The Effects of Wet Cupping Therapy on the Blood Levels of Some Heavy Metals: A Pilot Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Heavy metals have been recognized as toxins for centuries. Cupping therapy has been shown to aid in the excretion of accumulated fluids and toxins from the interstitial fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of wet cupping therapy on blood levels of heavy metals.

METHODS

Thirteen healthy male individuals [mean age ± standard deviation, 28.47 ± 6.18] participated in this study. Venous blood samples were collected 5 min before and 30 days after the wet cupping therapy. Five points of the posterior neck and bilateral perispinal areas of the neck and thoracic spine were selected for cupping therapy. The levels of aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

The levels of heavy metals (Al, Zn, and Cd) after cupping therapy were significantly lower than the levels before therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that wet cupping therapy has an excretory effect on the kidney. Wet cupping therapy may clear blood from excess heavy metals.

The effect of foot reflexotherapy on the dynamics of cortical oscillatory waves in healthy humans: An EEG study

BACKGROUND

Foot reflexotherapy is a noninvasive complementary therapy that has gained considerable application in several fields of human endeavor. The therapy is used to relieve the symptoms of several ailments. For instance, foot reflexotherapy when applied to the cortical areas of the left or right foot relieves pain and stress. However, the electrophysiological mechanisms of the effect of foot reflexotherapy on cortical activity are not completely understood. While it has been shown that foot reflexotherapy exert positive effects on brain functions, little is known about the effects of this therapy on cortical activities as recorded with electroencephalogram (EEG) in healthy humans. Cortical activity is widely investigated with EEG, a noninvasive recording that is used to study brain activity in different functional states and conditions.

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foot reflexotherapy on EEG rhythms in healthy humans.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

EEG recording before and after reflexological therapy was carried out in seven healthy right-handed males who volunteered for the study.

RESULTS

Analysis of EEG data revealed activation offrontal cortex that resulted to significant increase in beta and gamma spectral powers after foot reflexotherapy (p ˂ 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Foot reflexotherapy is associated with increase in spectral powers in beta and gamma frequency bands. Therefore cortical beta and gamma waves of the EEG could be used as measures of functional activation of the brain, related to foot reflexotherapy.

Differences in Handedness and Scores of Aggressiveness and Interpersonal Relations of Soccer Players

Handedness and differences in interpersonal relations and aggressiveness were studied in 33 right-handed ( M age = 22.9 yr., SD = 4.9) and 18 left-handed ( M age = 22.5 yr., SD = 2.4) male soccer players who played actively in professional soccer leagues of Turkey. Hand preference on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and scores for destructiveness, assertiveness, and passive aggressiveness on a Turkish Aggressiveness Inventory, plus scores for sociability, benevolence, tenderheartedness, tolerance, and insistence on the Turkish Interpersonal Relations Inventory were examined. Mean destructive aggressiveness was higher for the left- than the right-handed athletes. Means on tolerance and insistence were higher for the right- than the left-handed athletes. Higher aggressiveness and less tolerance and insistence in the left-handers may be associated with their higher sports performance.

Lateralization of Squamous Cell Carcinomas in the Head-Neck Region

Earlier studies have shown the lateralization of several immune disorders, including herpes zoster infection and breast cancer. We investigated whether there is lateralization of squamous cell carcinomas in the head-neck region and a relation of handedness with this cancer. Analysis showed right-sided lateralization of head-heck cancers in right-handed patients and vice versa in left-handed ones and a higher rate of left-handedness in patients with squamous cell cancer. Associations among left-handedness, squamous cell carcinoma, and its lateralization may result from a genetic togetherness.

Effects of Long-Term Training Program on Static and Dynamic Balance in Young Subjects

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a long-term training program of 10 weeks on static and dynamic balance parameters in a young healthy population.

METHODS

Participants were 35 young healthy female subjects. Balance measurements were done using the Flamingo Balance Test (FBT) for static balance and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for dynamic balance.

RESULTS

Dynamic balance points increased and static balance points decreased after a 10 week training protocol compared with before training, indicating improvement in both dynamic and static balance.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that long term training resulted in an improvement both static and dynamic balance. Training can be suggested for patients with balance problems.

Effects of Long-Term Training Program on Static and Dynamic Balance in Young Subjects

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a long-term training program of 10 weeks on static and dynamic balance parameters in a young healthy population. Methods: Participants were 35 young healthy female subjects. Balance measurements were done using the Flamingo Balance Test (FBT) for static balance and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for dynamic balance. Results: Dynamic balance points increased and static balance points decreased after a 10 week training protocol compared with before training, indicating improvement in both dynamic and static balance. Conclusions: These results indicate that long term training resulted in an improvement both static and dynamic balance. Training can be suggested for patients with balance problems.

Right-sided lateralization of skin temperature in healthy young persons

Purpose: Previous studies reported a peripheral immune asymmetry and lateralization of different paired organ cancers. Because of the close relationship of immune system with body temperature, the aim of the study was to test the possible lateralization of skin temperature. Materials and Methods: Four hundred sixty three healthy subjects (325 women, 138 men) with an average age of 23.62 years (SD = 8.65) participated in this study. All skin temperature measurements were done 8:00-9:00 a.m. Skin temperature was assessed for three different points in skin: axillary, thumb and external auditory. Results: Skin temperature was statistically significantly higher on the right side of the body than on the left side, when measured by axillary and thumb temperatures. But there was no statistically significant difference in external auditory temperature. Conclusion: The asymmetry of skin temperature may result from the peripheral immune asymmetry or the asymmetric lymph node distribution.

Potential beneficial effects of foot bathing on cardiac rhythm

Purpose: Foot bathing therapy is a simple technique that induces sensations of comfort and relaxation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of foot bathing therapy on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in a healthy population. Methods: Participants were twenty healthy female subjects (median age=20.67 years, SD=1.04). The recording ECG was applied for 5 minutes before and for 5 minutes after foot bathing therapy of 10 minutes. Subjects rested for 10 minutes without recording ECG in order to stabilize autonomic parameters. The digital signals were then transferred to a laptop and analyzed using LabChart® software (MLS310/7 HRV Module). Results: Almost all HRV parameters increased and heart (pulse) rate and LF/HF ratio decreased after foot bathing therapy compared with before foot bathing therapy. Conclusions: These results indicate for the first time in humans that foot bathing might induce a state of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and might be helpful to prevent possible cardiac arrhythmias.

Autonomic Cardiac Activity in Patients with Smoking and Alcohol Addiction by Heart Rate Variability Analysis

Purpose: Smoking and alcohol addictions are common and worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of these addictions on cardiac rhythm using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methods: Addicts (n=42 men: 22 cigarette; 20 cigarette and alcohol) and age-matched controls (n=34 men) were included in the study. All patients fulfill the criteria for dependence according to DSM-IV-TR. Electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were obtained for a total of 30 minutes. Fagerstrom Nicotine Addiction Test (FNAT) and CAGE questionnaire (Cut down, Annoy, Guilt, Eye opener) was applied to all patients. Results: Almost all HRV parameters were significantly decreased in cigarette and cigarette and alcohol addicts compared with controls (p

The Potential Beneficial Effects Of Hand And Foot Bathing On Vital Signs In Women With Caesarean Section

PURPOSE

Hand-foot bathing therapy is a simple technique to induce sensations of comfort and relaxation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hand and foot bathing therapy on vital signs in women following caesarean section.

METHODS

Participants were sixty women with caesarean section. They divided to two groups: (1) study group (n=30, median age=26.67 years, SD=2.04); and, (2) control group (n=30, median age=27.75 years, SD=1.09). Vital signs were measured for 5 minutes before and for 30 minutes after the hand and foot bathing therapy.

RESULTS

Pain score, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart and breath rates decreased after hand and foot bathing therapy. Differences between before and after therapy were statistically significantly.

CONSCLUSIONS

These results indicate that hand and foot bathing therapy might be helpful to restore the vital signs in post-operative patients by decreasing anxiety and psychological stress.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain oxidative condition after cisplatin exposure

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on oxidative events of brain in cisplatin-administrated rats.

METHODS

Rats were divided into four experimental groups: 1) control (n=6); 2) cisplatin (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally one dose, n=6); 3) EGb 761 (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 15 days, n=6); and 4) cisplatin + EGb 761 (n=6). After drug administration, rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were removed. Nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated in brain tissues.

RESULTS

Single dose cisplatin administration significantly increased NO and GSH levels, but decreased MDA levels in brain tissue samples. EGb 761 treatment reversed the effects of cisplatin on NO and GSH levels, but did not affect the decreased MDA levels.

CONCLUSION

Results of the study indicate that oxidative stress can be an important pathogenetic mechanism of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. EGb 761, an standardized extract of G. biloba leaves that has antioxidant properties, may improve the oxidative stress-related neurological side effects of cisplatin.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain oxidative condition after cisplatin exposure

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on oxidative events of brain in cisplatin-administrated rats. Methods: Rats were divided into four experimental groups: 1) control (n=6); 2) cisplatin (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally one dose, n=6); 3) EGb 761 (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 15 days, n=6); and 4) cisplatin + EGb 761 (n=6). After drug administration, rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were removed. Nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated in brain tissues. Results: Single dose cisplatin administration significantly increased NO and GSH levels, but decreased MDA levels in brain tissue samples. EGb 761 treatment reversed the effects of cisplatin on NO and GSH levels, but did not affect the decreased MDA levels. Conclusion: Results of the study indicate that oxidative stress can be an important pathogenetic mechanism of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. EGb 761, an standardized extract of G. biloba leaves that has antioxidant properties, may improve the oxidative stress-related neurological side effects of cisplatin.

The Potential Beneficial Effects Of Hand And Foot Bathing On Vital Signs In Women With Caesarean Section

Purpose: Hand-foot bathing therapy is a simple technique to induce sensations of comfort and relaxation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hand and foot bathing therapy on vital signs in women following caesarean section. Methods: Participants were sixty women with caesarean section. They divided to two groups: (1) study group (n=30, median age=26.67 years, SD=2.04); and, (2) control group (n=30, median age=27.75 years, SD=1.09). Vital signs were measured for 5 minutes before and for 30 minutes after the hand and foot bathing therapy. Results: Pain score, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart and breath rates decreased after hand and foot bathing therapy. Differences between before and after therapy were statistically significantly. Conclusions: These results indicate that hand and foot bathing therapy might be helpful to restore the vital signs in post-operative patients by decreasing anxiety and psychological stress.

Potential beneficial effects of foot bathing on cardiac rhythm

PURPOSE

Foot bathing therapy is a simple technique that induces sensations of comfort and relaxation. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of foot bathing therapy on heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in a healthy population.

METHODS

Participants were twenty healthy female subjects (median age=20.67 years, SD=1.04). The recording ECG was applied for 5 minutes before and for 5 minutes after foot bathing therapy of 10 minutes. Subjects rested for 10 minutes without recording ECG in order to stabilize autonomic parameters. The digital signals were then transferred to a laptop and analyzed using LabChart® software (MLS310/7 HRV Module).

RESULTS

Almost all HRV parameters increased and heart (pulse) rate and LF/HF ratio decreased after foot bathing therapy compared with before foot bathing therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate for the first time in humans that foot bathing might induce a state of balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and might be helpful to prevent possible cardiac arrhythmias.

Right-sided lateralization of skin temperature in healthy young persons

PURPOSE

Previous studies reported a peripheral immune asymmetry and lateralization of different paired organ cancers. Because of the close relationship of immune system with body temperature, the aim of the study was to test the possible lateralization of skin temperature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four hundred sixty three healthy subjects (325 women, 138 men) with an average age of 23.62 years (SD = 8.65) participated in this study. All skin temperature measurements were done 8:00-9:00 a.m. Skin temperature was assessed for three different points in skin: axillary, thumb and external auditory.

RESULTS

Skin temperature was statistically significantly higher on the right side of the body than on the left side, when measured by axillary and thumb temperatures. But there was no statistically significant difference in external auditory temperature.

CONCLUSION

The asymmetry of skin temperature may result from the peripheral immune asymmetry or the asymmetric lymph node distribution.

Autonomic Cardiac Activity in Patients with Smoking and Alcohol Addiction by Heart Rate Variability Analysis

PURPOSE

Smoking and alcohol addictions are common and worldwide. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of these addictions on cardiac rhythm using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis.

METHODS

Addicts (n=42 men: 22 cigarette; 20 cigarette and alcohol) and age-matched controls (n=34 men) were included in the study. All patients fulfill the criteria for dependence according to DSM-IV-TR. Electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were obtained for a total of 30 minutes. Fagerstrom Nicotine Addiction Test (FNAT) and CAGE questionnaire (Cut down, Annoy, Guilt, Eye opener) was applied to all patients.

RESULTS

Almost all HRV parameters were significantly decreased in cigarette and cigarette and alcohol addicts compared with controls (p.

Dose-dependent protective effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress in the livers of hyperthyroid rats

OBJECTIVE

The present study was designed to investigate the dose-dependent protective effect of L-carnitine (LC) on thyroid hormone-induced oxidative stress in rat liver tissue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism plus L-carnitine 100, and hyperthyroidism plus L-carnitine 500. Hyperthyroidism was induced in rats by injecting 250 μg of L-thyroxine/kg body weight/day for twenty consecutive days. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in liver homogenates.

RESULTS

The liver CAT, GPX and MPO activities were significantly lower in the hyperthyroid rats than in the control group. Treating hyperthyroid rats with both low-dose (100 mg/kg) and high-dose (500 mg/kg) L-carnitine for 10 days resulted in a marked increase in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue.

CONCLUSION

The present study indicates that the low-dose L-carnitine application was sufficient to prevent L-thyroxine-induced oxidative stress in rat livers.

Wet-cupping removes oxidants and decreases oxidative stress

OBJECTIVES

Wet-cupping therapy is one of the oldest known medical techniques. Although it is widely used in various conditions such as acute\chronic inflammation, infectious diseases, and immune system disorders, its mechanism of action is not fully known. In this study, we investigated the oxidative status as the first step to elucidate possible mechanisms of action of wet cupping.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Wet cupping therapy is implemented to 31 healthy volunteers. Venous blood samples and Wet cupping blood samples were taken concurrently. Serum nitricoxide, malondialdehyde levels and activity of superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured spectrophotometrically.

RESULTS

Wet cupping blood had higher activity of myeloperoxidase, lower activity of superoxide dismutase, higher levels of malondialdehyde and nitricoxide compared to the venous blood.

CONCLUSION

Wet cupping removes oxidants and decreases oxidative stress.

The role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in carbon monoxide toxicity: an in-depth analysis

The underlying mechanism of the central nervous system (CNS) injury after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is interlaced with multiple factors including apoptosis, abnormal inflammatory responses, hypoxia, and ischemia/reperfusion-like problems. One of the current hypotheses with regard to the molecular mechanism of CO poisoning is the oxidative injury induced by reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and neuronal nitric oxide. Up to now, the relevant mechanism of this injury remains poorly understood. The weakening of antioxidant systems and the increase of lipid peroxidation in the CNS have been implicated, however. Accordingly, in this review, we will highlight the relationship between oxidative stress and CO poisoning from the perspective of forensic toxicology and molecular toxicology.

Left-right asymmetry in neck lymph nodes distribution in patients with bilateral laryngeal cancer

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to examine left-right asymmetry in involved and total neck lymph nodes distribution in patients with bilateral laryngeal cancer in the present study.

METHODS

Forty-six patients with bilateral laryngeal cancer was included the study. The oncologic database of our otorhinolaryngology department was used. The right and left lymph node with and without involvement by cancer cells counts were retrieved from pathological reports.

RESULTS

The numbers of both involved and total neck lymph nodes were significantly higher on right side than on left side for all neck levels in laryngeal malignancies.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study suggest the existence of a left-right asymmetry in neck lymph node distribution and in the neck lymph node distribution involved by laryngeal cancer cells. The stronger cell-mediated immune activity in the left side of humans may be associated with the blocking of the metastatic invasion of cancer cells from laryngeal malignancies in the left body side.

The effects of hypnosis on heart rate variability

Uslu et al. (2012 ) suggested that hypnotic status can modulate cerebral blood flow. The authors investigated the effects of hypnosis on heart rate variability (HRV). In women, HRV decreased during hypnosis. Posthypnotic values were higher compared to prehypnotic and hypnotic values. Women had highest HRV parameters in the posthypnotic condition. It appears that hypnosis can produce cardiac and cognitive activations. Hypnotherapy may be useful in some cardiac clinical conditions characterized by an autonomic imbalance or some cardiac arrhythmias.

The effect of right or left handedness on caries experience and oral hygiene

Background:

There is an indisputable relationship between tooth decay and oral hygiene. Caries can only be prevented by keeping tooth decay at bay. In several prophylactic methods, brushing is the most important. Brushing efficiency is directly related to an individuals' manual dexterity.

Objective:

To investigate whether there were differences in oral hygiene and caries prevalence between right- and left-handers.

Materials and Methods:

Forty-six elementary school students were included in the study. The subjects were 30 males and 16 females, ranging in age from 11 to 13 years. Handedness was ascertained by using the Edinburgh Handedness Scale. All students were examined intraorally. During this examination, the necessary values to determine oral hygiene status and to determine caries prevalence were recorded.

Results:

It was observed that subjects who used their right hands were in a better position in terms of oral hygiene than those using the left (P < 0.01). In terms of caries prevalence, however, averages for right-handed individuals were lower than those for left-handed subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

It can be stated that the right-handed individuals have better oral hygiene and the lower incidence of caries because of their better manual dexterity and brush efficiency. So, dentists should consider better manual dexterity and brush efficiency in right-handed individuals before treatment planning. However, future well-designed neurologic studies involving larger numbers of subjects will be necessary to confirm the findings of this study and to understand more about the effects of handedness on oral hygiene performance.

Hippophae rhamnoides attenuates nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rat liver

The effects of vitamin E and Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Elaeagnaceae) extract (HRe-1) on nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rat liver were investigated. Four groups, eight rats each, were used in this study, and the supplementation period was 3 weeks. The groups were: nicotine (0.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal (i.p.)); nicotine plus vitamin E (75 mg/kg/day, intragastric (i.g.)); nicotine plus HRe-1 (250 mg/kg/day, i.g.); and the control group. The malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and total and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activities were measured spectrophotometrically in supernatants of the tissue homogenates. Nicotine increased the malondialdehyde level in liver tissue compared with control. This nicotine-induced increase in lipid peroxidation was prevented by both vitamin E and HRe-1. Superoxide dismutase activity was higher in the nicotine plus vitamin E-supplemented group compared with nicotine and control groups. Glutathione reductase activity was higher in the nicotine group compared with the control group. However, glutathione peroxidase activity in the control group was higher than the levels in the nicotine, and the nicotine plus HRe-1 supplemented groups. The nitric oxide level was higher in the nicotine group compared with all other groups. Total and non-enzymatic superoxide scavenger activities and glutathione S-transferase activity were not affected by any of the treatments. Our results suggest that Hippophae rhamnoides extract as well as vitamin E can protect the liver against nicotine-induced oxidative stress.

Sex-related differences in tuberculin reaction, free and total testosterone concentrations in patients with autoimmune disorders and controls

Earlier studies reported the associations among testosterone hormone, autoimmunity, and left-handedness. In the present study, sex differences in tuberculin reaction, a measure of cell-mediated hypersensitivity, serum free and total testosterone levels in controls and patients with autoimmune diseases were studied. There was a sex difference in right and left tuberculin reactions in controls, but not in patients. Both right and left tuberculin reactions were smaller in male and female patients than male and female controls. Free and total testosterone levels were higher in male controls than in male patients. Total testosterone levels were higher in female controls than in female patients. These results suggest that autoimmune diseases may be associated with a decrease in the blood testosterone concentrations.

Differences by Sex and Handedness in Right and Left Femur Bone Mineral Densities

Left-handedness was reported to be a risk factor for accident-related injuries, head injuries, traumatic brain injuries, sport-related injuries, and bone breaks and fractures. As decreased bone mineral density is a good marker of bone fractures, the femoral bone mineral densities of normal left-handed university students were compared with those of right-handed students. Hand preference of 66 men and 47 women was assessed using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Measures of bone mineral density with a Hologic QDR-4500W (S/N 48403) densitometer showed bone mineral densities of both right and left proximal femur regions were higher in right-handed than in left-handed students. These results are consistent with the claim that left-handed participants had higher trauma and injury risk. Also, these results may explain the sex-related differences by handedness for susceptibility in accident-related injuries such as bone fractures.

Relationships between intestinal parasitosis and handedness

The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a possible relation between intestinal parasitosis and handedness in patients with suspected intestinal parasitosis. Hand preference was assessed on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Stool samples were examined microscopically for the presence of parasite. In the present study right-handers had many more helminth infections and left-handers had many more protozoon infections. Lower rate of helminth infections in the present study, and higher asthma incidences in the left-handed population in literature, may be associated with different immune machinery in left-handed people than in right-handed ones.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MILD EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ATHLETES AND SEDENTARY SUBJECTS

The long-term effects of acute submaximal exercise on intraocular pressures (IOPs) of right-and left-eyes and recovery times to basement levels of IOP in postexercise periods in sedentary and physically fit subjects were investigated. Twenty-five sedentary and 24 physically fit subjects, ranging in age 17 to 22 years, participated. Intraocular pressures were measured by a pneumotonometer. Measurements were taken in the morning at about nine (at rest) and immediately, 30 min and 2 h after acute submaximal exercise. In sedentary subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes decreased immediate after exercise, but, these decreases in both eyes continued 30 min and 2 h after exercise. In physically fit subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes increased immediate after exercise, but decreased after 30 min exercise compared to basement levels, and this decrease continued 2 h after exercise. Acute submaximal exercise decreased IOPs of right and left eyes over a period 2 h in sedentary and physically fit subjects. IOP reducing after exercise was different between right- and left-eyes in sedentary subjects. These results suggest that exercise can be used in ocular hypertension treatment.

MORPHOLOGICAL ASYMMETRY IN THYROID LOBES, AND SEX AND HANDEDNESS DIFFERENCES IN HEALTHY YOUNG SUBJECTS

The aim of the present study was to investigate sex and handedness differences in the sizes of the right and left thyroid lobes. Subjects were 72 healthy university students (36 female and 36 male), 18 to 23 years of age. Hand preference was assessed using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. The volumes of the right and left thyroid lobes were measured by ultrasonography. The right lobe was larger than the left. The right and left lobes were larger in men than in women. There were no handedness difference in the total thyroid volume and the volume of right lobe. But, the left lobe was larger in right-handed subjects than in the left handed ones. The difference (right minus left) was statistically larger in left-handers than in right-handers. The sex-related differences may be attributed to the sex differences in body weight. It can be stated that handedness is associated with the asymmetry of thyroid lobes.

EFFECT OF ACUTE SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ATHLETES AND SEDENTARY SUBJECTS

The existing literature is controversial regarding the relationship between physical fitness and intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, the effects of acute submaximal exercise on IOP were compared in athletes and sedentary subjects. Acute exercise increased IOP in male athletes, but had no effect in sedentary men. Also, it decreased IOP in sedentary women, but had no effect in female athletes. Sex and physical fitness both were significant factors influencing the changes in IOP due to exercise. These results suggest that acute dynamic exercise is useful to decrease IOP in sedentary women, but not in male athletes. These results may help glaucoma screeners.

Number of axons in the right and left optic nerves of right-pawed and left-pawed rats: a stereologic study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the number of axons in the right and left optic nerves of right- and left-pawed rats.

STUDY DESIGN

In this study, optic nerve samples were obtained from right- and left-pawed rats and axon numbers of optic nerves and vice versa were stereologically and histologically evaluated.

RESULTS

In the right-pawed rats, more axons were found in the right optic nerve than in the left optic nerve, and left-pawed rats had more axons in the left optic nerve than in the right optic nerve.

CONCLUSION

The paw preference is associated with eye dominance and the number of axons in the ipsilateral optic nerve.

Lateralizations of head-neck cancers are not associated with peripheral asymmetry of cell-mediated immunity

Earlier studies have reported right-sided lateralization for different organ cancers except breast cancer. In the present study, lateralization of head-neck cancers and their relation with the peripheral cell-mediated immune asymmetry was investigated. The sample was comprised of 42 men and 20 women diagnosed with cancer in the head-neck region. The diagnosis of cancer was made histopathologically. To measure the cell-mediated (type IV) immunity of both forearms, the tuberculin test (PPD test) was used in the subjects previously sensitized by BCG vaccine during the first year of age. Significant right-sided lateralization in men and the significant left-sided lateralization in women were observed in this study. There was no relation between the lateralization of cancer and the asymmetry of tuberculin reaction or the peripheral cell-mediated immune asymmetry.

Left-handedness in blind and sighted children

Rates of left-handedness were compared in 1387 blind and 831 sighted children. The rate in male blind children was higher than in female blind children. The incidence of left-handedness was significantly higher in blind than in sighted children in both boys and girls. The percentages of left-handedness were 18.23% and 17.02% in male and female blind children, and 11.02% and 7.52% in male and female sighted children, respectively. It can be stated that sighting is important in the development of normal typical cerebral lateralisation or hand preference.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. and dexpanthenol-bepanthene on blood flow after experimental skin burns in rats using 133Xe clearance technique

The aim of the present experimental study was to determine and compare the effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract (HRe-1) and of dexpanthenol on the blood flow of a wound region, in rats using xenon-133 ((133)Xe) clearance technique.

METHODS

Burn wounds were made on both thighs of rats and, HRe-1 and dexpanthenol were applied topically on the wound region only in the right thigh for a period of 8 days. The effect of HRe-1 and of dexpanthenol on blood flow of the wound region was assessed before and after their topical application by using the (133)Xe clearance technique.

RESULTS

HRe-1 increased significantly blood flow of the wound region (P<0.05). Dexpanthenol showed a smaller increase in blood flow. In conclusion, our results in rats suggest that HRe-1 increases blood flow of the wound area and can be used for the treatment of skin wound healing, preferably than dexpanthenol.

Effects of nicotine and vitamin E on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in some rat tissuesin vivoandin vitro

Effects of nicotine, and nicotine + vitamin E on glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD) activity in rat muscle, heart, lungs, testicle, kidney, stomach, brain and liver were investigated in vivo and in vitro on partially purified homogenates. Supplementation period was 3 weeks (n = 8 rats per group): nicotine [0.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal (ip)]; nicotine + vitamin E [75 mg/kg/day, intragastric (ig)]; and control group (receiving only vehicle). The results showed that nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, ip) inhibited G-6PD activity in the lungs, testicle, kidney, stomach and brain by 12.5% (p < 0.001), 48% (p < 0.001), 20.8% (p < 0.001), 13% (p < 0.001) and 23.35% (p < 0.001) respectively, and nicotine had no effects on the muscle, heart and liver G6PD activity. Also, nicotine + vitamin E inhibited G-6PD activity in the testicle, brain, and liver by 32.5% (p < 0.001), 21.5% (p < 0.001), and 16.5% (p < 0.001) respectively, and nicotine + vitamin E activated the muscle, and stomach G-6PD activity by 36% (p < 0.05), and 20% (p < 0.001) respectively. In addition, nicotine + vitamin E did not have any effects on the heart, lungs, and kidney G-6PD activity. In addition, in vitro studies were also carried out to elucidate the effects of nicotine and vitamin E on G-6PD activity, which correlated well with in vivo experimental results in lungs, testicles, kidney, stomach, brain and liver tissues. These results show that vitamin E administration generally restores the inactivation of G-6PD activity due to nicotine administration in various rat tissues in vivo, and also in vitro.

Effects of nicotine and Vitamin E on Carbonic anhydrase activity in some rat tissues In Vivo and In Vitro

Effects of nicotine, nicotine + vitamin E and nicotine + Hippophea rhamnoides L. extract (HRe-1) on muscle, heart, lungs, testicle, kidney, stomach, brain and liver carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1.) enzyme activities were investigated in vivo. Groups of rats were given nicotine (0.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.), nicotine + vitamin E (75 mg/kg/day, i.g.), nicotine + HRe-1 (250 mg/kg/day, i.g.) and a control group vehicle only. The results showed that nicotine inhibited the heart, lung, stomach and liver CA enzyme activities by approximately 80% (p < 0.001), approximately 94% (p < 0.001), approximately 47% (p < 0.001) and approximately 81% (p < 0.001) respectively, and activated muscle and kidney, but had no effects on the testicle and brain CA activities. Nicotine + vitamin E inhibited the heart and liver CA enzyme activities by approximately 50% (p < 0.001), and approximately 50% (p < 0.001), respectively, and nicotine + vitamin E activated the muscle CA activity. However, nicotine + vitamin E had no effect on lung, testicle, kidney, stomach and brain CA activities. Nicotine + HRe-1 inhibited the heart and stomach CA enzyme activities by approximately 51% (p < 0.001), and approximately 32% (p < 0.002), respectively, and activated the muscle and brain CA activities, but had no effects on the lung, testicle, kidney, and liver CA activities. In vitro CA inhibition results for similar experiments correlated well with the in vivo experimental results in lungs, testicles, kidney, stomach, brain and liver tissues.

Asymmetries in breast cancer lateralization and both axillary lymph node number and metastatic involvement

Previous studies have demonstrated right or left lateralization of some paired organ cancers and left-sided asymmetry of different lymph nodes. We investigated left-right asymmetry lateralization of breast cancer and distribution of involved/ non-involved axillary lymph nodes following metastatic invasion in patients with breast cancer. One hundred and sixty five women who underwent axillary lymphadenectomy during the study period were included. Right or left axillary nodal regions were removed and sent for pathologic examination. Lymph nodes were palpatorily identified, isolated from fat tissue, counted and macroscopically examined. Pathological examination was performed on formalin fixed specimens. We found left-sided lateralization for breast cancer in this study group. Both total number as well as the number of axillary lymph nodes involved by metastatic breast cancer cells were higher on right side in patients with breast cancer on the right side. Although the mechanism is not known, and further investigation is needed, this phenomenon may be the result of stronger cell-mediated immune activity in the left sides of humans.

Effects of nicotine and vitamin E on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity in some rat tissues in vivo and in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate whether nicotine affects 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) enzyme activity in some rat tissues, and to see the modulatory effects of vitamin E on this effect in vivo. In addition, the effects of nicotine and vitamin E on 6PGD activity were also tested in vitro. The groups were: nicotine [0.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal (i.p.)]; nicotine + vitamin E [75 mg/kg/day, intragastric (i.g.)]; and control group (receiving only vehicles). There were eight rats per group and supplementation period was 3 weeks. The results of in vivo study showed that nicotine activated the muscle, lungs, and testicular 6PGD enzyme activity but had no effect on heart and liver 6PGD activity. Also, nicotine + vitamin E activated the muscle, testicle, and liver 6PGD enzyme activity, while this combination had no effect on heart, and lungs in vivo. When nicotine is administered with vitamin E the increase in 6PGD enzyme activity in muscle and testicles were lower. On the other hand the increase in 6PGD enzyme activity was eliminated by vitamin E in lungs, while 6PGD enzyme activity was increased by vitamin E, which was not affected by nicotine only. In vitro results correlated well with in vivo experimental results. Our results suggest that vitamin E may favourably increase 6PGD enzyme activity in liver in nicotine treated rats, while it has negligible effects on this enzyme activity in other tissues.

Clinical importance of asymmetry and handedness differences in common carotid artery intima-media thickness

Earlier publications have reported that common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) was lower on the right side than on the left side and that left-handed patients have a lower risk of sudden death of brain infarction. This study aimed to determine whether there is an asymmetry and the handedness related difference in CCA-IMT. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed with the use of Aplio US system. In total sample, male and female left-handers, CCA-IMT was greater on left side than on right side. In men, both right and left CCA-IMTs, but in women only right IMT, were lower in the left-handers than in the right-handers. Both right and left CCA-IMTs was positively correlated with age in men and in women. Handedness was a significant factor influencing CCA-IMT with adjustment for sex and age. It was greater on left side than on right side, especially in the left-handers. CCA-IMTs were lower in the left-handers than in the right-handers. These results suggest that hemodynamic stress and intimal damage was larger in the left carotid artery, which was larger in the right-handers compared to the left-handers.