1
|
Klapper SD, Garg P, Dagar S, Lenk K, Gottmann K, Nieweg K. Astrocyte lineage cells are essential for functional neuronal differentiation and synapse maturation in human iPSC-derived neural networks. Glia 2019; 67:1893-1909. [PMID: 31246351 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human astrocytes differ dramatically in cell morphology and gene expression from murine astrocytes. The latter are well known to be of major importance in the formation of neuronal networks by promoting synapse maturation. However, whether human astrocyte lineage cells have a similar role in network formation has not been firmly established. Here, we investigated the impact of human astrocyte lineage cells on the functional maturation of neural networks that were derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Initial in vitro differentiation of hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells and immature neurons (glia+ cultures) resulted in spontaneously active neural networks as indicated by synchronous neuronal Ca2+ transients. Depleting proliferating neural progenitors from these cultures by short-term antimitotic treatment resulted in strongly astrocyte lineage cell-depleted neuronal networks (glia- cultures). Strikingly, in contrast to glia+ cultures, glia- cultures did not exhibit spontaneous network activity. Detailed analysis of the morphological and electrophysiological properties of neurons by patch clamp recordings revealed reduced dendritic arborization in glia- cultures. In addition, a reduced action potential frequency upon current injection in pyramidal-like neurons was observed, whereas the electrical excitability of multipolar neurons was unaltered. Furthermore, we found a reduced dendritic density of PSD95-positive excitatory synapses, and more immature properties of AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in glia- cultures, suggesting that the maturation of glutamatergic synapses depends on the presence of hiPSC-derived astrocyte lineage cells. Intriguingly, addition of the astrocyte-derived synapse maturation inducer cholesterol increased the dendritic density of PSD95-positive excitatory synapses in glia- cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Klapper
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pretty Garg
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Phillips-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sushma Dagar
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lenk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kurt Gottmann
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Nieweg
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Phillips-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kutsche LK, Gysi DM, Fallmann J, Lenk K, Petri R, Swiersy A, Klapper SD, Pircs K, Khattak S, Stadler PF, Jakobsson J, Nowick K, Busskamp V. Combined Experimental and System-Level Analyses Reveal the Complex Regulatory Network of miR-124 during Human Neurogenesis. Cell Syst 2018; 7:438-452.e8. [PMID: 30292704 PMCID: PMC6205824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs regulate many biological processes including neurogenesis. The brain-enriched miR-124 has been assigned as a key player of neuronal differentiation via its complex but little understood regulation of thousands of annotated targets. To systematically chart its regulatory functions, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to disrupt all six miR-124 alleles in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Upon neuronal induction, miR-124-deleted cells underwent neurogenesis and became functional neurons, albeit with altered morphology and neurotransmitter specification. Using RNA-induced-silencing-complex precipitation, we identified 98 high-confidence miR-124 targets, of which some directly led to decreased viability. By performing advanced transcription-factor-network analysis, we identified indirect miR-124 effects on apoptosis, neuronal subtype differentiation, and the regulation of previously uncharacterized zinc finger transcription factors. Our data emphasize the need for combined experimental- and system-level analyses to comprehensively disentangle and reveal miRNA functions, including their involvement in the neurogenesis of diverse neuronal cell types found in the human brain. miR-124 is not essential for neurogenesis from human iPSCs miR-124 regulation mediates neuroprotection and refines neuronal cell fates miRNA knockout characterization by experimental and advanced computational analyses Identification of 98 targets including the neuronal feature repressor ZNF787
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Kutsche
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Deisy M Gysi
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Swarm Intelligence and Complex Systems Group, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04109, Germany; Faculty for Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Joerg Fallmann
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lenk
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Rebecca Petri
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lunds Universitet, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Simon D Klapper
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Karolina Pircs
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lunds Universitet, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Shahryar Khattak
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Group, Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany; Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lunds Universitet, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Katja Nowick
- Faculty for Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Optogenetics refers to the genetic modification of cells to express light-sensitive proteins, which mediate ion flow or secondary signalling cascades upon light exposure. Channelrhodopsin, the most famous example, is an unselective cation channel, which opens when exposed to blue light, thus mediating the depolarisation of the expressing cell. Along with other light-sensitive proteins such as the chloride pump eNpHR, which mediates light-activated hyperpolarisation, the optogenetic toolset offers a wide range of non-invasive single cell manipulations. Due to the direct modulation of the membrane potential, the in-vivo and in-vitro application of optogenetics in neuronal cells seemed to be of outstanding interest. Soon it became evident that these tools are well-suited to treat retinas of patients suffering from photoreceptor degeneration, independently of the underlying mutation. The ectopic expression of channelrhodopsin or eNpHR may cause inactive photoreceptors or other, intact cells of the retina to become sensitive to light. Thus, the most basic function of the retina, the perception of light, can be restored. This review gives a short overview of the retinal structure as well as its physiological and pathological function as the primary light-perceiving tissue. We will focus on different optogenetic strategies to restore visual function in previously blind retinas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Swiersy
- DFG-Forschungszentrum für Regenerative Therapien Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden
| | - S D Klapper
- DFG-Forschungszentrum für Regenerative Therapien Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden
| | - V Busskamp
- DFG-Forschungszentrum für Regenerative Therapien Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klapper SD, Swiersy A, Bamberg E, Busskamp V. Biophysical Properties of Optogenetic Tools and Their Application for Vision Restoration Approaches. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:74. [PMID: 27642278 PMCID: PMC5009148 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is the use of genetically encoded light-activated proteins to manipulate cells in a minimally invasive way using light. The most prominent example is channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which allows the activation of electrically excitable cells via light-dependent depolarization. The combination of ChR2 with hyperpolarizing-light-driven ion pumps such as the Cl(-) pump halorhodopsin (NpHR) enables multimodal remote control of neuronal cells in culture, tissue, and living animals. Very soon, it became obvious that this method offers a chance of gene therapy for many diseases affecting vision. Here, we will give a brief introduction to retinal function and retinal diseases; optogenetic vision restoration strategies will be highlighted. We will discuss the functional and structural properties of rhodopsin-based optogenetic tools and analyze the potential for the application of vision restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Klapper
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|