1
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Kufer R, Larraillet V, Thalhauser S, Graf T, Endesfelder M, Wohlrab S. Ubiquitin: Characterization of a Host Cell Protein Covalently Attached to a Monoclonal Antibody Product by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Sci 2023:S0022-3549(23)00545-2. [PMID: 38135055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Host cell protein (HCP) characterization is a crucial quality parameter for biotherapeutic drug safety and stability. With a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach, we identified ubiquitin in ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) pools of one of our monoclonal antibody (mAb) products. Since ubiquitin occurs physiologically as a post-translational modification (PTM) involved in many cellular functions, we suspected the possibility that if identified as an HCP, it may occur as a covalent modification on the mAb. In fact, in this study we characterized and quantified the ubiquitin modification on the Fc domain of mAbX by data dependent acquisition (DDA) and data independent acquisition (DIA) - MS workflows. Covalent binding and site localization were confirmed by identifying a characteristic diglycine motif on the modified peptide. Initially observed reduced detectability of ubiquitin in samples prepared with native digestion was attributed to impaired digestion and subsequent removal along with the mAb in the precipitation step. Our work has contributed to a better understanding of ubiquitin as an HCP considering its specific features such as occurrence in different topologies and provided insight into how covalent binding to a drug product can affect its identification by MS when native digestion conditions are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kufer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Vincent Larraillet
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Thalhauser
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Endesfelder
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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2
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Clark MS, Hoffman JI, Peck LS, Bargelloni L, Gande D, Havermans C, Meyer B, Patarnello T, Phillips T, Stoof-Leichsenring KR, Vendrami DLJ, Beck A, Collins G, Friedrich MW, Halanych KM, Masello JF, Nagel R, Norén K, Printzen C, Ruiz MB, Wohlrab S, Becker B, Dumack K, Ghaderiardakani F, Glaser K, Heesch S, Held C, John U, Karsten U, Kempf S, Lucassen M, Paijmans A, Schimani K, Wallberg A, Wunder LC, Mock T. Multi-omics for studying and understanding polar life. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7451. [PMID: 37978186 PMCID: PMC10656552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar ecosystems are experiencing amongst the most rapid rates of regional warming on Earth. Here, we discuss 'omics' approaches to investigate polar biodiversity, including the current state of the art, future perspectives and recommendations. We propose a community road map to generate and more fully exploit multi-omics data from polar organisms. These data are needed for the comprehensive evaluation of polar biodiversity and to reveal how life evolved and adapted to permanently cold environments with extreme seasonality. We argue that concerted action is required to mitigate the impact of warming on polar ecosystems via conservation efforts, to sustainably manage these unique habitats and their ecosystem services, and for the sustainable bioprospecting of novel genes and compounds for societal gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - J I Hoffman
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - L S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - D Gande
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Havermans
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Meyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 23129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - T Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - T Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, UKRI-NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - K R Stoof-Leichsenring
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D L J Vendrami
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - A Beck
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Botanische Staatssammlung München (SNSB-BSM), Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, München, Germany
| | - G Collins
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre & Loewe-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, 231 Morrin Road St Johns, Auckland, 1072, New Zealand
| | - M W Friedrich
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - K M Halanych
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - J F Masello
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R Nagel
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - K Norén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Printzen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre & Loewe-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Ruiz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätstrasse 5, 45151, Essen, Germany
| | - S Wohlrab
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 23129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - B Becker
- Universität zu Köln, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 60674, Köln, Germany
| | - K Dumack
- Universität zu Köln, Terrestrische Ökologie, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 60674, Köln, Germany
| | - F Ghaderiardakani
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - K Glaser
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Heesch
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Held
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - U John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - U Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology and Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Kempf
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Lucassen
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - A Paijmans
- Universität Bielefeld, VHF, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - K Schimani
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Wallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L C Wunder
- Microbial Ecophysiology Group, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry & MARUM, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - T Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Seisenberger C, Graf T, Sticht S, Haindl M, Mohn U, Wegele H, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S. The agony of choice: Impact of the host animal species on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performance for host cell protein quantification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:184-193. [PMID: 36251621 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are inevitable process-related impurities in biotherapeutics commonly monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Of particular importance for their reliable detection are the anti-HCP polyclonal antibodies (pAbs), supposed to detect a broad range of HCPs. The present study focuses on the identification of suitable host animal species for the development of high-performance CHO-HCP ELISAs, assuming the generation of pAbs with adequate coverage and specificity. Hence, antibodies derived from immunization of sheep, goats, donkeys, rabbits, and chickens were compared concerning their amount of HCP-specific antibodies, coverage, and performance in a sandwich ELISA. Immunization of sheep, goats, donkeys, and rabbits met all test criteria, whereas the antibodies from chickens cannot be recommended based on the results of this study. Additionally, a mixture of antibodies from the five host species was prepared to assess if coverage and ELISA performance can be improved by a multispecies approach. Comparable results were obtained for the single- and multispecies ELISAs in different in-process samples, indicating no substantial improvement for the latter in ELISA performance while raising ethical and financial concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Sticht
- Antibody and Protein Technologies, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mohn
- Biotech Production, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wiedmann
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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4
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Guo J, Kufer R, Li D, Wohlrab S, Greenwood-Goodwin M, Yang F. Technical advancement and practical considerations of LC-MS/MS-based methods for host cell protein identification and quantitation to support process development. MAbs 2023; 15:2213365. [PMID: 37218066 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2213365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities derived from the manufacturing of recombinant biotherapeutics. Residual HCP in drug products, ranging from 1 to 100 ppm (ng HCP/mg product) or even below sub-ppm level, may affect product quality, stability, efficacy, or safety. Therefore, removal of HCPs to appropriate levels is critical for the bioprocess development of biotherapeutics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis has become an important tool to identify, quantify, and monitor the clearance of individual HCPs. This review covers the technical advancement of sample preparation strategies, new LC-MS-based techniques, and data analysis approaches to robustly and sensitively measure HCPs while overcoming the high dynamic range analytical challenges. We also discuss our strategy for LC-MS-based HCP workflows to enable fast support of process development throughout the product life cycle, and provide insights into developing specific analytical strategies leveraging LC-MS tools to control HCPs in process and mitigate their potential risks to drug quality, stability, and patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Regina Kufer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Delia Li
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Seisenberger C, Graf T, Haindl M, Wegele H, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S. Toward optimal clearance - A universal affinity based mass spectrometry approach for comprehensive ELISA reagent coverage evaluation and HCP hitchhiker analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3244. [PMID: 35150475 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the control strategy for process related impurities in biopharmaceuticals the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the method of choice for the quantification of host cell proteins (HCP). Besides two dimensional - western blots (2D-WB), the coverage of ELISA antibodies is increasingly evaluated by affinity purification based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (AP-MS) methods. However, all these methods face the problem of unspecific binding issues between antibodies and the matrix, involving the application of arbitrarily defined thresholds during data evaluation. To solve this, a new approach (optimized AP-MS) was developed in this study, for which a cleavable linker was conjugated to the ELISA antibodies enabling the subsequent isolation of specifically interacting HCPs. By comparing both approaches in terms of method variability and the number of false positive or negative hits, we could demonstrate that the optimized AP-MS method is very reproducible and superior in the identification of antibody detection gaps, while previously described strategies suffered from over- or underestimating the coverage. As only antibody associated HCPs were identified, we demonstrated that the method is beneficial for hitchhiker analysis. Overall, the method described herein has proven as a powerful tool for reliable coverage determination of ELISA antibodies, without the need to arbitrarily exclude HCPs during the coverage evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
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6
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Yang F, Li D, Kufer R, Cadang L, Zhang J, Dai L, Guo J, Wohlrab S, Greenwood-Goodwin M, Shen A, Duan D, Li H, Yuk IH. Versatile LC-MS-Based Workflow with Robust 0.1 ppm Sensitivity for Identifying Residual HCPs in Biotherapeutic Products. Anal Chem 2021; 94:723-731. [PMID: 34927411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Residual host cell proteins (HCPs) in the drug product can affect product quality, stability, and/or safety. In particular, highly active hydrolytic enzymes at sub-ppm levels can negatively impact the shelf life of drug products but are challenging to identify by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) due to their high dynamic range between HCPs and biotherapeutic proteins. We employed new strategies to address the challenge: (1) native digest at a high protein concentration; (2) sodium deoxycholate added during the reduction step to minimize the inadvertent omission of HCPs observed with native digestion; and (3) solid phase extraction with 50% MeCN elution prior to LC-MS/MS analysis to ensure effective mAb removal. A 50 cm long nanoflow charged surface hybrid column was also packed to allow for higher sample load for increased sensitivity. Our workflow has increased the sensitivity for HCP identification by 10- to 100-fold over previous reports and showed the robustness as low as 0.1 ppm for identifying HCPs (34.5 to 66.2 kDa MW). The method capability was further confirmed by consistently identifying >85% of 48 UPS-1 proteins (0.10 to 1.34 ppm, 6.3 to 82.9 kDa MW) in a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the largest number (746) of mouse proteins from NIST mAb reported to date by a single analysis. Our work has filled a significant gap in HCP analysis for detecting and demonstrating HCP clearance, in particular, extremely low-level hydrolases in drug process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Delia Li
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Regina Kufer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Midori Greenwood-Goodwin
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Shen
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dana Duan
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Inn H Yuk
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Graf T, Seisenberger C, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S, Anderka O. Best practices on critical reagent characterization, qualification, and life cycle management for HCP immunoassays. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3633-3639. [PMID: 34241893 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The performance of immunoassays for the detection and quantification of host-cell proteins (HCPs) in biopharmaceuticals depends on the quality of the critical assay reagents. Not only their preparation, but also a stringent life-cycle management, including reagent qualification, requalification, and replacement, plays a crucial role in ensuring consistent and reliable results. To provide a cross-industry perspective on HCP reagent management, we conducted a survey on common practices among several pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Based on its outcome, as well as informed by a corresponding roundtable session ("Managing critical reagents over time") at the BioPharmaceutical Emerging Best Practices Association HCP conference in 2019, this study presents specific recommendations and proven concepts to support immunoassay reagent management for monitoring HCPs.
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8
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Graf T, Tomlinson A, Yuk IH, Kufer R, Spensberger B, Falkenstein R, Shen A, Li H, Duan D, Liu W, Wohlrab S, Edelmann F, Leiss M. Identification and Characterization of Polysorbate-Degrading Enzymes in a Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3558-3567. [PMID: 34224732 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of polysorbate (PS) by hydrolytically active host cell proteins (HCPs) in drug products may impair the protein-stabilizing properties of PS and lead to the formation of particles due to the accumulation of poorly soluble free fatty acids upon long-term storage. The identification of the causative enzymes is challenging due to their low-abundance even when using state-of-the-art instrumentation and workflows. To overcome these challenges, we developed a rigorous enrichment strategy for HCPs, utilizing both Protein A and anti-HCP affinity chromatography, which facilitated the in-depth characterization of the HCP population in a monoclonal antibody formulation prone to PS hydrolysis. Based on the HCPs identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a number of enzymes annotated as hydrolases were recombinantly expressed and characterized in terms of polysorbate degradation. Among the selected candidates, Lipoprotein Lipase, Lysosomal Acid Lipase (LIPA) and Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) exhibited notable activity towards PS. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify LIPA and PPT1 as residual HCPs that can contribute to PS degradation in a biological product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Inn H Yuk
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Regina Kufer
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Amy Shen
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dana Duan
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Leiss
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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9
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Seisenberger C, Graf T, Haindl M, Wegele H, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S. Questioning coverage values determined by 2D western blots: A critical study on the characterization of anti-HCP ELISA reagents. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1116-1126. [PMID: 33241851 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) constitute a major class of process-related impurities, whose substantial clearance must be demonstrated by suitable analytical methods to warrant product quality and reduce potential safety risks for patients. In this regard, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which primarily rely on the quality of the HCP reference standard (immunogen) and HCP-specific polyclonal antibodies, are considered the gold standard for HCP monitoring. For the qualification of the employed antibodies, two-dimensional (2D) western blots (2D-WBs) are the preferred technique to determine the coverage, though a number of practical constraints are well recognized. By using several orthogonal approaches, such as affinity-based mass spectrometry and indirect ELISA, the present study revealed potential detection gaps (i.e., noncovered HCPs) of conventional 2D-WBs, which can be primarily attributed to two different root causes: (i) low amounts of proteins or antibodies being unable to overcome the detection limit and (ii) western blot artifacts due to the loss of conformational epitopes through protein denaturation hindering HCP-antibody recognition. In contrast, the lack of specific antibodies against certain (particularly, low molecular weight) HCPs, as proposed in previous studies, seems to play only a minor role. Together, these findings imply that CHO-HCP ELISA antibodies are better than qualification studies by 2D-WBs indicate.
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10
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Herold HM, Döbl A, Wohlrab S, Humenik M, Scheibel T. Designed Spider Silk-Based Drug Carrier for Redox- or pH-Triggered Drug Release. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4904-4912. [PMID: 33249826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release can be obtained using specifically designed polymers as carriers. Due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability and especially the lack of an immune response, materials made of spider silk proteins are promising candidates for use in such applications. Particles made of recombinant spider silk proteins have previously been shown to be suitable drug and gene carriers as they could readily be loaded with various drug substances or biologicals, and subsequent release was observed over a defined period of time. However, the respective substances were bound non-covalently via hydrophobic or charge-charge interactions, and hence, the release of loaded substances could not be spatio-temporally controlled. Here, we present a setup of chemically modified recombinant spider silk protein eADF4 and variants thereof, combining their well-established biocompatible properties with covalent drug binding and triggered release upon changes in the pH or redox state, respectively. The usefulness of the spider silk platform technology was shown with model substances and cytostatic drugs bound to spider silk particles or films via a pH-labile hydrazine linker as one option, and the drugs could be released from the spider silk carriers upon acidification of the environment as seen, e.g., in tumorous tissues or endo/lysosomes. Sulfhydryl-bearing spider silk variants allowed model substance release if exposed to intracellular GSH (glutathione) levels as a second coupling option. The combination of non-immunogenic, nontoxic spider silk materials as drug carriers with precisely triggerable release chemistry presents a platform technology for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M Herold
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Annika Döbl
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Martin Humenik
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, Bayreuth 95447, Germany.,Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.,Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.,Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany.,Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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11
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Sandoval Y, Wells Askew J, Newman JS, Clements CM, Grube E, Ola O, Akula A, Wohlrab S, Jaffe AS. P3594Transition from 4th to 5th generation cardiac troponin T: testing patterns, myocardial infarction incident rates, and resource utilization across a multicenter United States regional healthcare system. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (cTn) assays have been cleared by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical use. Although some of them have been used outside the US for some time, there is limited experience thus far across US sites. Following FDA clearance of the Roche 5th Gen cTnT assay in January 2017, a multicenter US regional healthcare system introduced this more sensitive cTnT assay into clinical practice in September 2018.
Purpose
To examine cTn testing patterns, incidence of acute myocardial infarction (MI), and resource utilization before and after implementation of the 5th Gen cTnT assay across a large US healthcare system.
Methods
Using electronic-health records reporting software (Cogito SlicerDicer, EPIC), administrative data was examined to evaluate the transition (4-months before and after implementation) from the 4th to 5th Gen cTnT assays across 16 hospitals but not the major hub hospital of the system that transitioned at a separate time. Adult patient visits (emergency and hospital encounters), cTnT testing, incidence of chest discomfort and acute MI, and resource utilization, including hospital admissions, were examined during the transition period.
Results
98,558 adult ED patient visits occurred during an 8-month period across 16 hospitals, including 50,485 and 48,073 patient visits before (5/12/18 – 9/11/18) and after (9/12/18 – 1/11/19) implementation of the 5th Gen cTnT assay respectively. cTnT testing occurred in 20% (range 8.9–34.8%) of all ED visits, with testing performed in the absence of chest pain in 54% (range 37–67%) of cases. Acute MI was diagnosed in 5.6% (n=561) of cases using the 4th Gen cTnT assay as compared to 6.6% (n=608) of cases using the 5th Gen cTnT assay (absolute difference 1.0%, 95% CI: 0.32–1.68, p=0.004). Much of the increase in MI diagnoses were in women (2.2% vs. 2.8%, p=0.008). The proportion of ED patients requiring hospital admission did not differ between pre- and post-implementation periods (24.1% vs. 23.6%, p=0.4); however, among the subset of patients with chest pain, fewer admissions occurred post-implementation (17.9% vs. 15.8%, p=0.006). There was no increase in echocardiography (9.3% vs. 8.4%), coronary angiography (2.9% vs. 3.1%), or cardiac consultations (7.3% vs. 7.3%) utilization post-implementation.
Conclusions
Cardiac troponin testing occurs in nearly 20% of ED visits in a large multicenter regional healthcare system. About half of all tests are ordered in the absence of chest pain, with a low MI rate observed among the patients undergoing testing. Following implementation of the 5th Gen cTnT assay, testing rates/patterns remained unchanged, with a small but significant increase in MI diagnoses, primarily due to more women being diagnosed with MI. Fewer ED patients with chest pain required admission. Despite using a more sensitive cTn assay, hospital admissions and resource utilization did not increase post-implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sandoval
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | | | - J S Newman
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - C M Clements
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - E Grube
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
| | - O Ola
- Franciscan Skemp Healthcare Mayo Health System, La Crosse, United States of America
| | - A Akula
- Franciscan Skemp Healthcare Mayo Health System, La Crosse, United States of America
| | - S Wohlrab
- Franciscan Skemp Healthcare Mayo Health System, La Crosse, United States of America
| | - A S Jaffe
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States of America
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Kufer R, Haindl M, Wegele H, Wohlrab S. Evaluation of Peptide Fractionation and Native Digestion as Two Novel Sample Preparation Workflows to Improve HCP Characterization by LC–MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9716-9723. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kufer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Erhardt W, Wohlrab S, Kilic N, Werner C, Henke J. Comparison of the anaesthesia combinations racemic-ketamine/medetomidine and S-Ketamine/medetomidine in syrian golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus). Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 28:212-213. [PMID: 28404256 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.temp.doc.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Kilic
- Institute for Experimental Oncology
| | - C Werner
- Institute for Anaesthesiology, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - J Henke
- Institute for Experimental Oncology
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Abstract
The performance of biomaterials largely depends on the materials biocompatibility, which is directly related to unwanted side effects like foreign body responses and inflammation, and the potential of interaction of cells with its surface, for example, cell adhesion. In the distinct application of catheters, low or even no cell adhesion is eligible. To influence the properties of existing and commonly used biomaterials and to further increase their biocompatibility, a coating with a recombinantly produced spider silk protein as outer layer was applied on three selected catheter polymers (polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone) and evaluated based on cell adhesion. The tested cell types, HaCaT keratinocytes (epidermal cells), B50 neuronal cells, C2C12 myoblasts (muscle cells) and BALB/3T3 fibroblasts (connective tissue), exhibited low or no adhesion on the silk-coated materials. In combination with the lack of toxicity, the good biocompatibility, and the low body response, it could be shown that silk coatings have a high potential as a biomedical coating material, e.g., for catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Borkner
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, ‡Professur für Biopolymerverarbeitung, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, §Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), ∥Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), ⊥Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), #Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and △Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wohlrab
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Professur für Biopolymerverarbeitung, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, §Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), ∥Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), ⊥Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), #Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and △Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eva Möller
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Professur für Biopolymerverarbeitung, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), ∥Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), ⊥Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), #Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and △Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregor Lang
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Professur für Biopolymerverarbeitung, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), ⊥Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), #Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and △Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Professur für Biopolymerverarbeitung, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI), Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), #Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and △Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Wallis P, Schönborn E, Kalevaru VN, Martin A, Wohlrab S. Enhanced formaldehyde selectivity in catalytic methane oxidation by vanadia on Ti-doped SBA-15. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During catalytic methane oxidation V/Ti-SBA-15 showed an improved selectivity towards formaldehyde over all conversions compared to V/SBA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wallis
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - E. Schönborn
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - V. N. Kalevaru
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - A. Martin
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - S. Wohlrab
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock
- Germany
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16
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Dragomirova R, Stöhr M, Hecker C, Lubenau U, Paschek D, Wohlrab S. Desorption-controlled separation of natural gas alkanes by zeolite membranes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of porous membranes is tremendously influenced by desorption, as alkane separations by a pressure stable MFI membrane revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dragomirova
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis
- University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - M. Stöhr
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis
- University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - C. Hecker
- Technical University Freiberg
- Institute for Electronic and Sensor Materials
- D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - U. Lubenau
- DBI Gas-und Umwelttechnik GmbH
- D-04229 Leipzig, Germany
| | - D. Paschek
- Institute für Chemie
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie
- Universität Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Wohlrab
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis
- University of Rostock
- D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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17
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Bauer F, Wohlrab S, Scheibel T. Controllable cell adhesion, growth and orientation on layered silk protein films. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:1244-1249. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wohlrab S, Müller S, Schmidt A, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Leal-Egaña A, Scheibel T. Cell adhesion and proliferation on RGD-modified recombinant spider silk proteins. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6650-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wohlrab S, Spieß K, Scheibel T. Varying surface hydrophobicities of coatings made of recombinant spider silk proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kuhlenbeck H, Xu C, Dillmann B, Haßel M, Adam B, Ehrlich D, Wohlrab S, Freund HJ, Ditzinger UA, Neddermeyer H, Neumann M, Neuber M. Adsorption and Reaction on Oxide Surfaces: CO and CO2 on Cr2O3(111). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Freund HJ, Dillmann B, Ehrlich D, Haßel M, Jaeger R, Kuhlenbeck H, Ventrice C, Winkelmann F, Wohlrab S, Xu C, Bertrams T, Brodde A, Neddermeyer H. Adsorption and reaction of molecules on surfaces of metal—metal oxide systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-5102(93)80030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buess
- Department of General Surgery, University of Tübingen, Germany
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