study on children aged 9-11 years from the South West of England (n=425; 183 males). OUTCOME MEASURES A mixture of self-reported and objective measures (eg, body mass index (BMI), accelerometer-derived PA, self-reported sport participation, etc) were collected from child participants, parents and school teachers. After adjusting for covariates (ie, age, sex and accelerometer wear time), multilevel modelling techniques were employed to examine the relationships between potential correlates and light-intensity, moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity PA, as measured with an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Generalised linear mixed modelling was used to analyse the correlates associated with government-recommended levels of PA. RESULTS Computer use shared a negative association whereas parent support for PA showed a positive relationship with light-intensity PA. In terms of moderate-intensity PA, computer use and BMI z-score shared a negative association whereas positive relationships were found for sport participation, active transport and for outdoor time after school. Children at schools with 25%-49% of pupils attending school sport/PA clubs did more moderate-intensity PA than those attending schools with lower participation rates. For vigorous-intensity PA, a negative relationship was observed for BMI z-score, and positive associations for self-efficacy, active transport, parent support and the presence of crossing guards on routes to school. Correlates associated with meeting the PA guidelines were BMI z-score (negative), sport participation, active transport and outdoor time after school (all positive). CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that factors pertaining to the individual, home and school environment may play an important role in understanding the correlates of differing PA intensities in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01722500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Wilkie
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Martyn Standage
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Fiona B Gillison
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Wilkie HJ, Standage M, Gillison FB, Cumming SP, Katzmarzyk PT. Correlates of intensity-specific physical activity in children aged 9-11 years: a multilevel analysis of UK data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018373. [PMID: 29431128 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) can provide numerous physical and psychological health gains, yet a low proportion of children in England are sufficiently active to accrue benefit. Analysing the correlates of PA from a socioecological perspective may help to identify factors that promote versus discourage PA. The purpose of the present study was to: (1) assess the relationships between a wide range of potential correlates and intensity-specific PA and (2) explore which correlates are associated with meeting government PA guidelines. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study on children aged 9-11 years from the South West of England (n=425; 183 males). OUTCOME MEASURES A mixture of self-reported and objective measures (eg, body mass index (BMI), accelerometer-derived PA, self-reported sport participation, etc) were collected from child participants, parents and school teachers. After adjusting for covariates (ie, age, sex and accelerometer wear time), multilevel modelling techniques were employed to examine the relationships between potential correlates and light-intensity, moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity PA, as measured with an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Generalised linear mixed modelling was used to analyse the correlates associated with government-recommended levels of PA. RESULTS Computer use shared a negative association whereas parent support for PA showed a positive relationship with light-intensity PA. In terms of moderate-intensity PA, computer use and BMI z-score shared a negative association whereas positive relationships were found for sport participation, active transport and for outdoor time after school. Children at schools with 25%-49% of pupils attending school sport/PA clubs did more moderate-intensity PA than those attending schools with lower participation rates. For vigorous-intensity PA, a negative relationship was observed for BMI z-score, and positive associations for self-efficacy, active transport, parent support and the presence of crossing guards on routes to school. Correlates associated with meeting the PA guidelines were BMI z-score (negative), sport participation, active transport and outdoor time after school (all positive). CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that factors pertaining to the individual, home and school environment may play an important role in understanding the correlates of differing PA intensities in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01722500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Wilkie
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Martyn Standage
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Fiona B Gillison
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department for Health, Centre for Motivation and Health Behaviour Change, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Cumming SP, Brown DJ, Mitchell S, Bunce J, Hunt D, Hedges C, Crane G, Gross A, Scott S, Franklin E, Breakspear D, Dennison L, White P, Cain A, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Premier League academy soccer players' experiences of competing in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. J Sports Sci 2017. [PMID: 28628369 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1340656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in the growth and maturation have been shown to impact player performance and development in youth soccer. This study investigated Premier League academy players' experiences of participating in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. Players (N = 66) from four professional soccer clubs aged 11 and 14 years and between 85-90% of adult stature participated in a tournament. Players competed in three 11 vs 11 games on a full size pitch with 25-min halves. Sixteen players participated in four 15-min focus groups and were asked to describe their experiences of participating in the bio-banded tournament in comparison to age group competition. All players described their experience as positive and recommended the Premier League integrate bio-banding into the existing games programme. In comparison to age-group competitions, early maturing players described the bio-banded games more physically challenging, and found that they had to adapt their style of play placing a greater emphasis on technique and tactics. Late maturing players considered the games to be less physically challenging, yet appreciated the having more opportunity to use, develop and demonstrate their technical, physical, and psychological competencies. Bio-banding strategies appear to contribute positively towards the holistic development of young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cumming
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Daniel J Brown
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | | | | | - Dan Hunt
- c British Ski and Snowboard , London , UK
| | | | | | - Aleks Gross
- e Southampton Football Club , Southampton , UK
| | - Sam Scott
- e Southampton Football Club , Southampton , UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joey C Eisenmann
- i Department of Radiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Robert M Malina
- j Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA.,k Department of Kinesiology , Tarleton State University , Stephenville , TX , USA
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Cumming SP, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Bio-banding in Sport: Applications to Competition, Talent Identification, and Strength and Conditioning of Youth Athletes. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cunha GS, Cumming SP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Duarte JP, Silva G, Dourado AC, Leites GT, Gaya AC, Reischak-Oliveira Á, Coelho-e-Silva M. Interrelationships among Jumping Power, Sprinting Power and Pubertal Status after Controlling for Size in Young Male Soccer Players. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:329-350. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516686720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12–18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusofona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P. Duarte
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Duarte JP, Tavares Ó, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Severino V, Ahmed A, Rebelo-Gonçalves R, Pereira JR, Vaz V, Póvoas S, Seabra A, Cumming SP, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Repeated Dribbling Ability in Young Soccer Players: Reproducibility and Variation by the Competitive Level. J Hum Kinet 2016; 53:155-166. [PMID: 28149420 PMCID: PMC5260585 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermittent nature of match performance in youth soccer supports relevance of ability to repeatedly produce high-intensity actions with short recovery periods. This study was aimed to examine the reproducibility of a repeated dribbling ability protocol and, additionally, to estimate the contribution of concurrent tests to explain inter-individual variability in repeated dribbling output. The total sample comprised 98 players who were assessed as two independent samples: 31 players were assessed twice to examine reliability of the protocol; and 67 juveniles aged 16.1 ± 0.6 years were compared by the competitive level (local, n = 34; national, n = 33) to examine construct validity. All single measurements appeared to be reasonably reliable: total (ICC = 0.924; 95%CI: 0.841 to 0.963); ideal (ICC = 0.913; 95%CI: 0.820 to 0.958); worst (ICC = 0.813; 95%CI: 0.611 to 0.910). In addition, the percentage of the coefficient of variation was below the critical value of 5% for total (%CV = 3.84; TEM = 2.51 s); ideal (%CV = 3.90, TEM = 2.48 s). Comparisons between local and national players suggested magnitude effects as follows: moderate (d-value ranged from 0.63 to 0.89) for all repeated sprint ability scores; large for total (d = 1.87), ideal (d = 1.72), worst (d = 1.28) and moderate for composite scores: the fatigue index (d = 0.69) and the decrement score (d = 0.67). In summary, the dribbling protocol presented reasonable reproducibility properties and output extracted from the protocol seemed to be independent from biological maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Duarte
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | | | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vítor Severino
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Alexis Ahmed
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ricardo Rebelo-Gonçalves
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | - João R Pereira
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Vasco Vaz
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Susana Póvoas
- CIDESD, University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia , Portugal
| | | | - Sean P Cumming
- School for Health, University of Bath , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- uid/dtp/03213/2016, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra , Portugal
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Howard SMA, Cumming SP, Atkinson M, Malina RM. Biological maturity-associated variance in peak power output and momentum in academy rugby union players. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:972-80. [PMID: 27485020 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1205144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the mediating effect of biological maturation on anthropometrical measurements, performance indicators and subsequent selection in a group of academy rugby union players. Fifty-one male players 14-17 years of age were assessed for height, weight and BMI, and percentage of predicted mature status attained at the time of observation was used as an indicator of maturity status. Following this, initial sprint velocity (ISV), Wattbike peak power output (PPO) and initial sprint momentum (ISM) were assessed. A bias towards on-time (n = 44) and early (n = 7) maturers was evident in the total sample and magnified with age cohort. Relative to UK reference values, weight and height were above the 90th and 75th centiles, respectively. Significant (p ≤ .01) correlations were observed between maturity status and BMI (r = .48), weight (r = .63) and height (r = .48). Regression analysis (controlling for age) revealed that maturity status and height explained 68% of ISM variance; however, including BMI in the model attenuated the influence of maturity status below statistical significance (p = .72). Height and BMI explained 51% of PPO variance, while no initial significant predictors were identified for ISV. The sample consisted of players who were on-time and early in maturation with no late maturers represented. This was attributable, in part, to the mediating effect of maturation on body size, which, in turn, predicted performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M A Howard
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , 1.10 Eastwood Offices, Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Sean P Cumming
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , 1.10 Eastwood Offices, Bath BA2 7AY , UK
| | - Mark Atkinson
- b Bath Rugby , Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford , Bath , UK
| | - Robert M Malina
- c Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , USA
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Luz LGO, Cumming SP, Duarte JP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Almeida MJ, Machado-Rodrigues A, Padez C, Carmo BCM, Santos R, Seabra A, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Independent and Combined Effects of Sex and Biological Maturation on Motor Coordination and Performance in Prepubertal Children. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:610-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512516637733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences and maturation-associated variation in fitness and motor coordination were examined in children aged 8–9 years ( n = 128, 67 girls). Assessments included stature and body mass, two-component body composition, percentage of predicted adult stature (as an index of biological maturation), and motor performance and coordination (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder). Compared to girls, boys were less advanced in maturation status, possessed larger fat mass, demonstrated superior performances in six tests of fitness, and obtained one superior score on the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder. After controlling for somatic maturation, sex differences persisted in the two multivariate domains: motor performance and motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rute Santos
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; CIAFEL, University of Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
The search for talent is pervasive in youth sports. Selection/exclusion in many sports follows a maturity-related gradient largely during the interval of puberty and growth spurt. As such, there is emphasis on methods for assessing maturation. Commonly used methods for assessing status (skeletal age, secondary sex characteristics) and estimating timing (ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and menarche) in youth athletes and two relatively recent anthropometric (non-invasive) methods (status-percentage of predicted near adult height attained at observation, timing-predicted maturity offset/age at PHV) are described and evaluated. The latter methods need further validation with athletes. Currently available data on the maturity status and timing of youth athletes are subsequently summarised. Selection for sport and potential maturity-related correlates are then discussed in the context of talent development and associated models. Talent development from novice to elite is superimposed on a constantly changing base-the processes of physical growth, biological maturation and behavioural development, which occur simultaneously and interact with each other. The processes which are highly individualised also interact with the demands of a sport per se and with involved adults (coaches, trainers, administrators, parents/guardians).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
| | - Alan D Rogol
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department of Health, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Antonio J Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Coelho E Silva M, Cooke K, Malina RM. Growth and maturity status of elite British junior tennis players. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1957-64. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1149213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wilkie HJ, Standage M, Gillison FB, Cumming SP, Katzmarzyk PT. Multiple lifestyle behaviours and overweight and obesity among children aged 9-11 years: results from the UK site of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010677. [PMID: 26911589 PMCID: PMC4769406 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to explore the independent associations between multiple lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, sleep, screen time (ST) and diet) and overweight and obesity in UK children. The second objective was to compare body mass index (BMI) z-score between children who meet health guidelines for each lifestyle behaviour and those who do not and to explore the impact of interactions between lifestyle behaviours on BMI z-score. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study on children aged 9-11 years in the UK (n=374). OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were classified as overweight or obese using the WHO BMI cut-points. Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sleep duration were measured using an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, whereas ST and dietary habits were assessed using questionnaires. Multilevel multiple logistic regression was employed to analyse associations between lifestyle behaviours and overweight/obesity. Participants were then categorised according to whether or not they met specific health criteria for MVPA, ST, sleep and diet. Multilevel multiple linear regression was used to compare these groupings on the outcome of BMI z-score and interactions were explored. RESULTS MVPA and longer sleep duration were associated with lower odds of overweight or obesity, whereas ST and a healthy diet score were associated with increased odds of overweight/obesity. No association was found for an unhealthy diet score. Meeting MVPA guidelines was significantly associated with a lower BMI z-score in all models, and significant two-way interactions were observed for physical activity and sleep, ST and sleep, and physical activity and diet. CONCLUSIONS MVPA, sleep and ST are important lifestyle behaviours associated with overweight/obesity among children. More research is required to confirm the role of diet on adiposity and such work would benefit from objective assessment. Overall, this work suggests that strategies aimed at improving compliance with health guidelines are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01722500.
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Mitchell SB, Haase AM, Malina RM, Cumming SP. The role of puberty in the making and breaking of young ballet dancers: Perspectives of dance teachers. J Adolesc 2016; 47:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duarte JP, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Severino V, Martinho D, Luz L, Pereira JR, Baptista R, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Vaz V, Cupido-Dos-Santos A, Martín-Hernández J, Cumming SP, Malina RM. Reproducibility of peak power output during a 10-s cycling maximal effort using different sampling rates. Acta Physiol Hung 2014; 101:496-504. [PMID: 25201712 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the reproducibility of performance parameters obtained from 10-s maximal cycling effort against different braking forces in young adult athletes. The sample (n = 48) included male athletes aged 18.9-29.9 years (175.5 ± 6.9 cm, 76.2 ± 10.1 kg). The exercise protocol was performed in a cycle-ergometer against a random braking force (4% to 11% of body mass). Intra-individual variation was examined from repeated tests within one week. Descriptive statistics were computed and differences between sessions were tested using paired t-test. The coefficient of correlation between repeated measures, technical error of measurement (TEM), coefficient of variation and ICC were calculated. Agreement between trials was examined using the Bland-Altman procedure. Mean values of peak power were relatively stable when obtained from sampling rates of 50 Hz and ranged between 1068 watt and 1082 watt (t(47) = 1.149, p = 0.256, ES-r = 0.165) or while corresponding to a sampling rate of 1 Hz (t(47) = 0.742, p = 0.462, ES-r = 0.107). Correlations between repeated measures were high (+0.907, 95% CI: +0.839 to +0.947) and TEM about 59.3 watt (%CV = 5.52%; ICC = 0.951, 95% CI: 0.912 to 0.972). The present study suggests that reproducibility of peak power in male adult athletes tended to be acceptable and within individual error appeared unrelated to braking force.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Duarte
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - V Severino
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - D Martinho
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - L Luz
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - J R Pereira
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - R Baptista
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - J Valente-Dos-Santos
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - A M Machado-Rodrigues
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - V Vaz
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - A Cupido-Dos-Santos
- University of Coimbra Faculty of Sport Sciences Pavilhao III 3040-156 Coimbra Portugal
| | - J Martín-Hernández
- Miguel de Cervantes European University Faculty of Health Sciences Valladolid Spain
| | - S P Cumming
- University of Bath Department for Health Bath UK
| | - R M Malina
- University of Texas Department of Kinesiology and Health Education Austin TX USA
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