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LaBianca S, Brikell I, Helenius D, Loughnan R, Mefford J, Palmer CE, Walker R, Gådin JR, Krebs M, Appadurai V, Vaez M, Agerbo E, Pedersen MG, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Kendler KS, Jernigan TL, Geschwind DH, Ingason A, Dahl AW, Zaitlen N, Dalsgaard S, Werge TM, Schork AJ. Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet 2024; 56:234-244. [PMID: 38036780 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex disorder that manifests variability in long-term outcomes and clinical presentations. The genetic contributions to such heterogeneity are not well understood. Here we show several genetic links to clinical heterogeneity in ADHD in a case-only study of 14,084 diagnosed individuals. First, we identify one genome-wide significant locus by comparing cases with ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to cases with ADHD but not ASD. Second, we show that cases with ASD and ADHD, substance use disorder and ADHD, or first diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood have unique polygenic score (PGS) profiles that distinguish them from complementary case subgroups and controls. Finally, a PGS for an ASD diagnosis in ADHD cases predicted cognitive performance in an independent developmental cohort. Our approach uncovered evidence of genetic heterogeneity in ADHD, helping us to understand its etiology and providing a model for studies of other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja LaBianca
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabell Brikell
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Loughnan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Population Neuroscience and Genetics, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Joel Mefford
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clare E Palmer
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Walker
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesper R Gådin
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morteza Vaez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew W Dahl
- Section of Genetic Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Noah Zaitlen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Brikell I, Wimberley T, Albiñana C, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Agerbo E, Børglum AD, Demontis D, Schork AJ, LaBianca S, Werge T, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Petersen LV, Dalsgaard S. Interplay of ADHD Polygenic Liability With Birth-Related, Somatic, and Psychosocial Factors in ADHD: A Nationwide Study. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:73-88. [PMID: 36069019 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the interplay between ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and other risk factors remains relatively unexplored. The authors investigated associations, confounding, and interactions of ADHD PRS with birth-related, somatic, and psychosocial factors previously associated with ADHD. METHODS Participants included a random general population sample (N=21,578) and individuals diagnosed with ADHD (N=13,697) from the genotyped Danish iPSYCH2012 case cohort, born between 1981 and 2005. The authors derived ADHD PRSs and identified 24 factors previously associated with ADHD using national registers. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations of ADHD PRS with each risk factor in the general population. Cox models were used to evaluate confounding of risk factor associations with ADHD diagnosis by ADHD PRS and parental psychiatric history, and interactions between ADHD PRS and each risk factor. RESULTS ADHD PRS was associated with 12 of 24 risk factors (odds ratio range, 1.03-1.30), namely, small gestational age, infections, traumatic brain injury, and most psychosocial risk factors. Nineteen risk factors were associated with ADHD diagnosis (odds ratio range, 1.20-3.68), and adjusting for ADHD PRS and parental psychiatric history led to only minor attenuations. Only the interaction between ADHD PRS and maternal autoimmune disease survived correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Higher ADHD PRS in the general population is associated with small increases in risk for certain birth-related and somatic ADHD risk factors, and broadly to psychosocial adversity. Evidence of gene-environment interaction was limited, as was confounding by ADHD PRS and family psychiatric history on ADHD risk factor associations. This suggests that the majority of the investigated ADHD risk factors act largely independently of current ADHD PRS to increase risk of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Brikell
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Theresa Wimberley
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Clara Albiñana
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Ditte Demontis
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Andrew J Schork
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Sonja LaBianca
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Liselotte Vogdrup Petersen
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- iPSYCH-Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark (all authors); National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Brikell, Wimberley, Albiñana, Vilhjálmsson, Agerbo, Mortensen, Petersen, Dalsgaard); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Brikell); Center for Integrated Register-Based Research-CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Wimberley, Agerbo, Mortensen, Dalsgaard); Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Vilhjálmsson); Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Børglum, Demontis); Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix (Schork); Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark (Schork, LaBianca, Werge, Nordentoft); Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Werge); Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen (Hougaard); Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services-CORE in the Capital Region of Denmark (Nordentoft); Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Denmark (Mors)
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