Enhancing polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Cupriavidus sp. L7L through wcaJ gene deletion

Cupriavidus sp. L7L synthesizes a high content of ductile polyhydroxyalkanoate. However, during fermentation, the medium's viscosity gradually increases, eventually reaching a level similar to 93 % glycerol, leading to fermentation termination and difficulties in cell harvest. A non-mucoid variant was isolated from a mini-Tn5 mutant library with the transposon inserted at the promoter sequence upstream of the wcaJ gene. Deletion of wcaJ eliminated the mucoid-colony appearance. The complementation experiment confirmed the association between wcaJ gene expression and mucoid-colony formation. Additionally, the wild-type strain exhibited a faster specific growth rate than the deletion strain using levulinate (Lev) as a carbon source. In fed-batch fermentation, Cupriavidus sp. L7L∆wcaJ showed similar PHA content and monomer composition to the wild-type strain. However, the extended fermentation time resulted in a 42 % increase in PHA concentration. After fed-batch fermentation, the deletion strain's medium had only 8.75 % of the wild-type strain's extracellular polymeric substance content. Moreover, the deletion strain's medium had a much lower viscosity (1.04 mPa·s) than the wild-type strain (194.7 mPa·s), making bacterial cell collection easier through centrifugation. In summary, Cupriavidus sp. L7L∆wcaJ effectively addressed difficulties in cell harvest, increased PHA production, and Lev-to-PHA conversion efficiency, making these characteristics advantageous for industrial-scale PHA production.

Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov., isolated from a fish pond

Bacterial strain NST-14T, isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed pink colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain NST-14T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Hymenobacter . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NST-14T had the highest similarity to Hymenobacter actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (97.7%), Hymenobacter amundsenii P5136T (97.3%) and Hymenobacter humicola P6312T (96.9%). Strain NST-14T showed 75.1–85.3 % average nucleotide identity, 73.7–89.8 % average amino acid identity and 14.5–26.0 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strains of other closely related Hymenobacter species. Strain NST-14T contained iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1  ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1  ω7c and/or C16 : 1  ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids. The major hydroxyl fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, four unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.4 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain NST-14T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter , for which the name Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NST-14T (=BCRC 81249T=LMG 31686T).

Rhodobacter amnigenus sp. nov. and Rhodobacter ruber sp. nov., isolated from freshwater habitats

Two bacterial strains, designated HSP-20^T and CCP-1^T, isolated from freshwater habitats in Taiwan, were characterized by polyphasic taxonomy. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. Cells of strains HSP-20^T and CCP-1^T formed pink and dark red coloured colonies, respectively. Both strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a, and showed optimum growth under anaerobic conditions by photoheterotrophy, but no growth by photoautotrophy. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences indicated that both strains belonged to the genus Rhodobacter. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains HSP-20^T and CCP-1^T shared 98.3 % sequence similarity and were closely related to Rhodobacter tardus CYK-10^T (96.0 %) and Rhodobacter flagellatus SYSU G03088^T (96.0 %), respectively. Both strains shared common chemotaxonomic characteristics including Q-10 as the major isoprenoid quinone, C_18 : 1  ω7c as the predominant fatty acid, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of both strains was 66.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between these two novel isolates and their closest relatives were below the cut-off values of 95-96, 90 and 70 %, respectively, used for species demarcation. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, both strains should be classified as novel species within the genus Rhodobacter, for which the names Rhodobacter amnigenus sp. nov. (=BCRC 81193^T=LMG 31334^T) and Rhodobacter ruber sp. nov. (=BCRC 81189^T=LMG 31335^T) are proposed.

Zophobihabitans entericus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Orbaceae isolated from the gut of a superworm Zophobas morio

A novel bacterial strain, designated IPMB12^T, isolated from the gut of the superworm Zophobas morio in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccoid or rod-shaped and formed translucent colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25-37 °C, pH 9-10, and with 0-2 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain IPMB12^T is affiliated with genus in the the family Orbaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. Strain IPMB12^T was most closely related to Gilliamella mensalis LMG 29880^T with a 94.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain IPMB12^T showed less than 71.6 % average nucleotide identity, less than 71.5 % average amino acid identity and less than 21.2 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity compared to the strains of related genera within the family Orbaceae. The major fatty acids of strain IPMB12^T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), C_16 : 0 and C_14 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one uncharacterized phosphoaminoglycolipid and one uncharacterized aminophospholipid. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain IPMB12^T was 39.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain IPMB12^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Orbaceae, for which the name Zophobihabitans entericus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IPMB12^T (=BCRC 80908^T =LMG 32079^T=KCTC 82347^T=KACC 22323^T).

Flavobacterium difficile sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater waterfall

A bacterial strain designated KDG-16 ^T is isolated from a freshwater waterfall in Taiwan and characterized to determine its taxonomic affiliation. Cells of strain KDG-16 ^T are Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and form light yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurs at 20-25 °C, pH 6-7, and with 0% NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set reveal that strain KDG-16 ^T is affiliated with species in the genus Flavobacterium. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences shows that strain KDG-16 ^T shares the highest similarity with Flavobacterium terrigena DSM 17934 ^T (97.7%). The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain KDG-16 ^T and the closely related Flavobacterium species are below the cut-off values of 95-96, 90 and 70%, respectively, used for species demarcation. Strain KDG-16 ^T contains iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_17:0 3-OH as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid, one uncharacterized phospholipid, two uncharacterized aminolipids and two uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine is homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK-6. Genomic DNA G + C content of strain KDG-16 ^T is 31.6%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data obtained, strain KDG-16 ^T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium difficile sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KDG-16 ^T (= BCRC 81194 ^T = LMG 31332 ^T).

Tabrizicola oligotrophica sp. nov. and Rhodobacter tardus sp. nov., two new species of bacteria belonging to the family Rhodobacteraceae

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacteria, designated KMS-5^T and CYK-10^T, were isolated from freshwater environments. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity results indicated that these two novel strains belong to the family Rhodobacteraceae. Strain KMS-5^T is closely related to species within the genus Tabrizicola (96.1-96.8 % sequence similarity) and Cypionkella (96.5-97.0 %). Strain CYK-10^T is closest to Rhodobacter thermarum YIM 73036^T with 96.6 % sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set showed that strain KMS-5^T is affiliated with species in the genus Tabrizicola and strain CYK-10^T is placed in a distinct clade with Rhodobacter blasticus ATCC 33485^T, Rhodobacter thermarum YIM 73036^T and Rhodobacter flagellatus SYSU G03088^T. These two strains shared common chemotaxonomic features comprising Q-10 as the major quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine as the principal polar lipids, and C_18 : 1  ω7c as the main fatty acid. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between these two novel isolates and their closest relatives were below the cut-off values of 95-96, 90 and 70 %, respectively, used for species demarcation. The obtained polyphasic taxonomic data suggested that strain KMS-5^T represents a novel species within the genus Tabrizicola, for which the name Tabrizicola oligotrophica sp. nov. is proposed with KMS-5^T (=BCRC 81196^T=LMG 31337^T) as the type strain, and strain CYK-10^T should represent a novel species of the genus Rhodobacter, for which the name Rhodobacter tardus sp. nov. is proposed with CYK-10^T (=BCRC 81191^T=LMG 31336^T) as the type strain.

Orrella amnicola sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river, reclassification of Algicoccus marinus as Orrella marina comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Orrella

A novel Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, ovoid to rod-shaped bacterium, designated NBD-18^T, was isolated from a freshwater river in Taiwan. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, at pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant fatty acids of strain NBD-18^T were C_16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1 ω7c and/or C_16 : 1 ω6c), C_17 : 0 cyclo and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1 ω7c and/or C_18 : 1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine. The major polyamine was putrescine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NBD-18^T was 50.9 %. Strain NBD-18^T was most closely related to Orrella dioscoreae LMG 29303^T and Algicoccus marinus HZ20^T at a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.7 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between O. dioscoreae LMG 29303^T and A. marinus HZ20^T was 97.7 %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set indicated that strain NBD-18^T, O. dioscoreae LMG 29303^T and A. marinus HZ20^T are affiliated with the same genus. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values among these three strains supported that they belong to the same genus and that strain NBD-18^T represents a novel species. Thus, A. marinus HZ20^T should be reclassified as Orrella marina comb. nov. based on the rules for priority of publication and validation. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain NBD-18^T represents a novel species in the genus Orrella, for which the name Orrella amnicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NBD-18^T (=BCRC 81197^T=LMG 31338^T).

Flavobacterium undicola sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake

Bacterial strain BBQ-18^T, isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan, is characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicate that strain BBQ-18^T forms a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Flavobacterium. Strain BBQ-18^T is most closely related to Flavobacterium alvei HR-AY^T with 98.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain BBQ-18^T shows 70.5-89.5% average nucleotide identity and 13.7-38.2% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the type strains of other closely related Flavobacterium species. The strain is Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod shaped and formed yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurs at 25 °C, pH 6, and in the absence of NaCl. Strain BBQ-18^T contains iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω6c and/or C_16:1ω7c) and anteiso-C_15:0 as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylethanolamine, four uncharacterized aminophospholipids and two uncharacterized phospholipids. The major polyamine is homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA is 33.8%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain BBQ-18^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium undicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BBQ-18^T (= BCRC 81050^T = LMG 30052^T = KCTC 52810^T).

Rhodovarius crocodyli sp. nov., isolated from a crocodile pond

Bacterial strain CCP-6^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that strain CCP-6^T is affiliated with species in the genus Rhodovarius. Strain CCP-6^T was most closely related to Rhodovarius lipocyclicus CCUG 44693^T with a 98.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed light pink-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain CCP-6^T were C_{18 : 1} ω7c, C_{16 : 0} and C_{19 : 0} cyclo ω8c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The predominant polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.3 mol%. Strain CCP-6^T showed 85.8% average nucleotide identity and 14.5% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with Rhodovarius lipocyclicus CCUG 44693^T. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain CCP-6^T represents a novel species in the genus Rhodovarius, for which the name Rhodovarius crocodyli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCP-6^T (=BCRC 81095^T=LMG 30310^T=KCTC 62188^T).

Sphingomonas lacunae sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater pond

A novel bacterial strain, designated CSW-10^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed yellow-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain CSW-10^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Sphingomonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain CSW-10^T was most closely related to Sphingomonas fonticola TNR-2^T (97.6%). Strain CSW-10^T showed 69.8-70.7% average nucleotide identity and 19.0-23.0% digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other related Sphingomonas species. The major fatty acids of strain CSW-10^T were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c) and C_17:1 ω6c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, one uncharacterized sphingoglycolipid, five uncharacterized aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The predominant polyamines were homospermidine and spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain CSW-10^T was 62.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain CSW-10^T should represent a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas lacunae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CSW-10^T (=BCRC 81190^T =LMG 31340^T).

Novosphingobium ovatum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater mesocosm

A bacterial strain, designated FSY-8^T, was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain FSY-8^T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and formed yellow coloured colonies on Reasoner's 2A agar. Growth occurred at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C) and pH 5-7 (optimum, pH 6) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %, w/v). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain FSY-8^T were summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1  ω7c and/or C_18 : 1  ω6c) and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c). The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized glycolipid and an uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol %. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-8^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Novosphingobium. Strain FSY-8^T showed 71.6-77.2 % average nucleotide identity and 19.9-22.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other Novosphingobium species. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain FSY-8^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium ovatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-8^T (=BCRC 81051^T=LMG 30053^T=KCTC 52812^T).

Flavobacterium ichthyis sp. nov., isolated from a fish pond

Bacterial strain NST-5T, isolated from a fish pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain NST-5T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Flavobacterium . Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NST-5T showed the highest similarity to Flavobacterium enshiense DK69T (94.9 %), Flavobacterium ahnfeltiae 10Alg 130T (94.8 %) and Flavobacterium vireti THG-SM1T (94.8 %). Strain NST-5T showed 68.9–72.5% average nucleotide identity and 19.1–23.7% digital DNA–DNA hybridization identity with the type strains of other close related Flavobacterium species. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and with 0.5% NaCl. Strain NST-5T contained iso-C15:0, C15:0 and iso-C16:0 as the predominant fatty acids. The major hydroxyl fatty acids were iso-C16:0 3-OH and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three uncharacterized aminophospholipids, two uncharacterized phospholipids and one uncharacterized aminolipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.5 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain NST-5T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium ichthyis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NST-5T (=BCRC 81198T=LMG 31341T).

Ideonella livida sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake

A novel bacterial strain, designated TBM-1^T, isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain TBM-1^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Ideonella. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TBM-1^T was most closely related to Ideonella dechloratans CCUG 30898^T with 98.4 % sequence similarity. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain TBM-1^T and closely related strains of the genus Ideonella were 74.4-77.5 %, 69.7-75.4 % and 19.8-21.8 %, respectively, supporting that strain TBM-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Ideonella. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped and formed blue colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and 0 % NaCl. The predominant fatty acids of strain TBM-1^T were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c), C_18 : 1  ω7c and C_16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids and two uncharacterized phospholipids. The main polyamine was putrescine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The estimated genome size was 5.26 Mb, with an average G+C content of 70.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain TBM-1^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Ideonella, for which the name Ideonella livida sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TBM-1^T (=BCRC 81199^T =LMG 31339^T).

Oleiharenicola lentus sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water

Bacterial strain TWA-58^T, isolated from irrigation water in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain TWA-58^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Oleiharenicola of the family Opitutaceae. Strain TWA-58^T was most closely related to Oleiharenicola alkalitolerans NVT^T with a 96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain TWA-58^T showed 75.2 % average nucleotide identity, 70.9 % average amino acid identity and 21.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with O. alkalitolerans NVT^T. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, coccoid-shaped and formed transparent colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 6, and 0 % NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain TWA-58^T were iso-C_15 : 0 and anteiso-C_15 : 0. The predominant hydroxy fatty acid was iso-C_13 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain TWA-58^T was 65.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain TWA-58^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Oleiharenicola, for which the name Oleiharenicola lentus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TWA-58^T (=BCRC 81161^T=LMG 31019^T=KCTC 62872^T).

Aquirufa rosea sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake

A bacterial strain designated CAR-16^T was isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed rose-colored colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and with 0 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that CAR-16^T represented a member of the family Cytophagaceae and formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Aquirufa. CAR-16^T was most closely related to Aquirufa nivalisilvae 59G-WUEMPEL^T with a 99.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. CAR-16^T showed 71.2-79.5 % average nucleotide identity and 17.8-21.7 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other species of the genus Aquirufa. The major fatty acids of strain CAR-16^T were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_15 : 0 3-OH, C_16 : 1ω5c and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c/C_16 : 1ω6c and/or iso-C_15 : 0 2-OH). The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids, phospholipids and lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The genomic DNA G+C content of CAR-16^T was 38.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, CAR-16^T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Aquirufa, for which the name Aquirufa rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAR-16^T (=BCRC 81153^T=LMG 30923^T=KCTC 62869^T).

Aquabacterium lacunae sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater pond

A novel bacterial strain, designated KMB7^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped and formed cream colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that strain KMB7^T is affiliated with species in the genus Aquabacterium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KMB7^T is closely related to species within the genus Aquabacterium (95.2-97.6 % sequence similarity) and is most similar to A. fontiphilum CS-6^T (97.6 %), followed by A. parvum B6^T (97.5 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity between strain KMB7^T and the closely related strains were 74.6-78.0 % and 19.0-21.2 %, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain KMB7^T were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c), C_18 : 1  ω7c and C_16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified phospholipids. The sole isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). Genomic DNA G+C content of strain KMB7^T was 65.4 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain KMB7^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Aquabacterium, for which the name Aquabacterium lacunae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMB7^T (=BCRC 81156^T=LMG 30924^T=KCTC 62867^T).

Rubrivivax albus sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater pond

Strain ICH-3^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan 9ROC), was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that ICH-3^T is affiliated with the species in the genus Rubrivivax. ICH-3^T was most closely related to Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2^T and Rubrivivax gelatinosus NCIB 8290^T with 97.5 and 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity between ICH-3^T and the two closely related strains were 77.3 and 20.9-21.0 %, respectively, indicating that ICH-3^T represents a novel species of the genus Rubrivivax. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed white colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7.5-8.0 and with 0.5 % NaCl. The major fatty acids (>20 %) of ICH-3^T were summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c) and C_16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid and two uncharacterized phospholipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content of ICH-3^T was 70.3 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain ICH-3^T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Rubrivivax, for which the name Rubrivivax albus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ICH-3^T (=BCRC 81155^T=LMG 30930^T=KCTC 62866^T).

Filimonas effusa sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river

Strain TTM-71^T, isolated from a freshwater river in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that strain TTM-71^T is affiliated with species in the genus Filimonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain TTM-71^T is closely related to species within the genus Filimonas (94.7-95.5 % sequence similarity) and had a high sequence similarity with Filimonas endophytica SR 2-06^T (95.5 %). Strain TTM-71^T showed 70.3 % average nucleotide identity and 24.9 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with Filimonas lacunae YT21^T. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed beige-colored colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 20 °C, pH 8, and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain TTM-71^T were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_15 : 1 G and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c). The predominant hydroxy fatty acid was iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, four uncharacterized aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized aminolipid, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The predominant polyamine was homospermidine. The only isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Genomic DNA G+C content was 45.6 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, strain TTM-71^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Filimonas, for which the name Filimonas effusa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTM-71^T (=BCRC 81160^T=LMG 31017^T=KCTC 62871^T).

Methylobacterium oryzihabitans sp. nov., isolated from water sampled from a rice paddy field

Strain TER-1^T was isolated from water sampled from a rice paddy field in Taiwan. Cells were Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and formed pink-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25-30 °C, pH 6-7 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. Strain TER-1^T could grow on C1 compounds such as methanol, formic acid, methylamine and dimethylamine as sole carbon source, and carry methanol dehydrogenase gene, which supports its methylotrophic metabolism. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, methanol dehydrogenase gene sequence and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain TER-1^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Methylobacterium. Strain TER-1^T was most closely related to Methylobacterium isbiliense AR24^T with 96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain TER-1^T showed 77.1-82.8 % average nucleotide identity and 16.4-20.2 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other Methylobacterium species. The major fatty acid of strain TER-1^T was C_18 : 1ω7c. The predominant hydroxy fatty acid was C_18 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and two uncharacterized lipids. The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain TER-1^T was 71.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain TER-1^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Methylobacterium, for which the name Methylobacterium oryzihabitans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TER-1^T (=BCRC 81157^T=LMG 30931^T=KCTC 62864^T).

Lacibacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river

An isolate, designated TTM-7^T, recovered from a freshwater river in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters) indicated that strain TTM-7^T is affiliated with species in the genus Lacibacter. Strain TTM-7^T was most closely related to Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8^T with a 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, followed by Lacibacter daechungensis H32-4^T (97.4 %) and Lacibacter nakdongensis SS2-56^T (96.3 %). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed orange colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7 and 0 % NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain TTM-7^T were iso-C_15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16 : 1ω7c/C_16 : 1ω6c and/or iso-C_15 : 0 2-OH) and iso-C_15 : 1 G. The predominant hydroxy fatty acid was iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminoglycolipids, five unidentified aminophospholipids and one unidentified lipid. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain TTM-7^T was 40.6 mol%. Strain TTM-7^T showed 83.6 % average nucleotide identity and 16.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with Lacibacter cauensis NJ-8^T. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain TTM-7^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Lacibacter, for which the name Lacibacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTM-7^T (=BCRC 81159^T=LMG 30926^T=KCTC 62870^T).

Novosphingobium umbonatum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater mesocosm

A bacterial strain designated FSY-9^T was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterized to determine its taxonomic affiliation. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-9^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Novosphingobium. Strain FSY-9^T was most closely related to Novosphingobium humi R1-4^T with a 97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain FSY-9^T showed 71.3-72.6 % average nucleotide identity and 17.7-23.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other Novosphingobium species. Cells of strain FSY-9^T were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and formed light yellow coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C and pH 5.5-7, and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain FSY-9^T were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c), C_18 : 1ω7c and C_16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized glycolipid and an uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 61.5 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain FSY-9^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium umbonatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-9^T (=BCRC 81052^T=LMG 30054^T=KCTC 52813^T).

Sandaracinomonas limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from a freshwater mesocosm

A bacterial strain designated FSY-15^T was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain FSY-15^T were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, non-motile rods and formed orange coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 20-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-15^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the the family Cytophagaceae. Strain FSY-15^T was most closely related to the genera Pseudarcicella and Arcicella, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with respect to members of related genera are less than 94.1 %. Strain FSY-15^T showed less than 68.8 % average nucleotide identity and less than 24.7 % digital DNA-DNA hybridisation identity compared to the type strains of related genera within the family Cytophagaceae. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15 : 0, C_16 : 1ω5c and the major hydroxyl fatty acid was iso-C_15 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterised aminophospholipid, aminolipid, phospholipid and lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain FSY-15^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Sandaracinomonas limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-15^T (=BCRC 81011^T =LMG 29732^T =KCTC 52445^T).

Inhella crocodyli sp. nov., isolated from a crocodile pond

Strain CCP-18^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CCP-18^T belongs to the genus Inhella and has the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Inhella inkyongensis IMCC1713^T (98.9 %) and Inhella fonticola TNR-25^T (98.0 %). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and formed white-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The major fatty acids of strain CCP-18^T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminophospholipids, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. The predominant polyamine was putrescine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The draft genome was approximately 3.76 Mb in size with a G+C content of 68.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization values for strain CCP-18^Twith I.inkyongensis IMCC1713^T and I.nhella fonticola TNR-25^T were less than 40 %. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strain CCP-18^T should be classified within the genus Inhella as a representative of a novel species, named Inhella crocodyli sp. nov. The type strain is CCP-18^T (=BCRC 81120^T=LMG 30595^T=KCTC 62511^T).

Sphingomonas crocodyli sp. nov., isolated from a crocodile pond

Strain CCP-7^T, isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain CCP-7^T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Sphingomonas. Strain CCP-7^T was most closely related to Sphingomonas starnbergensis 382^T and Sphingomonas naphthae DKC-5-1^T with 96.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain CCP-7^T showed 65.5-76.7 % average nucleotide identity and 20.2-22.5 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other related Sphingomonas species. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped and formed light orange-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The major fatty acid of strain CCP-7^T was C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, three uncharacterized sphingoglycolipids, two uncharacterized phospholipids and six uncharacterized lipids. The predominant polyamine was homospermidine. The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain CCP-7^T was 64.5 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain CCP-7^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas crocodyli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCP-7^T (=BCRC 81096^T=LMG 30311^T=KCTC 62190^T).

Flavobacterium amnicola sp. nov., isolated from a sub-tropical stream

Strain LLJ-11^T, isolated from water sampled from a freshwater stream in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain LLJ-11^T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed translucent yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7 and 0 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain LLJ-11^T is affiliated with species in the genus Flavobacterium. Strain LLJ-11^T was most closely related to Flavobacterium amniphilum KYPY10^T with 98.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain LLJ-11^T with respect to Flavobacterium species was less than 35 %. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LLJ-11^T and the type strains of other closely related Flavobacterium species were 70.0-76.3 % and 21.1-23.9 %, respectively. Strain LLJ-11^T contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0) as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three uncharacterized aminophospholipids and two uncharacterized phospholipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The DNA G+C content was 34.8 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain LLJ-11^T is considered a representative of a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium. The name Flavobacterium amnicola sp. nov. is proposed, with strain LLJ-11^T (=BCRC 81124^T=LMG 30599^T=KCTC 62514^T) as the type strain.

Aquincola rivuli sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater stream

Strain KYPY4^T, isolated from a water sample taken from the Funglin stream in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KYPY4^T was closely related to Ideonella dechloratans CCUG 30898^T (97.1 %) followed by Aquincola tertiaricarbonis L10^T (96.9 %) and Kinneretia asaccharophila KIN192^T (96.8 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KYPY4^T belonged to the genus Aquincola and formed a distinct phyletic line with A. tertiaricarbonis L10^T and Aquincola amnicola TTM-94^T. The draft genome of strain KYPY4^T was approximately 4.93 Mb in size with a G+C content of 70.1 mol%. Strain KYPY4^T showed 73.4-76.9 % average nucleotide identity and 21.3-22.5 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity with the strains of other related species in the Rubrivivax-Roseateles-Leptothrix-Ideonella-Aquabacterium group. Cells of strain KYPY4^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, surrounded by a thick capsule and formed light orange colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and 0 % NaCl. Strain KYPY4^T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized polar lipids. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain KYPY4^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Aquincola, for which the name Aquincola rivuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KYPY4^T (=BCRC 81010^T=KCTC 52441^T).

Stagnimonas aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Nevskiaceae isolated from a freshwater mesocosm

A novel bacterial strain, designated THS-13^T, isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan, was characterized by taking a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain THS-13^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of a single polar flagellum and formed translucent white coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 20-35 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 5-8 (pH 6) and with 0-2 % NaCl (1 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters revealed that the strain belonged to the family Nevskiaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria and represented an independent taxon separated from other genera. Strain THS-13^T shared low level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (less than 93.0 %) to members of other genera in the family Nevskiaceae and was most closely related to Nevskia aquatilis F2-63^T (92.9 %). Strain THS-13^T showed less than 73.4 % average nucleotide identity and less than 23.8 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization identity compared to the type strains of related genera within the family Nevskiaceae. The predominant fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C16 : 0. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized phospholipid and an uncharacterized aminolipid. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain THS-13^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Nevskiaceae, for which we propose the name Stagnimonas aquatica gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is THS-13^T (=BCRC 81158^T=LMG 30925^T=KCTC 62868^T).

Flavobacterium niveum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater creek

Strain TAPW14^T was isolated from a freshwater creek in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TAPW14^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium akiainvivens IK-1^T (96.6 % sequence identity) and Flavobacterium hauense BX12^T (96.0 %) and less than 96 % sequence similarity to other members of the genus. Cells of strain TAPW14^T were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed white colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 20 °C, pH 7 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. Strain TAPW14^T contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, three uncharacterized aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 46.0 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain TAPW14^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Flavobacteriumniveum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TAPW14^T (=BCRC 81055^T=LMG 30057^T=KCTC 52808^T).

Endozoicomonas coralli sp. nov., isolated from the coral Acropora sp

A novel bacterium, designated strain Acr-12^T, was isolated from the coral Acropora sp. off coast of Southern Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Acr-12^T belonged to the genus Endozoicomonas and had closest phylogenetic identity to Endozoicomonas acroporae Acr-14^T (98.7%) and Endozoicomonas atrinae WP70^T (97.8%). Cells of strain Acr-12^T were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, rod-shaped and formed creamy white colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7, and in the presence of 3% NaCl. Strain Acr-12^T contained summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c) and C_16:0 as the predominant fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-9. The genomic DNA G + C content was 49.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain Acr-12^T with respect to the closest species of the genus Endozoicomonas was less than 30%. Phenotypic characteristics of the novel strain also differed from those of the closest related species of the genus Endozoicomonas. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data, strain Acr-12^T represents a novel species in the genus Endozoicomonas, for which the name Endozoicomonas coralli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Acr-12^T (= BCRC 80921^T = KCTC 42900^T).

Flavobacterium riviphilum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater creek

A novel bacterium, designated strain TAPY6^T, was isolated from a freshwater creek in Taiwan. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile-by-gliding, rod-shaped and formed translucent yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 20-30 °C, pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TAPY6^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium succinicans LMG 10402^T (97.3 % sequence similarity) and Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149^T (96.3 %). Strain TAPY6^T contained C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, five uncharacterized aminophospholipids, two uncharacterized phospholipids and one uncharacterized aminolipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 39.8 mol%. Phenotypic characteristics of the novel strain also differed from those of the closest related species of the genus Flavobacterium. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain TAPY6^T represents a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium riviphilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TAPY6^T (=BCRC 81007^T=LMG 29728^T=KCTC 52444^T).

Flavobacterium effusum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river

A yellowish-orange-coloured bacterial strain, PSI-22^T, was isolated from a freshwater river in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PSI-22^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and showed the highest identity with respect to Flavobacterium dispersum MVW-23^T (98.0 %), Flavobacterium tistrianum GB 56.1^T (97.1 %), Flavobacterium denitrificans ED5^T (97.1 %) and Flavobacterium daemonense THG-DJ7^T (97.0 %) and less than 97 % to other members of the genus. Cells of strain PSI-22^T were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding and rod-shaped. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. Strain PSI-22^T contained iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid, one uncharacterized aminophosphoglycolipid, two uncharacterized aminolipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain PSI-22^T with F. dispersum BCRC 80978^T, F. tistrianum KCTC 42679^T, F. denitrificans DSM 15936^T and F. daemonense KACC 17651^T was less than 30 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain PSI-22^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium effusum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PSI-22^T (=BCRC 80973^T=LMG 29553^T=KCTC 52233^T).

Rheinheimera coerulea sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater creek, and emended description of genus Rheinheimera Brettar et al. 2002

A bacterial strain designated TAPG2^T was isolated from a freshwater creek in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of TAPG2^T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore forming, short rods surrounded by a thick capsules and forming cream to dark-green colonies. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 6.5-8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-1 % NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of TAPG2^T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid, an uncharacterized phospholipid, an uncharacterized aminolipid and an uncharacterized lipid. The polyamine profile was composed of the major compound putrescine and moderate amounts of spermidine. The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 53.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that TAPG2^T represented a member of the genus Rheinheimera and was most closely related to Rheinheimera aquatica GR5^T and Rheinheimera texasensis A62-14B^T with 98.6 and 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identities, respectively. However, DNA-DNA hybridization values of TAPG2^T with type strains of the species with validly published names were lower than 30 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that TAPG2^T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera, for which the name Rheinheimera coerulea sp. nov. is presented. The type strain is TAPG2^T (=BCRC 81054^T=LMG 30056^T=KCTC 52815^T).

Novosphingobium arvoryzae sp. nov., isolated from a flooded rice field

A bacterial strain, designated Jyi-02^T, was isolated from a flooded rice field in Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain Jyi-02^T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and formed yellowish orange coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum, 20 °C) and pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %, w/v). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain Jyi-02^T were C18 : 1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C14 : 0 2-OH. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid, an uncharacterized phospholipid and an uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Jyi-02^T belonged to the genus Novosphingobium and had closest phylogenetic similarity to Novosphingobium soli CC-TPE-1^T (97.8 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain Jyi-02^T with respect to valid published species of the genus Novosphingobium was less than 35 %. Phenotypic characteristics of the novel strain also differed from those of the closest related species of the genus Novosphingobium. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain Jyi-02^T represents a novel species in the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium arvoryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Jyi-02^T (=BCRC 80537^T=KCTC 32422^T).

Paracoccus fontiphilus sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater spring

Strain MVW-1^T, isolated from a freshwater spring in Taiwan, was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MVW-1^T belongs to the genus Paracoccus and has the highest levels of sequence similarity to Paracoccus caeni MJ17^T (97.6 %), Paracoccus sediminis CMB17^T (97.4 %), Paracoccus angustae E6^T (97.3 %) and Paracoccus acridae SCU-M53^T (97.1 %). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed light orange-coloured colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 20-25 °C, pH 6-7, and in the presence of 0-3 % NaCl. The major fatty acid of strain MVW-1^T was C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminolipid and three unidentified phospholipids. The predominant polyamines were spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine. The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain MVW-1^T was 63.4 mol%. Strain MVW-1^T exhibited less than 35 % DNA-DNA relatedness to P. caeni MJ17^T, P. angustae E6^T, P. sediminis CMB17^T and P. acridae SCU-M53^T. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain MVW-1^T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus fontiphilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MVW-1^T (=BCRC 80974^T=LMG 29554^T=KCTC 52239^T).

Hymenobacter rivuli sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater creek

A bright-red bacterial strain, TAPP3^T, was isolated from a freshwater sample taken from the Wanan Creek in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that TAPP3^T represented a member of the genus Hymenobacter and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity to Hymenobacter ginsengisoli DCY57^T (97.0 %) and Hymenobacter marinus KJ035^T (96.5 %) and less than 96.2 % with other members of the genus. Cells of TAPP3^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding, rods that were surrounded by a thick capsule. Growth occurred at 20-35 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 6.5-7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-1 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). TAPP3^T contained iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 1ω5c as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, six uncharacterized aminophospholipids and four uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.8 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of TAPP3^T with respect to Hymenobacter ginsengisoli DCY57^T was less than 40 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, TAPP3^T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter rivuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TAPP3^T (=BCRC 80979^T=LMG 29559^T=KCTC 52236^T).

Parvibium lacunae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Alcaligenaceae isolated from a freshwater pond

A bacterial strain designated KMB9^T was isolated from a freshwater pond in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain KMB9^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by means of a monopolar flagellum, non-spore-forming and rods surrounded by a thick capsule and forming white-coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 20-40 °C (optimum, 25-37 °C), at pH 6.5-7.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and four housekeeping gene sequences (recA, rpoA, rpoB and atpD) showed that strain KMB9^T forms a distinct phyletic line within the family Alcaligenaceae, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to its closest relatives with validly published names were less than 93.3 %. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polyamine was putrescine. The polar lipid profile revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids, aminolipids, phospholipids and lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain KMB9^T was 54.5 mol%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain KMB9^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Alcaligenaceae, for which the name Parvibium lacunae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMB9^T (=BCRC 81053^T=LMG 30055^T=KCTC 52814^T).

Litoribrevibacter euphylliae sp. nov., isolated from the torch coral Euphyllia glabrescens

Strain Eup a-2^T, isolated from the torch coral Euphyllia glabrescens, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain Eup a-2^T were Gram-negative, aerobic and motile by three polar flagella and formed translucent colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of 2-4 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Eup a-2^T belonged to the genus Litoribrevibacter and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Litoribrevibacter albus Y32^T (97.8 %). Strain Eup a-2^T contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphophatidylglycerol. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain Eup a-2^T was 49.1 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain Eup a-2^T with L. albus Y32^T was less than 30 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain Eup a-2^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Litoribrevibacter, for which the name Litoribrevibactereuphylliae sp. nov. is presented. The type strain is Eup a-2^T (=BCRC 81004^T=LMG 29725^T=KCTC 52438^T).

The effect of platelet-rich fibrin on autologous osteochondral transplantation: An in vivo porcine model

BACKGROUND

This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cartilage transplantation to the medial femoral condyle±platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) augmentation in a porcine model. The hypothesis of the study was that PRF may act as a bioactive cell scaffold to fill defects and enhance cartilage regeneration.

METHODS

Thirty-two knees of 16 miniature pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. The critical-size osteochondral defects (8x5mm) in femoral condyle of both knees were treated with one of the following: group 1－untreated controls; group 2－cartilage fragments alone; group 3－PRF alone; group 4－PRFT+cartilage fragments. After completion of the surgical implantation, the periosteal patch harvested from the proximal tibia was sutured onto the cartilage of the medial condyle to cover the implanted defects. Animals were sacrificed at six months after treatment. The regenerated cartilages were assessed by gross inspection and histological examination.

RESULTS

The best results were obtained with the repair tissue being hyaline-like cartilage (group 4). The grading score of histological evaluation demonstrated that group 4 had better matrix, cell distribution and cartilage mineralization than group 2 and group 3. PRF showed a positive effect on the cartilage repair; the procedure was more effective when PRF was combined with autologous chondrocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

This approach may provide a successfully employed technique to target cartilage defects in vivo. Larger groups and longer periods of study may provide more definitive and meaningful support for using this therapeutic approach as a new way of cartilage regeneration.

Coralloluteibacterium stylophorae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Lysobacteraceae isolated from the reef-building coral Stylophora sp

A bacterial strain, designated Sty a-1^T, was isolated from a reef-building coral Stylophora sp., collected off coast of Southern Taiwan and characterized using the polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain Sty a-1^T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulating, motile by means of flagella, non-spore forming, straight rod-shaped and colonies were yellow and circular. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C), at pH 6-10 (optimum, pH 6.5-8) and with 0-7% NaCl (optimum, 2-3%). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:1 ω9c, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and iso-C_17:0. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 68.5 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminophospholipid and three uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamines were spermidine, putrescine and homospermidine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and four housekeeping gene sequences (recA, atpD, rpoA and rpoB) showed that strain Sty a-1^T forms a distinct lineage with respect to closely related genera in the family Lysobacteraceae, most closely related to Lysobacter, Silanimonas, Arenimonas and Luteimonas and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type species of related genera are less than 95%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain Sty a-1^T represents a novel genus and species of the family Lysobacteraceae, for which the name Coralloluteibacterium stylophorae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Sty a-1^T (= BCRC 80968^T = LMG 29479^T = KCTC 52167^T).

Flavobacterium lacunae sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater pond

A novel bacterial strain AHQ-46^T was isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped and formed translucent yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 20-25 °C, pH 7.0, and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AHQ-46^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium verecundum TTM-46^T with a sequence similarity of 95.8 %. Strain AHQ-46^T contained iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized aminophospholipids and phospholipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 32.1 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain AHQ-46^T should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium lacunae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AHQ-46^T (=BCRC 80889^T=LMG 28710^T).

Thalassotalea coralli sp. nov., isolated from the torch coral Euphyllia glabrescens

Strain Eup a-8^T, isolated from a torch coral Euphyllia glabrescens, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of strain Eup a-8^T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-containing, rod-shaped and formed white colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 25-30 °C, pH 7-8, and in the presence of 2 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Eup a-8^T belonged to the genus Thalassotalea and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Thalassotalea ganghwensis JC2041^T (97.1 %). Strain Eup a-8^T contained C17 : 1ω8c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The only isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one uncharacterized phospholipid. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain Eup a-8^T was 41.5 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain Eup a-8^T with Thalassotalea ganghwensis JC2041^T was less than 70 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain Eup a-8^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea, for which the name Thalassotalea coralli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Eup a-8^T (=BCRC 80967^T=LMG 29478^T=KCTC 52169^T).

Flavobacterium amniphilum sp. nov., isolated from a stream

Strain KYPY10^T, isolated from a water sample taken from the Funglin Stream in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain KYPY10^T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding, rod-shaped surrounded by a thick capsule, and formed light-yellow colonies. Growth occurred at 20-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-7 (optimum, pH 6) and with 0-0.2 % NaCl (optimum, 0 % w/v). Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain KYPY10^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium brevivitae TTM-43^T (98.4 % sequence similarity) and Flavobacterium vireti THG-SM1^T (98.0 %). Strain KYPY10^T contained iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, four uncharacterized aminophospholipids, five uncharacterized phospholipids and one uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamines were homospermidine and putrescine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain KYPY10^T was 41.0 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of strain KYPY10^T with respect to recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium was less than 70 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain KYPY10^T was recognized as a representative of a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium. The name Flavobacterium amniphilum sp. nov. is proposed, with strain KYPY10^T (=BCRC 81006^T=LMG 29727^T=KCTC 52443^T) as the type strain.

Hymenobacter gummosus sp. nov., isolated from a spring

Strain ANT-18^T, isolated from a water sample taken from the Longtoushan Spring in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain ANT-18^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding rods that were surrounded by a thick capsule and it formed pink colonies. Growth occurred at 20-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-1 % NaCl (w/; optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain ANT-18^T belongs to the genus Hymenobacter and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity to Hymenobacter ocellatus Myx 2105^T (97.8 %) and Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30^T (97.7 %). Strain ANT-18^T contained iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminolipid, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids, two uncharacterized glycolipids and seven uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ANT-18^T was 63.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain ANT-18^T with respect to H. ocellatus Myx 2105^T and H. paludis KBP-30^T were less than 35 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain ANT-18^T is recognized to be a representative of a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter. The name Hymenobacter gummosus sp. nov. is proposed, with strain ANT-18^T (=BCRC 80966^T=LMG 29477^T=KCTC 52166^T) as the type strain.