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Peeters M, Champagne M, Ndong Bass I, Goumou S, Ndimbo Kumugo SP, Lacroix A, Esteban A, Meta Djomsi D, Soumah AK, Mbala Kingebeni P, Mba Djonzo FA, Lempu G, Thaurignac G, Mpoudi Ngole E, Kouanfack C, Mukadi Bamuleka D, Likofata J, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, De Nys H, Capelle J, Toure A, Delaporte E, Keita AK, Ahuka Mundeke S, Ayouba A. Extensive Survey and Analysis of Factors Associated with Presence of Antibodies to Orthoebolaviruses in Bats from West and Central Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:1927. [PMID: 37766333 PMCID: PMC10536003 DOI: 10.3390/v15091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence to orthoebolaviruses was studied in 9594 bats (5972 frugivorous and 3622 insectivorous) from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Guinea, with a Luminex-based serological assay including recombinant antigens of four orthoebolavirus species. Seroprevalence is expressed as a range according to different cut-off calculations. Between 6.1% and 18.9% bat samples reacted with at least one orthoebolavirus antigen; the highest reactivity was seen with Glycoprotein (GP) antigens. Seroprevalence varied per species and was higher in frugivorous than insectivorous bats; 9.1-27.5% versus 1.3-4.6%, respectively. Seroprevalence in male (13.5%) and female (14.4%) bats was only slightly different and was higher in adults (14.9%) versus juveniles (9.4%) (p < 0.001). Moreover, seroprevalence was highest in subadults (45.4%) when compared to mature adults (19.2%), (p < 0.001). Our data suggest orthoebolavirus circulation is highest in young bats. More long-term studies are needed to identify birthing pulses for the different bat species in diverse geographic regions and to increase the chances of detecting viral RNA in order to document the genetic diversity of filoviruses in bats and their pathogenic potential for humans. Frugivorous bats seem more likely to be reservoirs of orthoebolaviruses, but the role of insectivorous bats has also to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Maëliss Champagne
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Innocent Ndong Bass
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Souana Goumou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Simon-Pierre Ndimbo Kumugo
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Amandine Esteban
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Dowbiss Meta Djomsi
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Abdoul Karim Soumah
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Flaubert Auguste Mba Djonzo
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Guy Lempu
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Eitel Mpoudi Ngole
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Charles Kouanfack
- Centre de Recherche sur les Maladies Emergentes et Réémergentes (CREMER), Yaounde P.O. Box 1857, Cameroon; (I.N.B.); (D.M.D.); (F.A.M.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Laboratoire Provincial de Mbandaka, Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Helene De Nys
- Astre, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (H.D.N.); (J.C.)
- Astre, CIRAD, 6 Lanark Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Julien Capelle
- Astre, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France; (H.D.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Abdoulaye Toure
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
| | - Alpha Kabinet Keita
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry BP6629, Guinea; (S.G.); (A.K.S.); (A.T.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.-P.N.K.); (P.M.K.); (G.L.); (D.M.B.); (J.-J.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa P.O. Box 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; (M.C.); (A.L.); (A.E.); (G.T.); (E.D.)
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Zola Matuvanga T, Mariën J, Larivière Y, Osang’ir BI, Milolo S, Meta R, Esanga E, Maketa V, Matangila J, Mitashi P, Ahuka Mundeke S, Muhindo-Mavoko H, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Van Damme P, Van Geertruyden JP. Low seroprevalence of Ebola virus in health care providers in an endemic region (Tshuapa province) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286479. [PMID: 37656725 PMCID: PMC10473486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A serosurvey among health care providers (HCPs) and frontliners of an area previously affected by Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was conducted to assess the seroreactivity to Ebola virus antigens. METHODS Serum samples were collected in a cohort of HCPs and frontliners (n = 698) participants in the EBL2007 vaccine trial (December 2019 to October 2022). Specimens seroreactive for EBOV were confirmed using either the Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group (FANG) ELISA or a Luminex multiplex assay. RESULTS The seroreactivity to at least two EBOV-Mayinga (m) antigens was found in 10 (1.4%: 95% CI, 0.7-2.6) samples for GP-EBOV-m + VP40-EBOV-m, and 2 (0.3%: 95% CI, 0.0-1.0) samples for VP40-EBOV-m + NP-EBOV-m using the Luminex assay. Seroreactivity to GP-EBOV-Kikwit (k) was observed in 59 (8.5%: 95%CI, 6.5-10.9) samples using FANG ELISA. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous serosurveys, a low seroprevalence was found in the HCP and frontline population participating in the EBL2007 Ebola vaccine trial in Boende, DRC. This underscores the high need for standardized antibody assays and cutoffs in EBOV serosurveys to avoid the broad range of reported EBOV seroprevalence rates in EBOV endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trésor Zola Matuvanga
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ynke Larivière
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Isekah Osang’ir
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Solange Milolo
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rachel Meta
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuel Esanga
- Division Provinciale de la Santé de la Tshuapa, Ministry of Health Hygiene and Prevention, Boende, Tshuapa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vivi Maketa
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Junior Matangila
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Mitashi
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherches Biomedicales, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Hypolite Muhindo-Mavoko
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherches Biomedicales, Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lacroix A, Mbala Kingebeni P, Ndimbo Kumugo SP, Lempu G, Butel C, Serrano L, Vidal N, Thaurignac G, Esteban A, Mukadi Bamuleka D, Likofata J, Delaporte E, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Ahuka Mundeke S. Investigating the Circulation of Ebola Viruses in Bats during the Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks in the Equateur and North Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2018. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050557. [PMID: 34064424 PMCID: PMC8147758 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With 12 of the 31 outbreaks, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is highly affected by Ebolavirus disease (EVD). To better understand the role of bats in the ecology of Ebola viruses, we conducted surveys in bats during two recent EVD outbreaks and in two areas with previous outbreaks. Dried blood spots were tested for antibodies to ebolaviruses and oral and rectal swabs were screened for the presence of filovirus using a broadly reactive semi-nested RT-PCR. Between 2018 and 2020, 892 (88.6%) frugivorous and 115 (11.4%) insectivorous bats were collected. Overall, 11/925 (1.2%) to 100/925 (10.8%) bats showed antibodies to at least one Ebolavirus antigen depending on the positivity criteria. Antibodies were detected in fruit bats from the four sites and from species previously documented to harbor Ebola antibodies or RNA. We tested for the first time a large number of bats during ongoing EVD outbreaks in DRC, but no viral RNA was detected in the 676 sampled bats. Our study illustrates the difficulty to document the role of bats as a source of Ebolaviruses as they might clear quickly the virus. Given the increasing frequency of EVD outbreaks, more studies on the animal reservoir are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Simon Pierre Ndimbo Kumugo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Guy Lempu
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Christelle Butel
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Laetitia Serrano
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Amandine Esteban
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Laboratoire Provincial de Mbandaka, Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
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Nkuba Ndaye A, Hoxha A, Madinga J, Mariën J, Peeters M, Leendertz FH, Ahuka Mundeke S, Ariën KK, Muyembe Tanfumu JJ, Mbala Kingebeni P, Vanlerberghe V. Challenges in interpreting SARS-CoV-2 serological results in African countries. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e588-e589. [PMID: 33609481 PMCID: PMC7906714 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Nkuba Ndaye
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Hoxha
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joule Madinga
- Department of Epidemiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martine Peeters
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms Project Group, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tanfumu
- Department of Virology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- Department of Epidemiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Butel C, Mundeke SA, Drakulovski P, Krasteva D, Ngole EM, Mallié M, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Locatelli S. Assessment of Infections with Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium spp. in Fecal Samples from Wild Primate Populations from Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lunguya O, Phoba MF, Mundeke SA, Bonebe E, Mukadi P, Muyembe JJ, Verhaegen J, Jacobs J. Reply to comment on: The diagnosis of typhoid fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lunguya O, Phoba MF, Mundeke SA, Bonebe E, Mukadi P, Muyembe JJ, Verhaegen J, Jacobs J. The diagnosis of typhoid fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:348-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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