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Kidane B, Kahnamoui S, Srinathan S, Liu R, Tan L, Morris M, Shawyer A, Halayko AJ, Pascoe CD. Lung transcriptome of e-cigarette users reveals changes related to chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2301623. [PMID: 38359961 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01623-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shana Kahnamoui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sadeesh Srinathan
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Liu
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lawrence Tan
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Melanie Morris
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Pediatric General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anna Shawyer
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Division of Pediatric General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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2
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Onuzulu CD, Lee S, Basu S, Comte J, Hai Y, Hizon N, Chadha S, Fauni MS, Kahnamoui S, Xiang B, Halayko AJ, Dolinsky VW, Pascoe CD, Jones MJ. Early-life exposure to cigarette smoke primes lung function and DNA methylation changes at Cyp1a1 upon exposure later in life. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L552-L567. [PMID: 37642652 PMCID: PMC11068412 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00192.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and early-life exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) has repeatedly been shown to induce stable, long-term changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) in offspring. It has been hypothesized that these changes might be functionally related to the known outcomes of prenatal and early-life CS exposure, which include impaired lung development, altered lung function, and increased risk of asthma and wheeze. However, to date, few studies have examined DNAm changes induced by prenatal CS in tissues of the lung, and even fewer have attempted to examine the specific influences of prenatal versus early postnatal exposures. Here, we have established a mouse model of CS exposure which isolates the effects of prenatal and early postnatal CS exposures in early life. We have used this model to measure the effects of prenatal and/or postnatal CS exposures on lung function and immune cell infiltration as well as DNAm and expression of Cyp1a1, a candidate gene previously observed to demonstrate DNAm differences on CS exposure in humans. Our study revealed that exposure to CS prenatally and in the early postnatal period causes long-lasting differences in offspring lung function, gene expression, and lung Cyp1a1 DNAm, which wane over time but are reestablished on reexposure to CS in adulthood. This study creates a testable mouse model that can be used to investigate the effects of prenatal and early postnatal CS exposures and will contribute to the design of intervention strategies to mediate these detrimental effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we isolated effects of prenatal from early postnatal cigarette smoke and showed that exposure to cigarette smoke early in life causes changes in offspring DNA methylation at Cyp1a1 that last through early adulthood but not into late adulthood. We also showed that smoking in adulthood reestablished these DNA methylation patterns at Cyp1a1, suggesting that a mechanism other than DNA methylation results in long-term memory associated with early-life cigarette smoke exposures at this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinonye Doris Onuzulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Samantha Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sujata Basu
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeannette Comte
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yan Hai
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nikho Hizon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shivam Chadha
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria Shenna Fauni
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shana Kahnamoui
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bo Xiang
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meaghan J Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kahnamoui S, Basu S, Lei Y, Patel D, Keijzer R, Pascoe CD. MicroRNA-200b deficiency is not sufficient to increase susceptibility to allergen induced airway inflammation and dysfunction in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37162182 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00435.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-200b (miR-200b) has emerged as a therapeutic option for reducing inflammation and airway dysfunction in asthma. miR-200b belongs to a family of miRNAs that regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition and IL-33 abundance. In asthma, miR-200b abundance is reduced in the airways and is correlated with disease severity. Additionally, prophylactic treatment with a miR-200b mimetic reduces airway inflammation and airway dysfunction in a mouse model. However, it is unclear whether miR-200b deficiency is sufficient to drive airway dysfunction and airway inflammation in asthma. Here, we show that male and female mice deficient in miR-200b do not display heightened airway inflammation or alterations in lung function that are characteristic of asthma. Following sensitization with house dust mite, female miR-200b knockout (KO) mice have elevated total lung resistance and male miR-200b KO have increased airway resistance. However, neither male nor female miR-200b mice display any changes in methacholine sensitivity or responsiveness and do not have enhanced HDM induced airway inflammation. Collectively, these findings suggest that loss of miR-200b does not drive airway inflammation and airway dysfunction in mice. Thus, although treatment with exogenous miR-200b may ameliorate inflammation in asthma, deficiency of miR-200b is not likely driving pathobiology in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Kahnamoui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sujata Basu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yubin Lei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daywin Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Pascoe CD, Basu S, Schwartz J, Fonseca M, Kahnamoui S, Jha A, Dolinsky VW, Halayko AJ. Maternal diabetes promotes offspring lung dysfunction and inflammation in a sex-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L373-L384. [PMID: 35043678 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00425.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to maternal diabetes is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for chronic respiratory disease in children. It is currently unclear, however, whether maternal diabetes affects the lung health of male and female offspring equally. This study characterizes the sex-specific impact of a murine model of diet-induced gestational diabetes (GDM) on offspring lung function and airway inflammation. Female adult mice are fed a high-fat (45% kcal) diet for 6-weeks prior to mating. Control offspring are from mothers fed a low fat (10% kcal) diet. Offspring were weaned and fed a chow diet until 10-weeks of age, at which point lung function was measured and lung lavage was collected. Male, but not female offspring exposed to GDM had increased lung compliance and reduced lung resistance at baseline. Female offspring exposed to GDM displayed increased methacholine reactivity and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, and CXCL1) in lung lavage. Female GDM offspring also displayed elevated abundance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) within their airways, namely MMP-3 and MMP-8. These results indicate disparate effects of maternal diabetes on lung health and airway inflammation of male and female offspring exposed to GDM. Female mice may be at greater risk of inflammatory lung conditions, such as asthma, while male offspring display changes that more closely align with models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, there are important sex-based differences in the impact of maternal diabetes on offspring lung health that could signal differences in future disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Pascoe
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sujata Basu
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jacquie Schwartz
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mario Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shana Kahnamoui
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aruni Jha
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew John Halayko
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Wagner R, Jha A, Ayoub L, Kahnamoui S, Patel D, Mahood TH, Halayko AJ, Lacher M, Pascoe CD, Keijzer R. Can circular RNAs be used as prenatal biomarkers for congenital diaphragmatic hernia? Eur Respir J 2019; 55:13993003.00514-2019. [PMID: 31727691 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00514-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wagner
- Depts of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Dept of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aruni Jha
- Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lojine Ayoub
- Depts of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shana Kahnamoui
- Depts of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daywin Patel
- Depts of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas H Mahood
- Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Lacher
- Dept of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher D Pascoe
- Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Depts of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada .,Dept of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Wagner R, Ayoub L, Kahnamoui S, Li H, Patel D, Liu D, Del Bigio MR, Stefanovici C, Lacher M, Keijzer R. Establishment of a biobank for human lung tissues of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital pulmonary airway malformation. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2439-2442. [PMID: 31130348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human tissue samples are an invaluable and little available source of information for translational studies of congenital lung diseases such as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) or Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM). PURPOSE We aimed to establish a human lung tissue biobank of CDH and CPAM patients together with age-matched controls, coupled with a clinical database. METHODS Pathology records from autopsies or surgical specimens for CDH and CPAM cases between 1980 and 2017 were reviewed. For surviving individuals, clinical patient data was obtained from corresponding pediatric surgery reports. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of patients and age-matched controls were systematically stored for further translational studies. RNA integrity was determined on selected CDH blocks. RESULTS A total of 16 CDH and 18 CPAM and age-matched control lung tissue blocks were included in our biobank. Ages ranged from 22 to 41 weeks of gestation (GA) in CDH (33.9 ± 6.35 weeks) and 26 weeks (GA) and 12 years in CPAM (2.3 ± 3.7 y). RNA isolation from CDH and control blocks yielded good RNA quality (OD 260/280 ratio: 2.01-2.09, OD 260/230 ratio: 2.04-2.09). CONCLUSION We established a unique human biobank for CDH and CPAM tissues. The combination with clinical patient data will allow us to design future translational studies to improve our understanding of the disease pathogenesis of these congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wagner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lojine Ayoub
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shana Kahnamoui
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Henry Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daywin Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daisy Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and Shared Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Camelia Stefanovici
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, and Shared Services Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Martin Lacher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health and Physiology & Pathophysiology (Adjunct), University of Manitoba and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Biology of Breathing Theme, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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