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Hu H, An SX, Li Y, Orooji S, Singh R, Schackmar F, Laufer F, Jin Q, Feeney T, Diercks A, Gota F, Moghadamzadeh S, Pan T, Rienäcker M, Peibst R, Nejand BA, Paetzold UW. Triple-junction perovskite-perovskite-silicon solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 24.4. Energy Environ Sci 2024; 17:2800-2814. [PMID: 38659971 PMCID: PMC11036531 DOI: 10.1039/d3ee03687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The recent tremendous progress in monolithic perovskite-based double-junction solar cells is just the start of a new era of ultra-high-efficiency multi-junction photovoltaics. We report on triple-junction perovskite-perovskite-silicon solar cells with a record power conversion efficiency of 24.4%. Optimizing the light management of each perovskite sub-cell (∼1.84 and ∼1.52 eV for top and middle cells, respectively), we maximize the current generation up to 11.6 mA cm-2. Key to this achievement was our development of a high-performance middle perovskite sub-cell, employing a stable pure-α-phase high-quality formamidinium lead iodide perovskite thin film (free of wrinkles, cracks, and pinholes). This enables a high open-circuit voltage of 2.84 V in a triple junction. Non-encapsulated triple-junction devices retain up to 96.6% of their initial efficiency if stored in the dark at 85 °C for 1081 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sophie X An
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Seyedamir Orooji
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Roja Singh
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Fabian Schackmar
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Felix Laufer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Qihao Jin
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Feeney
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alexander Diercks
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Fabrizio Gota
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Somayeh Moghadamzadeh
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Rienäcker
- Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH) Am Ohrberg 1 31860 Emmerthal Germany
| | - Robby Peibst
- Institute for Solar Energy Research Hamelin (ISFH) Am Ohrberg 1 31860 Emmerthal Germany
- Institute of Electronic Materials and Devices, Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 32 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Bahram Abdollahi Nejand
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ulrich W Paetzold
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 13 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Moghadamzadeh S, Hossain IM, Loy M, Ritzer DB, Hu H, Hauschild D, Mertens A, Becker JP, Haghighirad AA, Ahlswede E, Weinhardt L, Lemmer U, Nejand BA, Paetzold UW. In 2O 3:H-Based Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Tin/Lead Perovskite Solar Cells for Efficient Four-Terminal All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:46488-46498. [PMID: 34551256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-band gap (NBG) Sn-Pb perovskites with band gaps of ∼1.2 eV, which correspond to a broad photon absorption range up to ∼1033 nm, are highly promising candidates for bottom solar cells in all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. To exploit their potential, avoiding optical losses in the top layer stacks of the tandem configuration is essential. This study addresses this challenge in two ways (1) removing the hole-transport layer (HTL) and (2) implementing highly transparent hydrogen-doped indium oxide In2O3:H (IO:H) electrodes instead of the commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO). Removing HTL reduces parasitic absorption loss in shorter wavelengths without compromising the photovoltaic performance. IO:H, with an ultra-low near-infrared optical loss and a high charge carrier mobility, results in a remarkable increase in the photocurrent of the semitransparent top and (HTL-free) NBG bottom perovskite solar cells when substituted for ITO. As a result, an IO:H-based four-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cell (4T all-PTSCs) with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 24.8% is demonstrated, outperforming ITO-based 4T all-PTSCs with PCE up to 23.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Moghadamzadeh
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ihteaz M Hossain
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Moritz Loy
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - David Benedikt Ritzer
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hang Hu
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adrian Mertens
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Becker
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Amir A Haghighirad
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76021, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erik Ahlswede
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bahram Abdollahi Nejand
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich W Paetzold
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Hossain IM, Donie YJ, Schmager R, Abdelkhalik MS, Rienäcker M, Wietler TF, Peibst R, Karabanov A, Schwenzer JA, Moghadamzadeh S, Lemmer U, Richards BS, Gomard G, Paetzold UW. Nanostructured front electrodes for perovskite/c-Si tandem photovoltaics. Opt Express 2020; 28:8878-8897. [PMID: 32225505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells has triggered enormous interest in perovskite-based tandem photovoltaics. One key challenge is to achieve high transmission of low energy photons into the bottom cell. Here, nanostructured front electrodes for 4-terminal perovskite/crystalline-silicon (perovskite/c-Si) tandem solar cells are developed by conformal deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) on self-assembled polystyrene nanopillars. The nanostructured ITO is optimized for reduced reflection and increased transmission with a tradeoff in increased sheet resistance. In the optimum case, the nanostructured ITO electrodes enhance the transmittance by ∼7% (relative) compared to planar references. Perovskite/c-Si tandem devices with nanostructured ITO exhibit enhanced short-circuit current density (2.9 mA/cm2 absolute) and PCE (1.7% absolute) in the bottom c-Si solar cell compared to the reference. The improved light in-coupling is more pronounced for elevated angle of incidence. Energy yield enhancement up to ∼10% (relative) is achieved for perovskite/c-Si tandem architecture with the nanostructured ITO electrodes. It is also shown that these nanostructured ITO electrodes are also compatible with various other perovskite-based tandem architectures and bear the potential to improve the PCE up to 27.0%.
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Farooq A, Hossain IM, Moghadamzadeh S, Schwenzer JA, Abzieher T, Richards BS, Klampaftis E, Paetzold UW. Spectral Dependence of Degradation under Ultraviolet Light in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:21985-21990. [PMID: 29888902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate excellent power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) but face severe stability challenges. One key degradation mechanism is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. However, the impact of different UV bands is not yet well established. Here, we systematically study the stability of PSCs on the basis of a methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) absorber exposed to (i) 310-317 (UV-B range) and (ii) 360-380 nm (UV-A range), under accelerated conditions. We demonstrate that the investigated UV-B band is detrimental to the stability of PSCs, resulting in PCE degradation by more than 50% after an exposure period >1700 sun-hours. This finding is valid for architectures with a range of electron transport layers, including SnO2, compact-TiO2, electron-beam TiO2, and nanoparticle-TiO2. We also show that photodegradation is apparent for high, as well as for low illumination intensities of UV-B light, but not for illumination with UV-A wavelengths. Finally, we show that degradation of PSCs is preventable at the cost of a small fraction of photocurrent by using UV-filtering or luminescent downshifting layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Ihteaz M Hossain
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Somayeh Moghadamzadeh
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jonas A Schwenzer
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Tobias Abzieher
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Efthymios Klampaftis
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Ulrich W Paetzold
- Institute of Microstructure Technology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Light Technology Institute , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstrasse 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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Schwenzer JA, Rakocevic L, Gehlhaar R, Abzieher T, Gharibzadeh S, Moghadamzadeh S, Quintilla A, Richards BS, Lemmer U, Paetzold UW. Temperature Variation-Induced Performance Decline of Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:16390-16399. [PMID: 29687715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the impact of outdoor temperature variations on the performance of organo metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It shows that the open-circuit voltage ( VOC) of a PSC decreases linearly with increasing temperature. Interestingly, in contrast to these expected trends, the current density ( JSC) of PSCs is found to decline strongly below 20% of the initial value upon cycling the temperatures from 10 to 60 °C and back. This decline in the current density is driven by an increasing series resistance and is caused by the fast temperature variations as it is not apparent for solar cells exposed to constant temperatures of the same range. The effect is fully reversible when the devices are kept illuminated at an open circuit for several hours. Given these observations, an explanation that ascribes the temperature variation-induced performance decline to ion accumulation at the contacts of the solar cell because of temperature variation-induced changes of the built-in field of the PSC is proposed. The effect might be a major obstacle for perovskite photovoltaics because the devices exposed to real outdoor temperature profiles over 4 h showed a performance decline of >15% when operated at a maximum power point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas A Schwenzer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Lucija Rakocevic
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75 , 3001 Leuven , Belgium
- ESAT , KUL , Kastelpark Arenberg 10 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Tobias Abzieher
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Saba Gharibzadeh
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Somayeh Moghadamzadeh
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Aina Quintilla
- Center for Functional Nanostructures , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Wolfgang-Gaede-Street 1a , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Ulrich W Paetzold
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 13 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
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