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Khan M, Rahman-Shepherd A, Bory S, Chhorn S, Durrance-Bagale A, Hasan R, Heng S, Phou S, Prien C, Probandari A, Saphonn V, Suy S, Wiseman V, Wulandari LPL, Hanefeld J. How conflicts of interest hinder effective regulation of healthcare: an analysis of antimicrobial use regulation in Cambodia, Indonesia and Pakistan. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-008596. [PMID: 35589155 PMCID: PMC9121421 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been insufficient attention to a fundamental force shaping healthcare policies—conflicts of interest (COI). We investigated COI, which results in the professional judgement of a policymaker or healthcare provider being compromised by a secondary interest, in relation to antimicrobial use, thereby illuminating challenges to the regulation of medicines use more broadly. Our objectives were to characterise connections between three groups—policymakers, healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies—that can create COI, and elucidate the impacts of COI on stages of the policy process. Methods Using an interpretive approach, we systematically analysed qualitative data from 136 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions in three Asian countries with dominant private healthcare sectors: Cambodia, Indonesia and Pakistan. Findings We characterised four types of connections that were pervasive between the three groups: financial, political, social and familial. These connections created strong COI that could impact all stages of the policy process by: preventing issues related to medicines sales from featuring prominently on the agenda; influencing policy formulation towards softer regulatory measures; determining resource availability for, and opposition to, policy implementation; and shaping how accurately the success of contested policies is reported. Interpretation Our multicountry study fills a gap in empirical evidence on how COI can impede effective policies to improve the quality of healthcare. It shows that COI can be pervasive, rather than sporadic, in influencing regulation of medicine use, and highlights that, in addition to financial connections, other types of connections should be examined as important drivers of COI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal Khan
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK .,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afifah Rahman-Shepherd
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Anna Durrance-Bagale
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Chanra Prien
- University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Wiseman
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luh Putu Lila Wulandari
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Center for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
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Khan MS, Bory S, Rego S, Suy S, Durrance-Bagale A, Sultana Z, Chhorn S, Phou S, Prien C, Heng S, Hanefeld J, Hasan R, Saphonn V. Is enhancing the professionalism of healthcare providers critical to tackling antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries? Hum Resour Health 2020; 18:10. [PMID: 32046723 PMCID: PMC7014603 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-0452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare providers' (HCPs) professionalism refers to their commitment and ability to respond to the health needs of the communities they serve and to act in the best interest of patients. Despite attention to increasing the number of HCPs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the quality of professional education delivered to HCPs and their resulting professionalism has been neglected. The Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) seeks to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics by urging patients to access antibiotics only through qualified HCPs, on the premise that qualified HCPs will act as more responsible and competent gatekeepers of access to antibiotics than unqualified HCPs. METHODS We investigate whether weaknesses in HCP professionalism result in boundaries between qualified HCPs and unqualified providers being blurred, and how these weaknesses impact inappropriate provision of antibiotics by HCPs in two LMIC with increasing AMR-Pakistan and Cambodia. We conducted 85 in-depth interviews with HCPs, policymakers, and pharmaceutical industry representatives. Our thematic analysis was based on a conceptual framework of four components of professionalism and focused on identifying recurring findings in both countries. RESULTS Despite many cultural and sociodemographic differences between Cambodia and Pakistan, there was a consistent finding that the behaviour of many qualified HCPs did not reflect their professional education. Our analysis identified five areas in which strengthening HCP education could enhance professionalism and reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics: updating curricula to better cover the need for appropriate use of antibiotics; imparting stronger communication skills to manage patient demand for medications; inculcating essential professional ethics; building skills required for effective collaboration between doctors, pharmacists, and lay HCPs; and ensuring access to (unbiased) continuing medical education. CONCLUSIONS In light of the weaknesses in HCP professionalism identified, we conclude that global guidelines urging patients to only seek care at qualified HCPs should consider whether HCP professional education is equipping them to act in the best interest of the patient and society. Our findings suggest that improvements to HCP professional education are needed urgently and that these should focus not only on the curriculum content and learning methods, but also on the social purpose of graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishal S Khan
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom.
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Sothavireak Bory
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sonia Rego
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - Sovanthida Suy
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Anna Durrance-Bagale
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Socheata Phou
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanra Prien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Suy S, Rego S, Bory S, Chhorn S, Phou S, Prien C, Heng S, Wu S, Legido-Quigley H, Hanefeld J, Saphonn V, Khan MS. Invisible medicine sellers and their use of antibiotics: a qualitative study in Cambodia. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001787. [PMID: 31637030 PMCID: PMC6768357 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global attention to antimicrobial resistance has increased interest in tackling the widespread inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics by informal, for-profit healthcare providers (HCPs). We provide new evidence on an understudied group of informal HCPs: invisible medicine sellers (IMS) who operate without any marked facility. We investigated factors that influence community decisions on which HCPs to purchase medicines from, focusing on reasons for using IMS, and compared different HCPs' knowledge of antibiotic use. METHODS We conducted community focus group discussions (FGDs) in seven purposively selected villages representing high and low informal HCPs use in two peri-urban districts in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Using information from the FGDs to identify HCPs that sell medicines, we interviewed 35 participants: 21 HCPs (including five IMS) and 14 key informants, including government HCPs and village leaders. We adopted an interpretative approach and conducted a thematic analysis. RESULTS Community members typically knew of several formal and informal HCPs selling medicines nearby, and IMS were common, as were doctors that sell medicines covertly. Two factors were most salient in influencing the choice of HCP for medicine purchasing. The first was trust in the effectiveness of medicines provided, judged by the speed of symptomatic relief. This pushed HCPs to provide several medicines, including antibiotics, at the first consultation. The second was the convenience offered by IMS and other informal HCPs: supplying medicines when other facilities are closed, accepting delayed payments, providing incomplete courses of medication and selling human antibiotics for animal use. CONCLUSION This first study focusing on IMS indicates that it is important, but challenging, for public health agencies to engage with them to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics. Although public health facilities must fill some gaps that informal HCPs are currently addressing, such as access to medicines at night, reducing demand for unnecessary antibiotics is also critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovanthida Suy
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sonia Rego
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sothavireak Bory
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Socheata Phou
- Department of Public Health, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanra Prien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Shishi Wu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Helena Legido-Quigley
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Mishal S Khan
- Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Desgrouas C, Nararak J, Tisgratog R, Mahiou-Leddet V, Bory S, Ollivier E, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T. Comparative Excito-Repellency of Three Cambodian Plant-Derived Extracts Against Two Mosquito Vector Species, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2016; 32:185-193. [PMID: 27802401 DOI: 10.2987/16-6566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study of the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus to 3 Cambodian plant extracts at 3 different concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) was performed using an excito-repellency test system. These 3 plants were Strophanthus scandens, Capparis micracantha, and Dioscorea hispida, selected according to traditional healer's knowledge, bibliographic studies and market surveys. Results showed that S. scandens leaves' hexane extract was the only one to exert repellency against Ae. aegypti with 23.3% of escaped mosquitoes at a concentration of 5%. Capparis micracantha was responsible for an irritant activity against An. minimus with 20.2% of escaped mosquitoes at a concentration of 2.5% and 22.8% escaping at a concentration of 5%. Dioscorea hispida showed an irritant activity on both mosquito species with 23.2% of escaped Ae. aegypti at a concentration of 5% and about 20% of escaped An. minimus at 2.5% and 5%. This is the first report on the irritant and repellent activities of S. scandens , D. hispida , and C. micracantha against mosquito species.
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Desgrouas C, Taudon N, Bun SS, Baghdikian B, Bory S, Parzy D, Ollivier E. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Stephania rotunda Lour. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 154:537-563. [PMID: 24768769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stephania rotunda Lour. (Menispermaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant that is grown in Southeast Asia. The stems, leaves, and tubers have been used in the Cambodian, Lao, Indian and Vietnamese folk medicine systems for years to treat a wide range of ailments, including asthma, headache, fever, and diarrhoea. AIM OF THE REVIEW To provide an up-to-date, comprehensive overview and analysis of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Stephania rotunda for its potential benefits in human health, as well as to assess the scientific evidence of traditional use and provide a basis for future research directions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peer-reviewed articles on Stephania rotunda were acquired via an electronic search of the major scientific databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect). Data were collected from scientific journals, theses, and books. RESULTS The traditional uses of Stephania rotunda were recorded in countries throughout Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and India). Different parts of Stephania rotunda were used in traditional medicine to treat about twenty health disorders. Phytochemical analyses identified forty alkaloids. The roots primarily contain l-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), whereas the tubers contain cepharanthine and xylopinine. Furthermore, the chemical composition differs from one region to another and according to the harvest period. The alkaloids exhibited approximately ten different pharmacological activities. The main pharmacological activities of Stephania rotunda alkaloids are antiplasmodial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects. Sinomenine, cepharanthine, and l-stepholidine are the most promising components and have been tested in humans. The pharmacokinetic parameters have been studied for seven compounds, including the three most promising compounds. The toxicity has been evaluated for liriodenine, roemerine, cycleanine, l-tetrahydropalmatine, and oxostephanine. CONCLUSION Stephania rotunda is traditionally used for the treatment of a wide range of ailments. Pharmacological investigations have validated different uses of Stephania rotunda in folk medicine. The present review highlights the three most promising compounds of Stephania rotunda, which could constitute potential leads in various medicinal fields, including malaria and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Desgrouas
- UMR-MD3, IRBA, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France; UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
| | | | - Sok-Siya Bun
- UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
| | - Beatrice Baghdikian
- UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
| | - Sothavireak Bory
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences de la Santé, no. 73, Monivong Blvd, Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Daniel Parzy
- UMR-MD3, IRBA, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- UMR-MD3, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Ethnopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin CS30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5, Aix-Marseille Université, France.
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Desgrouas C, Baghdikian B, Mabrouki F, Bory S, Taudon N, Parzy D, Ollivier E. Rapid and green extraction, assisted by microwave and ultrasound of cepharanthine from Stephania rotunda Lour. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Baghdikian B, Mahiou-Leddet V, Bory S, Bun SS, Dumetre A, Mabrouki F, Hutter S, Azas N, Ollivier E. New antiplasmodial alkaloids from Stephania rotunda. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 145:381-385. [PMID: 23127648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Stephania rotunda Lour. (Menispermaceae) is a creeper growing in many countries of Asia and commonly found in the mountainous areas of Cambodia. As a folk medicine, it has been mainly used for the treatment of fever and malaria. The pharmacological activity is mostly due to alkaloids. Thus the aim of this study is to isolate new bioactive alkaloids from Stephania rotunda and to evaluate their in vitro antiplasmodial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alkaloids were isolated and identified from dichloromethane and aqueous extracts using a combination of flash chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The purified compounds were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity on chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS A new aporphine alkaloid named vireakine (2) along with two known alkaloids stephanine (1) and pseudopalmatine (8), described for the first time in Stephania rotunda, and together five known alkaloids tetrahydropalmatine (3), xylopinine (4), roemerine (5), cepharanthine (6) and palmatine (7) were isolated and identified. The structure of the new alkaloid was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities. All tested compounds showed significant antiplasmodial activities with IC(50) ranged from 1.2 μM to 52.3 μM with a good selectivity index for pseudopalmatine with IC(50) of 2.8 μM against W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and IC(50)>25 μM on K562S cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence to support the use of Stephania rotunda for the treatment of malaria and/or fever by the healers. Alkaloids of the tuber exhibited antiplasmodial activity and particularly cepharanthine and pseudopalmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Baghdikian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064, 13385, Marseille cedex 5, France.
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Vayre C, Thronion F, Ardeois F, Biron-Minetti A, Bory S, Bouisson H, Delport L, Delattre P, Galmiche C, Guillot J, Gyrard M, Huchon J, Lebigot A, Lequatre J, Marty JJ, Navillon P, Peyrethon C, Reiser JM, Villemey JM, Vinson P. Promouvoir la protection de l’audition des agents SNCF dont certains sont exposés au risque ferroviaire. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2012.03.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bory S, Bun SS, Baghdikian B, Dumètre A, Hutter S, Mabrouki F, Bun H, Elias R, Azas N, Ollivier E. HPLC Analysis of Stephania rotunda
Extracts and Correlation with Antiplasmodial Activity. Phytother Res 2012; 27:278-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sothavireak Bory
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Sok-Siya Bun
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Béatrice Baghdikian
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Aurélien Dumètre
- Laboratory of Parasitology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Laboratory of Parasitology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Fathi Mabrouki
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Hot Bun
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Riad Elias
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy; Aix-Marseille University; 27 Bd Jean Moulin, CS 30064 13385 Marseille cedex 5 France
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Chea A, Bun SS, Azas N, Gasquet M, Bory S, Ollivier E, Elias R. Antiplasmodial activity of three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the tuber ofStephania rotunda. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:1766-70. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410903395624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bory S, Bun SS, Baghdikian B, Mabrouki F, Cheng SK, Elias R, Bune H, Ollivier E. Simultaneous HPLC determination of three bioactive alkaloids in the Asian medicinal plant Stephania rotunda. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:877-882. [PMID: 20614814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with photodiode array detection has been developed and validated for the determination of three major alkaloids: cepharanthine, tetrahydropalmatine and xylopinine in Stephania rotunda Lour. (Menispermaceae) collected in Cambodia. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Symmetry C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm, Waters), with an isocratic solvent system of 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) - acetonitrile. UV detection was performed at 282 nm. Good linear behavior over the investigated concentration ranges was observed with values of r2 > 0.9964 for all the analytes. The method was reproducible with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 3.91%. The mean recoveries of the analytes ranged from 95.7 to 104.6%. The proposed method was linear, accurate, precise and specific. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify the three alkaloids in various parts of Stephania rotunda and in tubers collected from different Cambodian regions. The results indicated that the developed HPLC method could be used for the quality control of S. rotunda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sothavireak Bory
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bad Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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Bory S, Bun SS, Baghdikian B, Mabrouki F, Cheng SK, Elias R, Bun H, Ollivier E. Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Three Bioactive Alkaloids in the Asian Medicinal Plant Stephania rotunda. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with photodiode array detection has been developed and validated for the determination of three major alkaloids: cepharanthine, tetrahydropalmatine and xylopinine in Stephania rotunda Lour. (Menispermaceae) collected in Cambodia. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Symmetry C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Waters), with an isocratic solvent system of 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) – acetonitrile. UV detection was performed at 282 nm. Good linear behavior over the investigated concentration ranges was observed with values of r2>0.9964 for all the analytes. The method was reproducible with intra- and inter-day variations of less than 3.91%. The mean recoveries of the analytes ranged from 95.7 to 104.6%. The proposed method was linear, accurate, precise and specific. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify the three alkaloids in various parts of Stephania rotunda and in tubers collected from different Cambodian regions. The results indicated that the developed HPLC method could be used for the quality control of S. rotunda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sothavireak Bory
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Sok-Siya Bun
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Béatrice Baghdikian
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Fathi Mabrouki
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Sun Kaing Cheng
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cambodian University of Health Sciences, 73 Bd Monivong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Riad Elias
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Hot Bun
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Evelyne Ollivier
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology, UMR-MD3, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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Dubois J, Dugave C, Fourès C, Kaminsky M, Tabet JC, Bory S, Gaudry M, Marquet A. Vitamin K dependent carboxylation: determination of the stereochemical course using 4-fluoroglutamyl-containing substrate. Biochemistry 1991; 30:10506-12. [PMID: 1931973 DOI: 10.1021/bi00107a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemical course of the vitamin K dependent carboxylation has been elucidated using a (4S)-4-fluoroglutamyl-containing pentapeptide as a substrate. The absolute configuration of the [13C]-4-carboxy-4-fluoroglutamate obtained when the carboxylation was carried out with 13C-labeled sodium bicarbonate, was determined after reduction of the [13C]-4-carboxy-4-fluoroglutamyl residue into 4-fluoro-5,5'-dihydroxyleucine, hydrolysis, lactonization, and peracetylation. The absolute configuration at C-4 was determined to be S by locating the 13C label in the lactone ring of the trans isomeric lactone and in the hydroxymethyl group of the cis isomer following HPLC separation of both isomers and analysis by GC/MS/MS techniques. It follows that the vitamin K dependent carboxylation occurs with inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubois
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, URA CNRS 493, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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14
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Bory S, Dubois J, Gaudry M, Marquet A. Vitamin-K-dependent carboxylation. Synthesis and biological properties of diastereoisomeric gamma-substituted glutamic acid containing peptidic substrates. Int J Pept Protein Res 1984; 24:505-15. [PMID: 6151555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pentapeptides Phe-Leu-X-Glu-Val where X is successively L-threo-gamma-fluoro-glutamyl, L-erythro-gamma-fluoro-glutamyl, L-threo-gamma-methyl-glutamyl or L-erythro-gamma-methyl-glutamyl have been synthesized and tested as substrates for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. L-threo- or L-erythro-gamma-methyl-glutamyl are not carboxylated but both corresponding peptides are inhibitors of the reaction. The L-threo-gamma-methyl-glutamyl containing peptide has the highest affinity described so far for the active site of the carboxylase (80 microM). In the gamma-fluoro-glutamyl series, only the L-erythro-gamma-fluoro-glutamyl residue is carboxylated, showing that the enzymatic hydrogen abstraction is stereospecific and corresponds to the elimination of the pro S hydrogen of glutamic acid. The lack of in vitro dicarboxylation of model peptides in contrast with the in vivo polycarboxylation of endogenous precursors is discussed along with the regiospecificity of the reaction with the different substrates.
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Dubois J, Bory S, Gaudry M, Marquet A. Vitamin K dependent carboxylation: synthesis and biological properties of tetrazolyl analogues of pentapeptidic substrates. J Med Chem 1984; 27:1230-3. [PMID: 6088772 DOI: 10.1021/jm00375a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pentapeptides Phe-Leu-X-Glu-Val and Phe-Leu-X-X-Val, where X = 4-(5H-tetrazolyl)-2-aminobutyric acid (tetrazolyl analogue of glutamic acid), were synthesized by addition of tri-n-butyltin azide to the corresponding nitrile-containing peptides. These tetrazolyl peptides and a dinitrile precursor were tested as possible substrates and inhibitors of the vitamin K dependent carboxylation. Phe-Leu-X-Glu-Val was carboxylated (40% of the reference peptide Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Val, Km = 20 mM) exclusively on the glutamyl residue, whereas the dinitrile precursor and Phe-Leu-X-X-Val were not carboxylated. The latter was a competitive inhibitor with an affinity (Ki = 3 mM) close to that of the reference peptide (Km = 3 mM).
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16
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Dubois J, Gaudry M, Bory S, Azerad R, Marquet A. Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. Study of the hydrogen abstraction stereochemistry with gamma-fluoroglutamic acid-containing peptides. J Biol Chem 1983; 258:7897-9. [PMID: 6863270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two pentapeptides Phe-Leu-X-Glu-Val where X is either the L-threo-gamma-fluoroglutamic acid or the L-erythro-isomer have been synthesized and tested as substrates in the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. Both peptides are carboxylated, but the reaction occurs exclusively on the glutamic acid of the L-threo-gamma-fluoroglutamate-containing peptide, whereas both glutamic and fluoroglutamic residues of the L-erythro-gamma-fluoroglutamate-containing peptide are carboxylated. These results reveal that the enzymatic hydrogen abstraction step is stereospecific and corresponds, in the gamma-fluoroglutamate case, to the elimination of the hydrogen equivalent to the pro-S hydrogen of glutamic acid.
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Gaudry M, Bory S, Dubois J, Azerad R, Marquet A. Vitamin K dependent carboxylation: study of diastereoisomeric gamma-methylglutamic acid containing peptidic substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 113:454-61. [PMID: 6870869 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two pentapeptides Phe-Leu-X-Glu-Val where X is either the L-threo-gamma-methylglutamic acid or the L-erythro isomer have been synthesized and tested as substrates in the vitamin K dependent carboxylation. The gamma-methylglutamic residue is not carboxylated and both peptides are inhibitors of the carboxylation of the reference peptide Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Val. The threo containing isomer has a much better affinity than the reference and is the best inhibitor of this reaction described so far.
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18
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Bory S, Gaudry M, Marquet A, Azerad R. Synthesis of DL-5,5'-dihydroxyleucine. The reduction product of gamma carboxy glutamic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 87:85-91. [PMID: 454411 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Huguier M, Béthoux A, Bory S. [Stress urinary incontinence in women]. Cah Coll Med Hop Paris 1969; 10:503-8. [PMID: 5400336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Béthoux A, Bory S, Huguier M. [Anatomo-functional mechanisms of urinary continence during straining in women]. Arch Anat Pathol (Paris) 1966; 14:84-91. [PMID: 5955806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Béthoux A, Bory S, Huguier M, Lan CS. [The colpocystogram. Its application in the study of vaginal prolapse and urinary incontinence]. J Chir (Paris) 1965; 90:51-62. [PMID: 5840296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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