1
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Walsh K, McGovern DP, Dully J, Kelly SP, O'Connell RG. Prior probability cues bias sensory encoding with increasing task exposure. eLife 2024; 12:RP91135. [PMID: 38564237 PMCID: PMC10987094 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
When observers have prior knowledge about the likely outcome of their perceptual decisions, they exhibit robust behavioural biases in reaction time and choice accuracy. Computational modelling typically attributes these effects to strategic adjustments in the criterion amount of evidence required to commit to a choice alternative - usually implemented by a starting point shift - but recent work suggests that expectations may also fundamentally bias the encoding of the sensory evidence itself. Here, we recorded neural activity with EEG while participants performed a contrast discrimination task with valid, invalid, or neutral probabilistic cues across multiple testing sessions. We measured sensory evidence encoding via contrast-dependent steady-state visual-evoked potentials (SSVEP), while a read-out of criterion adjustments was provided by effector-selective mu-beta band activity over motor cortex. In keeping with prior modelling and neural recording studies, cues evoked substantial biases in motor preparation consistent with criterion adjustments, but we additionally found that the cues produced a significant modulation of the SSVEP during evidence presentation. While motor preparation adjustments were observed in the earliest trials, the sensory-level effects only emerged with extended task exposure. Our results suggest that, in addition to strategic adjustments to the decision process, probabilistic information can also induce subtle biases in the encoding of the evidence itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Walsh
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Jessica Dully
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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2
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Meunier A, Opeifa O, Longworth L, Cox O, Bührer C, Durand-Zaleski I, Kelly SP, Gale RP. An eye on equity: faricimab-driven health equity improvements in diabetic macular oedema using a distributional cost-effectiveness analysis from a UK societal perspective. Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03043-y. [PMID: 38555401 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries, with significant disease burden associated with socio-economic deprivation. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) allows evaluation of health equity impacts of interventions, estimation of how health outcomes and costs are distributed in the population, and assessments of potential trade-offs between health maximisation and equity. We conducted an aggregate DCEA to determine the equity impact of faricimab. METHODS Data on health outcomes and costs were derived from a cost-effectiveness model of faricimab compared with ranibizumab, aflibercept and off-label bevacizumab using a societal perspective in the base case and a healthcare payer perspective in scenario analysis. Health gains and health opportunity costs were distributed across socio-economic subgroups. Health and equity impacts, measured using the Atkinson inequality index, were assessed visually on an equity-efficiency impact plane and combined into a measure of societal welfare. RESULTS At an opportunity cost threshold of £20,000/quality-adjusted life year (QALY), faricimab displayed an increase in net health benefits against all comparators and was found to improve equity. The equity impact increased the greater the concerns for reducing health inequalities over maximising population health. Using a healthcare payer perspective, faricimab was equity improving in most scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Long-acting therapies with fewer injections, such as faricimab, may reduce costs, improve health outcomes and increase health equity. Extended economic evaluation frameworks capturing additional value elements, such as DCEA, enable a more comprehensive valuation of interventions, which is of relevance to decision-makers, healthcare professionals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver Cox
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Richard P Gale
- Hull York Medical School, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
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3
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Gherman S, Markowitz N, Tostaeva G, Espinal E, Mehta AD, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP, Bickel S. Intracranial electroencephalography reveals effector-independent evidence accumulation dynamics in multiple human brain regions. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01824-9. [PMID: 38366105 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Neural representations of perceptual decision formation that are abstracted from specific motor requirements have previously been identified in humans using non-invasive electrophysiology; however, it is currently unclear where these originate in the brain. Here we capitalized on the high spatiotemporal precision of intracranial EEG to localize such abstract decision signals. Participants undergoing invasive electrophysiological monitoring for epilepsy were asked to judge the direction of random-dot stimuli and respond either with a speeded button press (N = 24), or vocally, after a randomized delay (N = 12). We found a widely distributed motor-independent network of regions where high-frequency activity exhibited key characteristics consistent with evidence accumulation, including a gradual buildup that was modulated by the strength of the sensory evidence, and an amplitude that predicted participants' choice accuracy and response time. Our findings offer a new view on the brain networks governing human decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Gherman
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Noah Markowitz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Gelana Tostaeva
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Espinal
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephan Bickel
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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4
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Strzelczyk D, Kelly SP, Langer N. Neurophysiological markers of successful learning in healthy aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:2873-2896. [PMID: 37171560 PMCID: PMC10643715 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to learn and memorize is a key determinant for the quality of life but is known to decline to varying degrees with age. However, neural correlates of memory formation and the critical features that determine the extent to which aging affects learning are still not well understood. By employing a visual sequence learning task, we were able to track the behavioral and neurophysiological markers of gradual learning over several repetitions, which is not possible in traditional approaches that utilize a remember vs. forgotten comparison. On a neurophysiological level, we focused on two learning-related centro-parietal event-related potential (ERP) components: the expectancy-driven P300 and memory-related broader positivity (BP). Our results revealed that although both age groups showed significant learning progress, young individuals learned faster and remembered more stimuli than older participants. Successful learning was directly linked to a decrease of P300 and BP amplitudes. However, young participants showed larger P300 amplitudes with a sharper decrease during the learning, even after correcting for an observed age-related longer P300 latency and increased P300 peak variability. Additionally, the P300 amplitude predicted learning success in both age groups and showed good test-retest reliability. On the other hand, the memory formation processes, reflected by the BP amplitude, revealed a similar level of engagement in both age groups. However, this engagement did not translate into the same learning progress in the older participants. We suggest that the slower and more variable timing of the stimulus identification process reflected in the P300 means that despite the older participants engaging the memory formation process, there is less time for it to translate the categorical stimulus location information into a solidified memory trace. The results highlight the important role of the P300 and BP as a neurophysiological marker of learning and may enable the development of preventive measures for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Strzelczyk
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Langer
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Sivaprasad S, Ghanchi F, Kelly SP, Kotagiri A, Talks J, Scanlon P, McGoey H, Nolan A, Saddiq M, Napier J. Evaluation of care with intravitreal aflibercept treatment for UK patients with diabetic macular oedema: DRAKO study 24-month real-world outcomes. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2753-2760. [PMID: 36941402 PMCID: PMC10482829 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ OBJECTIVES DRAKO (NCT02850263) was a 24-month, prospective, observational, multi-centre cohort study that enrolled patients diagnosed with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) including central involvement. The study aimed to evaluate standard of care intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) treatment in the UK. This analysis describes the 12-month outcomes for patients with prior anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment for DMO other than IVT-AFL (C2), and 2-year outcomes for both anti-VEGF treatment-naïve patients (C1) and C2 patients. METHODS Study eyes were treated with IVT-AFL as per local standard of care. Mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in ETDRS letters and central subfield thickness (CST) were stratified by baseline factors. Changes in diabetic retinopathy assessments, glycated haemoglobin A1c levels and vision-related quality of life (QoL) were evaluated alongside numbers of injections administered and safety outcomes. RESULTS For C1, mean (SD) changes from baseline in BCVA of +0.7 (12.7) letters and CST of -123.3 (104.3) µm were observed at Month 24. For C2, mean (SD) changes from baseline for BCVA of + 0.2 (10.2) letters and -0.3 (13.0) letters, and CST of -79.1 (137.6) µm and -91.6 (132.9) µm, were observed at 12 and 24 months, respectively. In Year 2, C1 and C2 patients received a mean of 3.7 and 4.3 injections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Year 2 results indicate that IVT-AFL is an effective treatment for DMO in real-world UK clinical practice, despite relatively low injection numbers. The high baseline visual acuity and QoL scores were maintained and there was further improvement in anatomical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Faruque Ghanchi
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Ajay Kotagiri
- South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - James Talks
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
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6
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Geuzebroek AC, Craddock H, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Balancing true and false detection of intermittent sensory targets by adjusting the inputs to the evidence accumulation process. eLife 2023; 12:e83025. [PMID: 37646405 PMCID: PMC10547474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions about noisy stimuli are widely understood to be made by accumulating evidence up to a decision bound that can be adjusted according to task demands. However, relatively little is known about how such mechanisms operate in continuous monitoring contexts requiring intermittent target detection. Here, we examined neural decision processes underlying detection of 1 s coherence targets within continuous random dot motion, and how they are adjusted across contexts with weak, strong, or randomly mixed weak/strong targets. Our prediction was that decision bounds would be set lower when weak targets are more prevalent. Behavioural hit and false alarm rate patterns were consistent with this, and were well captured by a bound-adjustable leaky accumulator model. However, beta-band EEG signatures of motor preparation contradicted this, instead indicating lower bounds in the strong-target context. We thus tested two alternative models in which decision-bound dynamics were constrained directly by beta measurements, respectively, featuring leaky accumulation with adjustable leak, and non-leaky accumulation of evidence referenced to an adjustable sensory-level criterion. We found that the latter model best explained both behaviour and neural dynamics, highlighting novel means of decision policy regulation and the value of neurally informed modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Geuzebroek
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Hannah Craddock
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of Statistics, University of WarwickWarwickUnited Kingdom
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
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7
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Sivaprasad S, Ghanchi F, Kelly SP, Kotagiri A, Talks J, Scanlon P, McGoey H, Nolan A, Saddiq M, Napier J, Morgan-Warren P. Evaluation of standard-of-care intravitreal aflibercept treatment practices in patients with diabetic macular oedema in the UK: DRAKO study outcomes. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2527-2534. [PMID: 36653595 PMCID: PMC10397211 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES DRAKO (NCT02850263) was a 24-month, prospective, non-interventional, multi-centre cohort study enrolling patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) including central involvement. The study evaluated UK standard-of-care intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) treatment. This analysis describes the treatment pathway and service provision for the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment-naïve (C1) and non-naïve patients (C2) who received prior anti-VEGF treatment for DMO other than IVT-AFL. METHODS Mean changes in best-corrected visual acuity and central subfield thickness were measured and stratified by baseline factors, including ethnicity and administration of five initial monthly injections within predefined windows. Clinic visits were classified as treatment only (T1), monitoring assessment only (T2), combined visits (T3) or post-injection visits with no treatment or assessment (T4). RESULTS Median time from decision to treat to treatment was 6 days. As a percentage of total visits, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 7%, 42%, 48% and 3% for C1 and 11%, 39%, 48% and 2% for C2. Most IVT-AFL injections were administered by healthcare professionals (HCPs) other than doctors (C1, 57.4%; C2, 58.5%). The percentage of treatments associated with a procedure-related adverse event where at least 75% of injections were completed by the same injector role were similar for doctors and other HCPs (C1, 1.1% and 0.8%; C2, 0.7%, and 1.0%). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that upon DMO diagnosis, patients were treated promptly, and most visits were combined (treatment and assessment) or monitoring only. Most IVT-AFL was administered by non-physicians with a similar treatment-related safety profile as IVT-AFL administered by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Faruque Ghanchi
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Ajay Kotagiri
- South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - James Talks
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
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8
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Grogan JP, Rys W, Kelly SP, O’Connell RG. Confidence is predicted by pre- and post-choice decision signal dynamics. Imaging Neurosci (Camb) 2023; 1:1-23. [PMID: 37719838 PMCID: PMC10503486 DOI: 10.1162/imag_a_00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that one's confidence in a choice can be influenced by new evidence encountered after commitment has been reached, but the processes through which post-choice evidence is sampled remain unclear. To investigate this, we traced the pre- and post-choice dynamics of electrophysiological signatures of evidence accumulation (Centro-parietal Positivity, CPP) and motor preparation (mu/beta band) to determine their sensitivity to participants' confidence in their perceptual discriminations. Pre-choice CPP amplitudes scaled with confidence both when confidence was reported simultaneously with choice, and when reported 1 second after the initial direction decision with no intervening evidence. When additional evidence was presented during the post-choice delay period, the CPP exhibited sustained activation after the initial choice, with a more prolonged build-up on trials with lower certainty in the alternative that was finally endorsed, irrespective of whether this entailed a change-of-mind from the initial choice or not. Further investigation established that this pattern was accompanied by later lateralisation of motor preparation signals toward the ultimately chosen response and slower confidence reports when participants indicated low certainty in this response. These observations are consistent with certainty-dependent stopping theories according to which post-choice evidence accumulation ceases when a criterion level of certainty in a choice alternative has been reached, but continues otherwise. Our findings have implications for current models of choice confidence, and predictions they may make about EEG signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Grogan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wouter Rys
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon P. Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Redmond G. O’Connell
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Corbett EA, Martinez-Rodriguez LA, Judd C, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Multiphasic value biases in fast-paced decisions. eLife 2023; 12:67711. [PMID: 36779966 PMCID: PMC9925050 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceptual decisions are biased toward higher-value options when overall gains can be improved. When stimuli demand immediate reactions, the neurophysiological decision process dynamically evolves through distinct phases of growing anticipation, detection, and discrimination, but how value biases are exerted through these phases remains unknown. Here, by parsing motor preparation dynamics in human electrophysiology, we uncovered a multiphasic pattern of countervailing biases operating in speeded decisions. Anticipatory preparation of higher-value actions began earlier, conferring a 'starting point' advantage at stimulus onset, but the delayed preparation of lower-value actions was steeper, conferring a value-opposed buildup-rate bias. This, in turn, was countered by a transient deflection toward the higher-value action evoked by stimulus detection. A neurally-constrained process model featuring anticipatory urgency, biased detection, and accumulation of growing stimulus-discriminating evidence, successfully captured both behavior and motor preparation dynamics. Thus, an intricate interplay of distinct biasing mechanisms serves to prioritise time-constrained perceptual decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Corbett
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - L Alexandra Martinez-Rodriguez
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Cian Judd
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,School of Psychology, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College DublinDublinIreland
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10
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Machida K, Barry E, Mulligan A, Gill M, Robertson IH, Lewis FC, Green B, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, Johnson KA. Which Measures From a Sustained Attention Task Best Predict ADHD Group Membership? J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1471-1482. [PMID: 35253511 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221081266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty with sustaining attention to a task is a hallmark of ADHD. It would be useful to know which measures of sustained attention best predict a diagnosis of ADHD. Participants were 129 children with a diagnosis of ADHD and 129 matched controls who completed the fixed Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). The number of commission and omission errors, standard deviation of response time (SDRT), tau, fast and slow frequency variability, d-prime, and mu were able to successfully classify children with and without ADHD. The mean response time, criterion, and sigma were not able to classify participants. The best classifiers were d-prime (0.75 Area Under the Receiver Operated Characteristic), tau (.74), SDRT (0.74), omission errors (0.72), commission errors (0.71), and SFAUS (0.70). This list of the best classifier measures derived from the SART may prove useful for the planning of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Benita Green
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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11
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Sivaprasad S, Ghanchi F, Kelly SP, Kotagiri A, Talks J, Scanlon P, McGoey H, Nolan A, Saddiq M, Napier J. Evaluation of standard of care intravitreal aflibercept treatment of diabetic macular oedema treatment-naive patients in the UK: DRAKO study 12-month outcomes. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:64-71. [PMID: 34244670 PMCID: PMC8727562 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DRAKO (NCT02850263) is a 24-month, prospective, non-interventional, multi-centre cohort study which enroled patients diagnosed with centre-involving diabetic macular oedema (DMO). The study aims to evaluate standard of care with intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) treatment in the UK. This analysis describes the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment-naive patient cohort after 12-month follow-up. METHODS Study eyes were treated with IVT-AFL as per local standard of care. The mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CST) from baseline at 12 months were measured and stratified by baseline factors. The number of injections and safety data were also evaluated. RESULTS A total of 507 patients were enroled from 35 centres. Mean (SD) baseline BCVA was 71.4 (12.0) letters and CST was 448.7 (88.7) µm, with 63.1% of patients presenting with baseline BCVA ≥ 70 letters (mean 78.1). Mean (SD) change in BCVA of 2.5 (12.2) letters and CST of -119.1 (116.4) µm was observed at month 12. A 7.3 letter gain was observed in patients with baseline BCVA < 70 letters. Mean number (SD) of injections in year one was 6.4 (2.1). No significant adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSION Year one results indicated that IVT-AFL was an effective treatment for DMO in standard of care UK clinical practice, maintaining or improving visual acuity in treatment-naive patients with good baseline visual acuity, despite some patients being undertreated versus the summary of product characteristics. These results also demonstrated the clinical importance and meaningful impact of diabetic retinopathy screening in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Faruque Ghanchi
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Ajay Kotagiri
- South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - James Talks
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
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12
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Mohr KS, Carr N, Georgel R, Kelly SP. Modulation of the Earliest Component of the Human VEP by Spatial Attention: An Investigation of Task Demands. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 1:tgaa045. [PMID: 34296113 PMCID: PMC8152881 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial attention modulations of initial afferent activity in area V1, indexed by the first component “C1” of the human visual evoked potential, are rarely found. It has thus been suggested that early modulation is induced only by special task conditions, but what these conditions are remains unknown. Recent failed replications—findings of no C1 modulation using a certain task that had previously produced robust modulations—present a strong basis for examining this question. We ran 3 experiments, the first to more exactly replicate the stimulus and behavioral conditions of the original task, and the second and third to manipulate 2 key factors that differed in the failed replication studies: the provision of informative performance feedback, and the degree to which the probed stimulus features matched those facilitating target perception. Although there was an overall significant C1 modulation of 11%, individually, only experiments 1 and 2 showed reliable effects, underlining that the modulations do occur but not consistently. Better feedback induced greater P1, but not C1, modulations. Target-probe feature matching had an inconsistent influence on modulation patterns, with behavioral performance differences and signal-overlap analyses suggesting interference from extrastriate modulations as a potential cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran S Mohr
- Cognitive Neural Systems Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Niamh Carr
- Cognitive Neural Systems Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rachel Georgel
- Cognitive Neural Systems Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Cognitive Neural Systems Lab, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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13
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Abstract
The discovery of neural signals that reflect the dynamics of perceptual decision formation has had a considerable impact. Not only do such signals enable detailed investigations of the neural implementation of the decision-making process but they also can expose key elements of the brain's decision algorithms. For a long time, such signals were only accessible through direct animal brain recordings, and progress in human neuroscience was hampered by the limitations of noninvasive recording techniques. However, recent methodological advances are increasingly enabling the study of human brain signals that finely trace the dynamics of the unfolding decision process. In this review, we highlight how human neurophysiological data are now being leveraged to furnish new insights into the multiple processing levels involved in forming decisions, to inform the construction and evaluation of mathematical models that can explain intra- and interindividual differences, and to examine how key ancillary processes interact with core decision circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
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14
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Fearon C, Butler JS, Waechter SM, Killane I, Kelly SP, Reilly RB, Lynch T. Neurophysiological correlates of dual tasking in people with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Exp Brain Res 2020; 239:175-187. [PMID: 33135132 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Freezing of gait in people with Parkinson's disease (PwP) is associated with executive dysfunction and motor preparation deficits. We have recently shown that electrophysiological markers of motor preparation, rather than decision-making, differentiate PwP with freezing of gait (FOG +) and without (FOG -) while sitting. To examine the effect of locomotion on these results, we measured behavioural and electrophysiological responses in PwP with and without FOG during a target response time task while sitting (single-task) and stepping-in-place (dual-task). Behavioural and electroencephalographic data were acquired from 18 PwP (eight FOG +) and seven young controls performing the task while sitting and stepping-in-place. FOG + had slower response times while stepping compared with sitting. However, response times were significantly faster while stepping compared with sitting for controls. Electrophysiological responses showed no difference in decision-making potentials (centroparietal positivity) between groups or conditions but there were differences in neurophysiological markers of response inhibition (N2) and motor preparation (lateralized readiness potential, LRP) in FOG + while performing a dual-task. This suggests that the addition of a second complex motor task (stepping-in-place) impacts automatic allocation of resources in FOG +, resulting in delayed response times. The impact of locomotion on the generation of the N2 and LRP potentials, particularly in freezers, indirectly implies that these functions compete with locomotion for resources. In the setting of multiple complex tasks or cognitive impairment, severe motor dysfunction may result, leading to freezing of gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Fearon
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, The School of Medicine and the School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, 57 Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - John S Butler
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, The School of Medicine and the School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Saskia M Waechter
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, The School of Medicine and the School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Killane
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, The School of Medicine and the School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Technological University Dublin, Bolton Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Richard B Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, The School of Medicine and the School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Timothy Lynch
- Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, 57 Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
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15
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Devine CA, Gaffney C, Loughnane GM, Kelly SP, O'Connell RG. The role of premature evidence accumulation in making difficult perceptual decisions under temporal uncertainty. eLife 2019; 8:e48526. [PMID: 31774396 PMCID: PMC6904213 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The computations and neural processes underpinning decision making have primarily been investigated using highly simplified tasks in which stimulus onsets cue observers to start accumulating choice-relevant information. Yet, in daily life we are rarely afforded the luxury of knowing precisely when choice-relevant information will appear. Here, we examined neural indices of decision formation while subjects discriminated subtle stimulus feature changes whose timing relative to stimulus onset ('foreperiod') was uncertain. Joint analysis of behavioural error patterns and neural decision signal dynamics indicated that subjects systematically began the accumulation process before any informative evidence was presented, and further, that accumulation onset timing varied systematically as a function of the foreperiod of the preceding trial. These results suggest that the brain can adjust to temporal uncertainty by strategically modulating accumulation onset timing according to statistical regularities in the temporal structure of the sensory environment with particular emphasis on recent experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara A Devine
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of PsychologyThe University of Dublin, Trinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | - Christine Gaffney
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of PsychologyThe University of Dublin, Trinity CollegeDublinIreland
| | | | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of PsychologyThe University of Dublin, Trinity CollegeDublinIreland
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16
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Qureshi A, Kelly SP, Carley F, Jalil A. Management of penetrating injury with retained intraocular lead foreign body from a writing instrument: surgical video with implications for paediatric public health and safety. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/11/e231634. [PMID: 31772131 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetrating ocular injuries from writing instruments that are thrown, especially by children, in the community can result in significant ocular morbidity. Often these cases present to the accident and emergency department. Accurate and prompt assessment is key in saving sight. We present a case of one such injury and how it was surgically managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Qureshi
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Fiona Carley
- Cornea and External Eye Disease, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Assad Jalil
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
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17
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Kopsidas K, Javidi H, Kelly SP, Aslam T, Black G, Mahmood S. Unique Case of Bilateral Exudative Retinal Detachment following Creatine Supplementation in a Patient with Autosomal Dominant Bestrophinopathy. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2019; 10:374-378. [PMID: 31762771 PMCID: PMC6873073 DOI: 10.1159/000503853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of bilateral serous retinal detachment in a patient with rod-cone dystrophy caused by mutation of BEST1. This followed creatine monohydrate use as a dietary supplement. A 39-year-old male with rod-cone dystrophy and low hyperopia developed extensive bilateral exudative retinal detachment following creatine monohydrate diet supplementation. Five days after stopping creatine use, the bilateral retinal detachments resolved completely. This may indicate a causative relation of creatine supplementation to development of serous retinal detachment in a susceptible patient with pre-existing retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kopsidas
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hedayat Javidi
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Aslam
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Black
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sajjad Mahmood
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Sajjad Mahmood, Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL (UK), E-Mail
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18
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van Kempen J, Loughnane GM, Newman DP, Kelly SP, Thiele A, O'Connell RG, Bellgrove MA. Behavioural and neural signatures of perceptual decision-making are modulated by pupil-linked arousal. eLife 2019; 8:42541. [PMID: 30882347 PMCID: PMC6450670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing and accuracy of perceptual decision-making is exquisitely sensitive to fluctuations in arousal. Although extensive research has highlighted the role of various neural processing stages in forming decisions, our understanding of how arousal impacts these processes remains limited. Here we isolated electrophysiological signatures of decision-making alongside signals reflecting target selection, attentional engagement and motor output and examined their modulation as a function of tonic and phasic arousal, indexed by baseline and task-evoked pupil diameter, respectively. Reaction times were shorter on trials with lower tonic, and higher phasic arousal. Additionally, these two pupil measures were predictive of a unique set of EEG signatures that together represent multiple information processing steps of decision-making. Finally, behavioural variability associated with fluctuations in tonic and phasic arousal, indicative of neuromodulators acting on multiple timescales, was mediated by its effects on the EEG markers of attentional engagement, sensory processing and the variability in decision processing. Driving along a busy street requires you to constantly monitor the behavior of other road users. You need to be able to spot and avoid the car that suddenly changes lane, or the pedestrian who steps out in front of you. How fast you can react to such events depends in part on your brain's level of alertness, or 'arousal'. This in turn depends on chemicals within the brain called neuromodulators. Neuromodulators are a type of neurotransmitter. But whereas other neurotransmitters enable brain cells to signal to each other, neuromodulators turn the volume of these signals up or down. The activity of brain regions that produce neuromodulators varies over time, leading to changes in brain arousal. These changes take place over different time scales. Sudden unexpected events, such as those on the busy street above, trigger sub-second changes in arousal. But arousal levels also show spontaneous fluctuations over minutes to hours. We can follow these changes in real-time by looking into a participant’s eyes. This is because the brain regions that produce neuromodulators also control pupil size. Van Kempen et al. have now combined measurements of pupil size with recordings of electrical brain activity. Healthy volunteers learned to press a button as soon as a target appeared on a screen. The larger a volunteer’s pupils were before the target appeared, the more slowly the volunteer responded on that trial. Large baseline pupil size is thought to indicate a high baseline level of brain arousal. By contrast, the larger the increase in pupil size in response to the target, the faster the volunteer responded on that trial. This increase in pupil size is thought to reflect an increase in brain arousal. The recordings of brain activity provided clues to the underlying mechanisms. In trials with large baseline pupil size – and therefore high baseline arousal – the volunteers’ brains showed more variable responses to the target. But in trials with a large increase in pupil size – and a large increase in arousal – the volunteers’ brains showed less variable responses, as well as stronger signals related to attention. Neuromodulators thus act on different timescales to influence different aspects of cognitive performance, including attention and target detection. Fluctuating levels of neuromodulator activity may help explain the variability in our behavior. Monitoring pupil size is one way to gain insights into the mechanisms that bring about these changes in neuromodulator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem van Kempen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerard M Loughnane
- School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel P Newman
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Linton E, Walkden A, Steeples LR, Bhargava A, Williams C, Bailey C, Quhill FM, Kelly SP. Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:492-504. [PMID: 30546136 PMCID: PMC6460723 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore self-inflicted retinal burns from laser pointers in children. METHODS Literature review of laser pointer retinal injuries in childhood and online survey of UK Consultant Ophthalmologists. A cohort of local children with self-inflicted injury is described. The matter is topical. We review progress in recent legislation and policy change in the UK. RESULTS Four of 77 case reports of laser burns in childhood analysed reported psychological or behavioural issues. Three of four children in our cohort had such issues. Delay in diagnosis occurred in two of our patients. Structural retinal damage persisted for over 12 months in all four children (seven eyes). Our survey of UK ophthalmologists found 159 cases of injury (85% male), 80% under 20 years of age. The majority of the laser pointers were purchased online. Many patients (36%) suffered moderate vision loss (6/18 to 6/60 Snellen), while 17% (at least 11 patients) suffered severe vision loss (<6/60 Snellen). CONCLUSION We highlight the risk of macular damage and vision loss from handheld lasers specifically in children with behavioural, learning or mental health issues. The diagnosis may be difficult or delayed in such children. In children with uncertain macular changes, ophthalmologists should explore the history for possible instances of exposure to handheld lasers pointers. Regulatory authorities and manufacturers of handheld lasers need to be aware of the risk to children. Furthermore, there is a need to better inform parents, carers and teachers of the risk of ocular self-injury from such lasers pointers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Linton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bolton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - A Walkden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - L R Steeples
- Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - A Bhargava
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - C Williams
- Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - C Bailey
- Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - F M Quhill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - S P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bolton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK.
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20
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Prajapati R, Newton P, Ahmad S, Kelly SP. Acute subretinal abscess in Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia with endophthalmitis showcased by multimodal retinal imaging and with 2-year follow-up. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 11:11/1/e227288. [PMID: 30567135 PMCID: PMC6301446 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A middle-aged man presented to emergency services with central vision loss in the setting of flu-like illness with fever. A striking subfoveal abscess was observed in the right fundus. Focal acute chorioretinal inflammation was noted in the asymptomatic fellow eye. Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia was subsequently diagnosed. He presented with undiagnosed HIV infection and latent syphilis. Serial high-definition multimodal retinal imaging showcased resolution of the dome-shaped subretinal abscess following treatment with intravenous flucloxacillin. A chorioretinal scar swiftly replaced the subfoveal abscess. Peripheral right vision and full left vision was retained. Vision loss due to endogenous endophthalmitis in systemic sepsis is an emergency requiring prompt multidisciplinary care. Sight and life are at risk-thus this is not a diagnosis to miss! Early recognition is paramount to health and in retaining vision. We briefly review relevant literature and portray how multimodal imaging guided response to treatment of acute subretinal abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Prajapati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Pippa Newton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sameena Ahmad
- Department of Sexual Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
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21
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O'Connell RG, Shadlen MN, Wong-Lin K, Kelly SP. Bridging Neural and Computational Viewpoints on Perceptual Decision-Making. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:838-852. [PMID: 30007746 PMCID: PMC6215147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequential sampling models have provided a dominant theoretical framework guiding computational and neurophysiological investigations of perceptual decision-making. While these models share the basic principle that decisions are formed by accumulating sensory evidence to a bound, they come in many forms that can make similar predictions of choice behaviour despite invoking fundamentally different mechanisms. The identification of neural signals that reflect some of the core computations underpinning decision formation offers new avenues for empirically testing and refining key model assumptions. Here, we highlight recent efforts to explore these avenues and, in so doing, consider the conceptual and methodological challenges that arise when seeking to infer decision computations from complex neural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behaviour Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Northland Road, Derry, BT48 7JL, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Steinemann NA, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP. Decisions are expedited through multiple neural adjustments spanning the sensorimotor hierarchy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3627. [PMID: 30194305 PMCID: PMC6128824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When decisions are made under speed pressure, "urgency" signals elevate neural activity toward action-triggering thresholds independent of the sensory evidence, thus incurring a cost to choice accuracy. While urgency signals have been observed in brain circuits involved in preparing actions, their influence at other levels of the sensorimotor pathway remains unknown. We used a novel contrast-comparison paradigm to simultaneously trace the dynamics of sensory evidence encoding, evidence accumulation, motor preparation, and muscle activation in humans. Results indicate speed pressure impacts multiple sensorimotor levels but in crucially distinct ways. Evidence-independent urgency was applied to cortical action-preparation signals and downstream muscle activation, but not directly to upstream levels. Instead, differential sensory evidence encoding was enhanced in a way that partially countered the negative impact of motor-level urgency on accuracy, and these opposing sensory-boost and motor-urgency effects had knock-on effects on the buildup and pre-response amplitude of a motor-independent representation of cumulative evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Steinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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23
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Ning BK, Kelly SP, Chu C, Morgan E. Sequential retinal necrosis secondary to varicella zoster in unrecognised long-standing HIV infection: patient safety report. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222237. [PMID: 29563125 PMCID: PMC5878387 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A retired woman with left ophthalmic shingles of over 2 years’ duration attended with bilateral vision loss and systemic upset. Acute retinal necrosis with detachment was detected on right fundus examination. Cataract in left eye precluded funduscopy. Ocular ultrasonography revealed fibrotic retinal detachment in the left eye. MRI brain and orbits also showed signals of retinal detachment. No abnormal MRI signal within the optic nerve or brain was found. Varicella zoster virus was detected in ocular aqueous and blood samples. High-dose intravenous acyclovir was administered. HIV test was positive with a very low CD4 count. Antiretroviral medications were prescribed. There was no recovery of vision. She was certified as blind, and social services were involved in seeking to provide alterations to her home in view of her severe disability. This case highlights the importance of suspecting HIV in patients with severe or chronic ophthalmic shingles. Images and implications for clinical practice are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Ky Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Celia Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Emile Morgan
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
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24
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Afacan-Seref K, Steinemann NA, Blangero A, Kelly SP. Dynamic Interplay of Value and Sensory Information in High-Speed Decision Making. Curr Biol 2018; 28:795-802.e6. [PMID: 29456147 PMCID: PMC5841252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In dynamic environments, split-second sensorimotor decisions must be prioritized according to potential payoffs to maximize overall rewards. The impact of relative value on deliberative perceptual judgments has been examined extensively [1-6], but relatively little is known about value-biasing mechanisms in the common situation where physical evidence is strong but the time to act is severely limited. In prominent decision models, a noisy but statistically stationary representation of sensory evidence is integrated over time to an action-triggering bound, and value-biases are affected by starting the integrator closer to the more valuable bound. Here, we show significant departures from this account for humans making rapid sensory-instructed action choices. Behavior was best explained by a simple model in which the evidence representation-and hence, rate of accumulation-is itself biased by value and is non-stationary, increasing over the short decision time frame. Because the value bias initially dominates, the model uniquely predicts a dynamic "turn-around" effect on low-value cues, where the accumulator first launches toward the incorrect action but is then re-routed to the correct one. This was clearly exhibited in electrophysiological signals reflecting motor preparation and evidence accumulation. Finally, we construct an extended model that implements this dynamic effect through plausible sensory neural response modulations and demonstrate the correspondence between decision signal dynamics simulated from a behavioral fit of that model and the empirical decision signals. Our findings suggest that value and sensory information can exert simultaneous and dynamically countervailing influences on the trajectory of the accumulation-to-bound process, driving rapid, sensory-guided actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivilcim Afacan-Seref
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Natalie A Steinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Annabelle Blangero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; OCTO Technology, Paris, France
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Abstract
Gyrate atrophy is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ornithine-δ-amino transferase gene. We present an interesting case of a 33-year-old woman who presented with increasing myopia, nyctalopia and failing vision. Examination revealed posterior subscapsular cataracts, narrowed peripheral visual fields and scalloped atrophic peripheral chorioretinal lesions. Blood investigations showed a raised plasma ornithine level at 917 μmol/L (normal range: 32-88 μmol/L) confirming the diagnosis of gyrate atrophy. The patient, despite not tolerating dietary treatment, had retained central vision over a follow-up period of 18 years. The electroretinogram, which normally diminishes with disease progression, was still nearly normal when last tested at 16 years follow-up. Genetic testing did not reveal any novel mutation that could account for this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti M Jasani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - Neil R A Parry
- Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme Black
- Vision Science Centre, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
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Michelotti M, de Korne DF, Weizer JS, Lee PP, Flanagan D, Kelly SP, Odergren A, Sandhu SS, Wai C, Klazinga N, Haripriya A, Stein JD, Hingorani M. Mapping standard ophthalmic outcome sets to metrics currently reported in eight eye hospitals. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:269. [PMID: 29284445 PMCID: PMC5747118 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine alignment of proposed international standard outcomes sets for ophthalmic conditions to metrics currently reported by eye hospitals. Methods Mixed methods comparative benchmark study, including eight eye hospitals in Australia, India, Singapore, Sweden, U.K., and U.S. All are major international tertiary care and training centers in ophthalmology. Main outcome measure is consistency of ophthalmic outcomes measures reported. Results International agreed standard outcomes (ICHOM) sets are available for cataract surgery (10 metrics) and macular degeneration (7 metrics). The eight hospitals reported 22 different metrics for cataract surgery and 2 for macular degeneration, which showed only limited overlap with the proposed ICHOM metrics. None of the hospitals reported patient reported visual functioning or vision-related quality of life outcomes measures (PROMs). Three hospitals (38%) reported rates for uncomplicated cataract surgeries only. There was marked variation in how and at what point postoperatively visual outcomes following cataract, cornea, glaucoma, strabismus and oculoplastics procedures were reported. Seven (87.5%) measured post-operative infections and four (50%) measured 30 day unplanned reoperation rates. Conclusions Outcomes reporting for ophthalmic conditions currently widely varies across hospitals internationally and does not include patient-reported outcomes. Reaching consensus on measures and consistency in data collection will allow meaningful comparisons and provide an evidence base enabling improved sharing of “best practices” to improve eye care globally. Implementation of international standards is still a major challenge and practice-based knowledge on measures should be one of the inputs of the international standardization process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12886-017-0667-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Michelotti
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dirk F de Korne
- Singapore National Eye Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore. .,Medical Innovation & Care Transformation, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. .,Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer S Weizer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Paul P Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | | | - Sukhpal S Sandhu
- The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charity Wai
- Singapore National Eye Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Niek Klazinga
- Department of Social Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joshua D Stein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Dockree PM, Barnes JJ, Matthews N, Dean AJ, Abe R, Nandam LS, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, O'Connell RG. The Effects of Methylphenidate on the Neural Signatures of Sustained Attention. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:687-694. [PMID: 28599833 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is well established that methylphenidate (MPH) enhances sustained attention, the neural mechanisms underpinning this improvement remain unclear. We examined how MPH influenced known electrophysiological precursors of lapsing attention over different time scales. METHODS We measured the impact of MPH, compared with placebo, on behavioral and electrocortical markers while healthy adults (n = 40) performed a continuous monitoring paradigm designed to elicit attentional lapses. RESULTS MPH led to increased rates of target detection, and electrophysiological analyses were conducted to identify the mechanisms underlying these improvements. Lapses of attention were reliably preceded by progressive increases in alpha activity that emerged over periods of several seconds. MPH led to an overall suppression of alpha activity across the entire task but also diminished the frequency of these maladaptive pretarget increases through a reduction of alpha variability. A drug-related linear increase in the amplitude of the frontal P3 event-related component was also observed in the pretarget timeframe (3 or 4 seconds). Furthermore, during immediate target processing, there was a significant increase in the parietal P3 amplitude with MPH, indicative of enhanced perceptual evidence accumulation underpinning target detection. MPH-related enhancements occurred without significant changes to early visual processing (visual P1 and 25-Hz steady-state visual evoked potential). CONCLUSIONS MPH serves to reduce maladaptive electrophysiological precursors of lapsing attention by acting selectively on top-down endogenous mechanisms that support sustained attention and target detection with no significant effect on bottom-up sensory excitability. These findings offer candidate markers to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of psychostimulants or to predict therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Dockree
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jessica J Barnes
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natasha Matthews
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Angela J Dean
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rafael Abe
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Sanjay Nandam
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Slotnick (this issue) provided a selective review of studies on the attentional modulation of the C1 component of the visual evoked potential, and offers a number of guidelines to maximize the likelihood of observing such modulation in terms of electrode choice, stimulus placement, and types of attentional cue and target stimulus. However, the broader literature pertaining to attentional modulation of the C1 does not support many of these guidelines, and the question of why exactly C1 modulations are so rare remains very much open. Here, we provide clarifications that are critical to an accurate appraisal of the current state of this literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran S Mohr
- a School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- a School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran S Mohr
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Jasani KM, Kelly SP. Intravitreal Bubble Bath. Ophthalmol Retina 2017; 1:412. [PMID: 31047571 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirti M Jasani
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Farnworth, Bolton, United Kingdom
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Lewis FC, Reeve RA, Kelly SP, Johnson KA. Corrigendum to “Evidence of substantial development of inhibitory control and sustained attention between 6 and 8 years of age on an unpredictable Go/No-Go task” [J. Exp. Child Psychol. 157 (2017) 66–80]. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 159:327-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Newman DP, Lockley SW, Loughnane GM, Martins ACP, Abe R, Zoratti MTR, Kelly SP, O’Neill MH, Rajaratnam SMW, O’Connell RG, Bellgrove MA. Erratum: Corrigendum: Ocular exposure to blue-enriched light has an asymmetric influence on neural activity and spatial attention. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44958. [PMID: 28332565 PMCID: PMC5362959 DOI: 10.1038/srep44958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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33
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Lewis FC, Reeve RA, Kelly SP, Johnson KA. Evidence of substantial development of inhibitory control and sustained attention between 6 and 8years of age on an unpredictable Go/No-Go task. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 157:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Langer N, Ho EJ, Alexander LM, Xu HY, Jozanovic RK, Henin S, Petroni A, Cohen S, Marcelle ET, Parra LC, Milham MP, Kelly SP. A resource for assessing information processing in the developing brain using EEG and eye tracking. Sci Data 2017; 4:170040. [PMID: 28398357 PMCID: PMC5387929 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset combining electrophysiology and eye tracking intended as a resource for the investigation of information processing in the developing brain. The dataset includes high-density task-based and task-free EEG, eye tracking, and cognitive and behavioral data collected from 126 individuals (ages: 6–44). The task battery spans both the simple/complex and passive/active dimensions to cover a range of approaches prevalent in modern cognitive neuroscience. The active task paradigms facilitate principled deconstruction of core components of task performance in the developing brain, whereas the passive paradigms permit the examination of intrinsic functional network activity during varying amounts of external stimulation. Alongside these neurophysiological data, we include an abbreviated cognitive test battery and questionnaire-based measures of psychiatric functioning. We hope that this dataset will lead to the development of novel assays of neural processes fundamental to information processing, which can be used to index healthy brain development as well as detect pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Langer
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Erica J Ho
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Lindsay M Alexander
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Helen Y Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Renee K Jozanovic
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA
| | - Simon Henin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Agustin Petroni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Samantha Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Enitan T Marcelle
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, California, Berkeley 94720, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York 10022, USA.,Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York 10031, USA.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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35
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Davies AJ, Borschmann R, Kelly SP, Ramsey J, Ferris J, Winstock AR. The prevalence of visual symptoms in poppers users: a global survey. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2017; 1:e000015. [PMID: 29354696 PMCID: PMC5751859 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2016-000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and aims The use of ‘poppers’ (volatile alkyl nitrites) has been associated with the development of visual symptoms secondary to the development of maculopathy. There are currently no data regarding the prevalence of this condition among poppers users. The aim of this study was to quantify the presence of visual symptoms among poppers users from a global cohort. Design and methods The Global Drug Survey (GDS) conducts annual anonymous online surveys of drug and alcohol use. Within the 2012 GDS, questions were inserted regarding the presence of visual symptoms in poppers users. Results The GDS received a total of 21 575 valid responses, with a total of 17 479 from the UK, Australia, USA and Eurozone. Within these areas, 5152 (29.5%) had used poppers within their lifetime and 1322 (7.6%) within the previous year. Of the ‘last year’ users, when asked the question: ‘Do you think poppers use has affected your eyesight?’, 29 (2.2%) people responded ‘yes’, 130 (10.0%) responded ‘maybe’ and 1146 (87.8%) responded ‘no (17 people did not answer). Both multiple choice and free-text responses regarding the nature of visual symptoms correlated with the central visual disturbance that would be expected from maculopathy. There was significant increased symptom prevalence with age (likelihood ratio (χ2)=19.0; p<0.001). Discussion and conclusions This study demonstrates that a small, yet significant from a public health perspective, proportion of poppers users have visual symptoms. Clinical correlation is required to determine whether these reported symptoms are due to poppers associated maculopathy, or an alternative cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davies
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - John Ramsey
- St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Jason Ferris
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam R Winstock
- Department of Addictions, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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36
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Tye C, Johnson KA, Kelly SP, Asherson P, Kuntsi J, Ashwood KL, Azadi B, Bolton P, McLoughlin G. Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:1414-1423. [PMID: 27465225 PMCID: PMC5132150 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. METHODS Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four-choice RT task with slow-baseline and fast-incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD-RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex-Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. RESULTS In the slow-baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD-only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD-RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD-only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD-RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow-baseline to fast-incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD-only. CONCLUSIONS Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder-specific and disorder-convergent aetiological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Tye
- King's College LondonMRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK,King's College LondonChild & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Katherine A. Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Simon P. Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College LondonMRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College LondonMRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Karen L. Ashwood
- King's College LondonChild & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Bahare Azadi
- King's College LondonChild & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Patrick Bolton
- King's College LondonMRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK,King's College LondonChild & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
| | - Gráinne McLoughlin
- King's College LondonMRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondonUK
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Kim MJ, Kelly SP. Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Paton Folds in Papilledema With Retinopathy From Systemic Hypertension. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016; 134:e162121. [PMID: 27737453 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Bolton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bolton, United Kingdom
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38
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Walkden A, Kelly SP. Multimodal imaging of central retinal artery occlusion with retained cilioretinal perfusion. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-216661. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-216661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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39
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Steinemann NA, Moisello C, Ghilardi MF, Kelly SP. Tracking neural correlates of successful learning over repeated sequence observations. Neuroimage 2016; 137:152-164. [PMID: 27155129 PMCID: PMC4921688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural correlates of memory formation in humans have long been investigated by exposing subjects to diverse material and comparing responses to items later remembered to those forgotten. Tasks requiring memorization of sensory sequences afford unique possibilities for linking neural memorization processes to behavior, because, rather than comparing across different items of varying content, each individual item can be examined across the successive learning states of being initially unknown, newly learned, and eventually, fully known. Sequence learning paradigms have not yet been exploited in this way, however. Here, we analyze the event-related potentials of subjects attempting to memorize sequences of visual locations over several blocks of repeated observation, with respect to pre- and post-block recall tests. Over centro-parietal regions, we observed a rapid P300 component superimposed on a broader positivity, which exhibited distinct modulations across learning states that were replicated in two separate experiments. Consistent with its well-known encoding of surprise, the P300 deflection monotonically decreased over blocks as locations became better learned and hence more expected. In contrast, the broader positivity was especially elevated at the point when a given item was newly learned, i.e., started being successfully recalled. These results implicate the Broad Positivity in endogenously-driven, intentional memory formation, whereas the P300, in processing the current stimulus to the degree that it was previously uncertain, indexes the cumulative knowledge thereby gained. The decreasing surprise/P300 effect significantly predicted learning success both across blocks and across subjects. This presents a new, neural-based means to evaluate learning capabilities independent of verbal reports, which could have considerable value in distinguishing genuine learning disabilities from difficulties to communicate the outcomes of learning, or perceptual impairments, in a range of clinical brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Steinemann
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The City College of The City University of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Clara Moisello
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of The City University of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - M Felice Ghilardi
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, The City College of The City University of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The City College of The City University of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, USA; School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Steeples LR, Hingorani M, Flanagan D, Kelly SP. Wrong intraocular lens events-what lessons have we learned? A review of incidents reported to the National Reporting and Learning System: 2010-2014 versus 2003-2010. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:1049-55. [PMID: 27174380 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo identify the causal factors in wrong intraocular lens (IOL) events from a national data set and to compare with similar historical data (2003-2010) prior to mandatory checklist use, for the purpose of developing strategies to prevent never events.MethodsData from wrong IOL patient safety incidents (PSIs) submitted to the National Reporting and Learning System (2010-2014) were reviewed by thematic analysis and compared with the data previously collected by the group using the same methodology.ResultsOne hundred and seventy eight wrong IOL PSIs were identified. The contributory factors included: transcription errors (n=26); wrong patient biometry (n=21); wrong IOL selection (n=16); changes in planned procedure (n=16); incorrect IOL brought into theatre (n=11); left/right eye selection errors (n=9); communication errors (n=9); and positive/negative IOL power errors (n=9). In 44 PSIs, no causal factor was reported, limiting the learning value of such reports. Compared with the data from previous years, biometry errors were much reduced but IOL transcription and documentation errors were greater, particularly if further checks did not refer to the original source documentation. IOL exchange surgery was reported in 45 cases.ConclusionsThe selection and implantation of the correct IOL is a complex process which is not adequately addressed by existing checking procedures. Despite the introduction of surgical checklists, wrong IOL incidents continue to occur and are probably under-reported. Human or behavioural factors are heavily implicated in these errors and need to be addressed by novel approaches, including simulation training. There is also scope to further improve the quality and detail of incident reporting and analysis to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Steeples
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - M Hingorani
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Flanagan
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S P Kelly
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
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41
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Ki JJ, Kelly SP, Parra LC. Attention Strongly Modulates Reliability of Neural Responses to Naturalistic Narrative Stimuli. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3092-101. [PMID: 26961961 PMCID: PMC6601758 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2942-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional engagement is a major determinant of how effectively we gather information through our senses. Alongside the sheer growth in the amount and variety of information content that we are presented with through modern media, there is increased variability in the degree to which we "absorb" that information. Traditional research on attention has illuminated the basic principles of sensory selection to isolated features or locations, but it provides little insight into the neural underpinnings of our attentional engagement with modern naturalistic content. Here, we show in human subjects that the reliability of an individual's neural responses with respect to a larger group provides a highly robust index of the level of attentional engagement with a naturalistic narrative stimulus. Specifically, fast electroencephalographic evoked responses were more strongly correlated across subjects when naturally attending to auditory or audiovisual narratives than when attention was directed inward to a mental arithmetic task during stimulus presentation. This effect was strongest for audiovisual stimuli with a cohesive narrative and greatly reduced for speech stimuli lacking meaning. For compelling audiovisual narratives, the effect is remarkably strong, allowing perfect discrimination between attentional state across individuals. Control experiments rule out possible confounds related to altered eye movement trajectories or order of presentation. We conclude that reliability of evoked activity reproduced across subjects viewing the same movie is highly sensitive to the attentional state of the viewer and listener, which is aided by a cohesive narrative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Ki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, and
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Souied EH, Dugel PU, Ferreira A, Hashmonay R, Lu J, Kelly SP. Severe Ocular Inflammation Following Ranibizumab or Aflibercept Injections for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Retrospective Claims Database Analysis. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2016; 23:71-9. [PMID: 26855278 PMCID: PMC4819836 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2015.1090004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents including ranibizumab and aflibercept are used to treat patients with ocular disorders such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD); however, the injections are associated with rare instances of severe ocular inflammation. This study compared severe ocular inflammation rates in patients treated with ranibizumab versus aflibercept.
Methods: United States physician-level claims data covering an 18-month period for each therapy were analyzed. The primary analysis compared severe ocular inflammation event rates per 1000 injections. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses evaluated the impact of factors including intraocular surgery, intravitreal antibiotic administration, and previous intravitreal injections.
Results: The analysis included 432,794 injection claims (ranibizumab n = 253,647, aflibercept n = 179,147); significantly, more unique severe ocular inflammation events occurred in patients receiving aflibercept than ranibizumab (1.06/1000 injections, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–1.21, vs. 0.64/1000 injections, 95% CI 0.54–0.74; p < 0.0001). Comparable results were observed for analyses of patients who had undergone glaucoma or cataract surgeries, had antibiotic-associated endophthalmitis, had non-antibiotic-associated endophthalmitis, and were non-treatment-naive. In contrast, no significant differences in severe ocular inflammation claims were recorded in treatment-naive patients who had no record of anti-VEGF treatment in the 6 months preceding the index claim. No significant change occurred in the rate of severe ocular inflammation claims over time following ranibizumab treatment.
Conclusions: Severe ocular inflammation was more frequent following intravitreal injection with aflibercept than with ranibizumab during routine clinical use in patients with nAMD. This highlights the importance of real-world, post-approval, observational monitoring of novel medicines, and may aid clinical decision-making, including choice of anti-VEGF agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Souied
- a Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil , Université Paris-Est , Créteil , France
| | - Pravin U Dugel
- b Retinal Consultants of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA and USC Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | | | | | | | - Simon P Kelly
- e Royal Bolton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Bolton , UK
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Moisello C, Blanco D, Lin J, Panday P, Kelly SP, Quartarone A, Di Rocco A, Cirelli C, Tononi G, Ghilardi MF. Practice changes beta power at rest and its modulation during movement in healthy subjects but not in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00374. [PMID: 26516609 PMCID: PMC4614055 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by impairments in cortical plasticity, in beta frequency at rest and in beta power modulation during movement (i.e., event-related ERS [synchronization] and ERD [desynchronization]). Recent results with experimental protocols inducing long-term potentiation in healthy subjects suggest that cortical plasticity phenomena might be reflected by changes of beta power recorded with EEG during rest. Here, we determined whether motor practice produces changes in beta power at rest and during movements in both healthy subjects and patients with PD. We hypothesized that such changes would be reduced in PD. METHODS We thus recorded EEG in patients with PD and age-matched controls before, during and after a 40-minute reaching task. We determined posttask changes of beta power at rest and assessed the progressive changes of beta ERD and ERS during the task over frontal and sensorimotor regions. RESULTS We found that beta ERS and ERD changed significantly with practice in controls but not in PD. In PD compared to controls, beta power at rest was greater over frontal sensors but posttask changes, like those during movements, were far less evident. In both groups, kinematic characteristics improved with practice; however, there was no correlation between such improvements and the changes in beta power. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that prolonged practice in a motor task produces use-dependent modifications that are reflected in changes of beta power at rest and during movement. In PD, such changes are significantly reduced; such a reduction might represent, at least partially, impairment of cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Moisello
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031
| | - Daniella Blanco
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031
| | - Priya Panday
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering CCNY New York New York 10031
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031 ; Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry and Anaesthesiological Sciences University of Messina Messina 98125 Italy ; The Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders NYU-Langone School of Medicine New York New York 10016
| | - Alessandro Di Rocco
- The Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders NYU-Langone School of Medicine New York New York 10016
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry University of Madison Madison Wisconsin 53719
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry University of Madison Madison Wisconsin 53719
| | - M Felice Ghilardi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience CUNY Medical School New York New York 10031 ; The Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders NYU-Langone School of Medicine New York New York 10016
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Twomey DM, Murphy PR, Kelly SP, O'Connell RG. The classic P300 encodes a build-to-threshold decision variable. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1636-43. [PMID: 25925534 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The P300 component of the human event-related potential has been the subject of intensive experimental investigation across a five-decade period, owing to its apparent relevance to a wide range of cognitive functions and its sensitivity to numerous brain disorders, yet its exact contribution to cognition remains unresolved. Here, we carry out key analyses of the P300 elicited by transient auditory and visual targets to examine its potential role as a 'decision variable' signal that accumulates evidence to a decision bound. Consistent with the latter, we find that the P300 reaches a stereotyped amplitude immediately prior to response execution and that its rate of rise scales with target detection difficulty and accounts for trial-to-trial variance in RT. Computational simulations of an accumulation-to-bound decision process faithfully captured P300 dynamics when its parameters were set by model fits to the RT distributions. Thus, where the dominant explanatory accounts have conceived of the P300 as a unitary neural event, our data reveal it to be a dynamically evolving neural signature of decision formation. These findings place the P300 at the heart of a mechanistically principled framework for understanding decision-making in both the typical and atypical human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Twomey
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter R Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Amoaku WM, Chakravarthy U, Gale R, Gavin M, Ghanchi F, Gibson J, Harding S, Johnston RL, Kelly SP, Kelly S, Lotery A, Mahmood S, Menon G, Sivaprasad S, Talks J, Tufail A, Yang Y. Defining response to anti-VEGF therapies in neovascular AMD. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29:721-31. [PMID: 25882328 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) has made significant impact on the reduction of the visual loss due to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD). There are significant inter-individual differences in response to an anti-VEGF agent, made more complex by the availability of multiple anti-VEGF agents with different molecular configurations. The response to anti-VEGF therapy have been found to be dependent on a variety of factors including patient's age, lesion characteristics, lesion duration, baseline visual acuity (VA) and the presence of particular genotype risk alleles. Furthermore, a proportion of eyes with n-AMD show a decline in acuity or morphology, despite therapy or require very frequent re-treatment. There is currently no consensus as to how to classify optimal response, or lack of it, with these therapies. There is, in particular, confusion over terms such as 'responder status' after treatment for n-AMD, 'tachyphylaxis' and 'recalcitrant' n-AMD. This document aims to provide a consensus on definition/categorisation of the response of n-AMD to anti-VEGF therapies and on the time points at which response to treatment should be determined. Primary response is best determined at 1 month following the last initiation dose, while maintained treatment (secondary) response is determined any time after the 4th visit. In a particular eye, secondary responses do not mirror and cannot be predicted from that in the primary phase. Morphological and functional responses to anti-VEGF treatments, do not necessarily correlate, and may be dissociated in an individual eye. Furthermore, there is a ceiling effect that can negate the currently used functional metrics such as >5 letters improvement when the baseline VA is good (ETDRS>70 letters). It is therefore important to use a combination of both the parameters in determining the response.The following are proposed definitions: optimal (good) response is defined as when there is resolution of fluid (intraretinal fluid; IRF, subretinal fluid; SRF and retinal thickening), and/or improvement of >5 letters, subject to the ceiling effect of good starting VA. Poor response is defined as <25% reduction from the baseline in the central retinal thickness (CRT), with persistent or new IRF, SRF or minimal or change in VA (that is, change in VA of 0+4 letters). Non-response is defined as an increase in fluid (IRF, SRF and CRT), or increasing haemorrhage compared with the baseline and/or loss of >5 letters compared with the baseline or best corrected vision subsequently. Poor or non-response to anti-VEGF may be due to clinical factors including suboptimal dosing than that required by a particular patient, increased dosing intervals, treatment initiation when disease is already at an advanced or chronic stage), cellular mechanisms, lesion type, genetic variation and potential tachyphylaxis); non-clinical factors including poor access to clinics or delayed appointments may also result in poor treatment outcomes. In eyes classified as good responders, treatment should be continued with the same agent when disease activity is present or reactivation occurs following temporary dose holding. In eyes that show partial response, treatment may be continued, although re-evaluation with further imaging may be required to exclude confounding factors. Where there is persistent, unchanging accumulated fluid following three consecutive injections at monthly intervals, treatment may be withheld temporarily, but recommenced with the same or alternative anti-VEGF if the fluid subsequently increases (lesion considered active). Poor or non-response to anti-VEGF treatments requires re-evaluation of diagnosis and if necessary switch to alternative therapies including other anti-VEGF agents and/or with photodynamic therapy (PDT). Idiopathic polypoidal choroidopathy may require treatment with PDT monotherapy or combination with anti-VEGF. A committee comprised of retinal specialists with experience of managing patients with n-AMD similar to that which developed the Royal College of Ophthalmologists Guidelines to Ranibizumab was assembled. Individual aspects of the guidelines were proposed by the committee lead (WMA) based on relevant reference to published evidence base following a search of Medline and circulated to all committee members for discussion before approval or modification. Each draft was modified according to feedback from committee members until unanimous approval was obtained in the final draft. A system for categorising the range of responsiveness of n-AMD lesions to anti-VEGF therapy is proposed. The proposal is based primarily on morphological criteria but functional criteria have been included. Recommendations have been made on when to consider discontinuation of therapy either because of success or futility. These guidelines should help clinical decision-making and may prevent over and/or undertreatment with anti-VEGF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Amoaku
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Ophthalmology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - U Chakravarthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen's University of Belfast, and the Royal Victoria Hospitals Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - R Gale
- Department of Ophthalmology, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - M Gavin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gartnavel Hospital, NHSGG, Glasgow, UK
| | - F Ghanchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - J Gibson
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, and Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Harding
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Liverpool and Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - R L Johnston
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - S Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK
| | - A Lotery
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S Mahmood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - G Menon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley, UK
| | - S Sivaprasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Talks
- Department of Ophthalmology, Newcastle University Hospirtals NHS Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - A Tufail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Cross Hospital, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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Abstract
Surround suppression is a well-known example of contextual interaction in visual cortical neurophysiology, whereby the neural response to a stimulus presented within a neuron's classical receptive field is suppressed by surrounding stimuli. Human psychophysical reports present an obvious analog to the effects seen at the single-neuron level: stimuli are perceived as lower-contrast when embedded in a surround. Here we report on a visual paradigm that provides relatively direct, straightforward indices of surround suppression in human electrophysiology, enabling us to reproduce several well-known neurophysiological and psychophysical effects, and to conduct new analyses of temporal trends and retinal location effects. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) elicited by flickering "foreground" stimuli were measured in the context of various static surround patterns. Early visual cortex geometry and retinotopic organization were exploited to enhance SSVEP amplitude. The foreground response was strongly suppressed as a monotonic function of surround contrast. Furthermore, suppression was stronger for surrounds of matching orientation than orthogonally-oriented ones, and stronger at peripheral than foveal locations. These patterns were reproduced in psychophysical reports of perceived contrast, and peripheral electrophysiological suppression effects correlated with psychophysical effects across subjects. Temporal analysis of SSVEP amplitude revealed short-term contrast adaptation effects that caused the foreground signal to either fall or grow over time, depending on the relative contrast of the surround, consistent with stronger adaptation of the suppressive drive. This electrophysiology paradigm has clinical potential in indexing not just visual deficits but possibly gain control deficits expressed more widely in the disordered brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Vanegas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Annabelle Blangero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, New York, New York
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Johnson KA, Healy E, Dooley B, Kelly SP, McNicholas F. Children born with very low birth weight show difficulties with sustained attention but not response inhibition. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:629-47. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.964193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Michelotti MM, Abugreen S, Kelly SP, Morarji J, Myerscough D, Boddie T, Haughton A, Nixon N, Mason B, Sioras E. Transformational change: nurses substituting for ophthalmologists for intravitreal injections - a quality-improvement report. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:755-61. [PMID: 24790403 PMCID: PMC3998867 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s59982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dramatic increase in need for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal therapy in the treatment of retinal disease and the absence of an equivalent increase in ophthalmologists to undertake such intravitreal injections created a patient-safety risk. Timing of intravitreal therapy (IVT) is critical to prevent vision loss and local clinics lacked capacity to treat patients appropriately. We aimed to improve capacity for IVT by nurse injections. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multidisciplinary prospective service-improvement process was undertaken at two adjacent general hospitals in the northwest of England. IVT injections by nurses were a principal component of solution development. After we had obtained appropriate institutional approval, experienced ophthalmic nurses were trained, supervised, and assessed to undertake IVT. Ophthalmologists directly supervised the first 200 injections, and a retina specialist was always on site. RESULTS Nurses undertook 3,355 intravitreal injections between June 2012 and November 2013, with minor adverse events (0.3% subconjunctival hemorrhage and corneal abrasion). There were no patient complaints at either hospital. CONCLUSION Experienced ophthalmic nurses quickly learned how to perform such injections safely. IVT by nurses was well accepted by patients and staff. Hospital A trained three nurses sequentially for improved flexibility in scheduling. Novel use of appropriately trained non-medical staff can improve efficiency and access in an overburdened service with time-sensitive disease. Retinal assessment was undertaken by ophthalmologists only. Improved access to IVT is important, as treatment with anti-VEGF therapy reduces blindness at population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Michelotti
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Salwa Abugreen
- Ophthalmology Department, East Lancashire NHS Trust, Blackburn, UK
| | - Simon P Kelly
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Jiten Morarji
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Debra Myerscough
- Ophthalmology Department, East Lancashire NHS Trust, Blackburn, UK
| | - Tina Boddie
- Ophthalmology Department, East Lancashire NHS Trust, Blackburn, UK
| | - Ann Haughton
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Natalie Nixon
- Ophthalmology Department, East Lancashire NHS Trust, Blackburn, UK
| | - Brenda Mason
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
| | - Evangelos Sioras
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal Bolton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK
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Sullivan L, Kelly SP, Glenn A, Williams CPR, McKibbin M. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection in unrecognised early pregnancy. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:492-4. [PMID: 24434664 PMCID: PMC3983635 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor medications has widened considerably to include indications affecting females of reproductive age. PATIENTS AND METHODS We present our experiences following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab during the first trimester of unrecognised pregnancies in four women. RESULTS All our patients were inadvertently exposed to bevacizumab within the first trimester when placental growth and fetal organogenesis take place. There were three cases of pregnancy without complication and one case of complicated pregnancy in which there was a significant past obstetric history. CONCLUSION This case series provides further insights into intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in early pregnancy. There is insufficient information to suggest that such use is safe, nor is there definitive evidence to suggest that it causes harm. We advise that ophthalmologists discuss pregnancy with women of childbearing age undergoing intraocular anti-VEGF injections. Should a woman become pregnant, counselling is needed to explain the potential risks and benefits, and the limited available data relating to the use of these agents in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sullivan
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - A Glenn
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - M McKibbin
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Raoof N, Chan TKJ, Rogers NK, Abdullah W, Haq I, Kelly SP, Quhill FM. 'Toy' laser macular burns in children. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28:231-4. [PMID: 24434663 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2013.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Laser 'toys' can be purchased online and imported with relative ease; the variety of such devices is a potential public safety concern. We describe five children with maculopathy following exposure to laser 'toys'. METHODS Case series of maculopathy following exposure to laser 'toys'. RESULTS Five children were seen in our Ophthalmic Unit with macular injuries following exposure to laser 'toys'. Clinically, three children had an acute vitelliform-like maculopathy which resolved to leave sub-foveal retinal pigment epithelium changes with reduced vision. One case was complicated by a choroidal neovascular membrane. CONCLUSION Laser 'toys', which resemble laser pointers, are increasingly available over the internet. Such 'toys' may not meet safety standards. Retinal injury in childhood following exposure to laser 'toys' is a public safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raoof
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - T K J Chan
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - N K Rogers
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - W Abdullah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - I Haq
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - S P Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, Lancashire, UK
| | - F M Quhill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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