1
|
Andreadou I, Mitakou S, Paraschos S, Efentakis P, Magiatis P, Kaklamanis L, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis L, Iliodromitis EK. "Pistacia lentiscus L." reduces the infarct size in normal fed anesthetized rabbits and possess antiatheromatic and hypolipidemic activity in cholesterol fed rabbits. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:1220-1226. [PMID: 27316396 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the potential anti-ischemic and antiatheromatic activity of Chios Mastic gum, the resin of the trunk and branches of "Pistacia lentiscus var. chia", used since antiquity in traditional Greek medicine. The main compounds of mastic are triterpenes, possessing phytosterol-like structures. This led to the hypothesis that mastic and particularly its neutral fraction, enriched in phytosterol-like compounds, possess antiatheromatic activities. METHODS Total Mastic Extract without Polymer (TMEWP) and the neutral mastic fraction (NMF) were administered orally for 6 weeks to normal fed and to cholesterol fed rabbits in the form of sunflower oil solution. All the animals were randomly divided into 6 groups, anesthetized and subjected to 30min ischemia of the heart, followed by 3h reperfusion: At the end of the experiment the area at risk and the infarct zone were determined with the aid of fluorescent particles and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and small segments of the ascending and descending aorta and the heart were taken for histologic examination. Blood samples were collected at different time points of ischemia and reperfusion, for malondialdehyde (MDA) evaluation as an index of lipid peroxidation, for total and LDL cholesterol determination and for evaluation of oxidized LDL. RESULTS In the normal fed animals the NMF and the TMEWP reduced significantly the infarct size, while in the hypercholesterolemic rabbits both treatments were ineffective. Atherosclerosis was detected in all the animals fed cholesterol enriched diet in the form of subintimal accumulation of lipids and foamy macrophages. There was no detection of atherosclerosis in Groups treated with TMEWP and NMF, which both reduced the total cholesterol levels by 47 and 88% respectively, whilst had not effect on LDL oxidation. TMEWP and NMF reduced the MDA concentration in normal fed rabbits, but had no effect on MDA levels in cholesterol fed animals. TMEWP and NMPF reduce the infarct size in normal animals and possess significant antiatheromatic and hypolipidemic activities in rabbits fed cholesterol enriched diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Paraschos
- Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- Second University Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Gikas E, Smyrnioudis I, Skaltsounis AL. Quality profile determination of Chios mastic gum essential oil and detection of adulteration in mastic oil products with the application of chiral and non-chiral GC-MS analysis. Fitoterapia 2016; 114:12-17. [PMID: 27514656 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The determination of mastic oil profile, with emphasis on its chiral characteristics, could serve as a method for detecting adulteration in products found in the market with a claim of mastic oil content aiming towards protecting it from counterfeiting. Furthermore the evaluation of the raw material is crucial, as the profile is potentially affected by factors as mastic origin and storage time. Thus 45 authentic mastic oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS employing a chiral column and content limits for all major constituents were determined. The chiral GC-MS analysis proved that selected concentration ratios between these constituents, namely those of (-)/(+)-α-pinene (≤1:100) and (-)-α-pinene/myrcene (1.9:100-11:100) could serve as markers for the determination of mastic oil authenticity. Employing this methodology, the analysis of 25 mastic oils contained in cosmetic and dietary products, as well as an artificial mastic oil sample, exhibited several differentiations that could indicate adulteration either with artificial essential oils or volatile compounds, or the use of aged mastic oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Paraschos
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smyrnioudis
- Chios Mastic Gum Growers Association, 1 K. Monomachou St., Chios, GR 82100, Greece
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Gousia P, Economou V, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C, Skaltsounis AL. Chemical investigation and antimicrobial properties of mastic water and its major constituents. Food Chem 2011; 129:907-11. [PMID: 25212317 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mastic water is a commercial flavouring obtained during the steam distillation of mastic resin (the resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia) for the production of mastic oil. The mastic water extracts were analysed by GC-MS. The major compounds identified were verbenone, α-terpineol, linalool and trans-pinocarveol. Overall the composition was found to be very different from that of mastic oil. Additional GC-MS revealed the enantiomeric ratio of the chiral constituents of mastic water. The antimicrobial activity of mastic water extract, as well as that of its major constituents, was examined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. including ATCC wild clinical and food-borne strains. Linalool and α-terpineol were found to be the most potent antimicrobial constituents. Finally the stability of mastic water at different temperatures was studied, showing no change in the GC-MS profile of the organic extract for a period of 4months at storage temperatures up to 4°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Paraschos
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Prokopios Magiatis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Gousia
- Microbiology Department, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vangelis Economou
- Microbiology Department, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Hercules Sakkas
- Microbiology Department, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | | | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, Petraki K, Kalliaropoulos A, Maragkoudakis P, Mentis A, Sgouras D, Skaltsounis AL. In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:551-9. [PMID: 17116667 PMCID: PMC1797732 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00642-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts and pure major constituents of Chios mastic gum (resin of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia) were tested for their activities against Helicobacter pylori. A total mastic extract without polymer (TMEWP) was prepared after removal of the contained insoluble polymer in order to ameliorate solubility and enhance in vivo activity. Administration of TMEWP to H. pylori SS1-infected mice over the period of 3 months with an average dose of 0.75 mg/day led to an approximately 30-fold reduction in the H. pylori colonization (1.5 log CFU/g of tissue). However, no attenuation in the H. pylori-associated chronic inflammatory infiltration and the activity of chronic gastritis was observed. To further characterize potential active mastic constituents, the TMEWP was separated into an acidic and a neutral fraction. Both were extensively characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy to elucidate the structure of the components contained within each fraction. After chromatographic separation, the acid fraction gave the major triterpenic acids, while the neutral fraction gave several triterpenic alcohols and aldehydes. Mastic extracts and isolated pure triterpenic acids were tested for in vitro activity against a panel of 11 H. pylori clinical strains. The acid fraction was found to be the most active extract (minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC], 0.139 mg/ml), and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid (MBC, 0.202 mg/ml [0.443 mM]). Our results show that administration of TMEWP may be effective in reducing H. pylori colonization and that the major triterpenic acids in the acid extract may be responsible for such an activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Paraschos
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Kalpoutzakis E, Harvala C, Skaltsounis AL. Three new dihydroisocoumarins from the Greek endemic species Scorzonera cretica. J Nat Prod 2001; 64:1585-1587. [PMID: 11754622 DOI: 10.1021/np0103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of the Greek endemic species Scorzonera cretica afforded three new compounds, the dihydroisocoumarin scorzocreticin (1) and its glycosides, scorzocreticoside I (2) and scorzocreticoside II (3), as well as 11 known compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical methods. The absolute configurations of 1-3 were established using circular dichroism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Paraschos
- Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|