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Robertson CE, Del Rosario K, Rathje S, Van Bavel JJ. Changing the incentive structure of social media may reduce online proxy failure and proliferation of negativity. Behav Brain Sci 2024; 47:e81. [PMID: 38738361 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x23002935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Social media takes advantage of people's predisposition to attend to threatening stimuli by promoting content in algorithms that capture attention. However, this content is often not what people expressly state they would like to see. We propose that social media companies should weigh users' expressed preferences more heavily in algorithms. We propose modest changes to user interfaces that could reduce the abundance of threatening content in the online environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; ;
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; ;
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Kozyreva A, Lorenz-Spreen P, Herzog SM, Ecker UKH, Lewandowsky S, Hertwig R, Ali A, Bak-Coleman J, Barzilai S, Basol M, Berinsky AJ, Betsch C, Cook J, Fazio LK, Geers M, Guess AM, Huang H, Larreguy H, Maertens R, Panizza F, Pennycook G, Rand DG, Rathje S, Reifler J, Schmid P, Smith M, Swire-Thompson B, Szewach P, van der Linden S, Wineburg S. Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0. [PMID: 38740990 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kozyreva
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philipp Lorenz-Spreen
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M Herzog
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ullrich K H Ecker
- School of Psychological Science & Public Policy Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Hertwig
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Joe Bak-Coleman
- Craig Newmark Center, School of Journalism, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarit Barzilai
- Department of Learning and Instructional Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Melisa Basol
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam J Berinsky
- Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cornelia Betsch
- Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Cook
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa K Fazio
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Geers
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew M Guess
- Department of Politics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Haifeng Huang
- Department of Political Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Horacio Larreguy
- Departments of Economics and Political Science, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rakoen Maertens
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Reifler
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Smith
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Paula Szewach
- Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sam Wineburg
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Martel C, Rathje S, Clark CJ, Pennycook G, Van Bavel JJ, Rand DG, van der Linden S. On the Efficacy of Accuracy Prompts Across Partisan Lines: An Adversarial Collaboration. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:435-450. [PMID: 38506937 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241232905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of misinformation is a pressing societal challenge. Prior work shows that shifting attention to accuracy increases the quality of people's news-sharing decisions. However, researchers disagree on whether accuracy-prompt interventions work for U.S. Republicans/conservatives and whether partisanship moderates the effect. In this preregistered adversarial collaboration, we tested this question using a multiverse meta-analysis (k = 21; N = 27,828). In all 70 models, accuracy prompts improved sharing discernment among Republicans/conservatives. We observed significant partisan moderation for single-headline "evaluation" treatments (a critical test for one research team) such that the effect was stronger among Democrats than Republicans. However, this moderation was not consistently robust across different operationalizations of ideology/partisanship, exclusion criteria, or treatment type. Overall, we observed significant partisan moderation in 50% of specifications (all of which were considered critical for the other team). We discuss the conditions under which moderation is observed and offer interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Martel
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | | | - Cory J Clark
- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - David G Rand
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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4
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Van Bavel JJ, Rathje S, Vlasceanu M, Pretus C. Updating the identity-based model of belief: From false belief to the spread of misinformation. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 56:101787. [PMID: 38295623 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The spread of misinformation threatens democratic societies, hampering informed decision-making. Partisan identity biases perceptions of reality, promoting false beliefs. The Identity-based Model of Political Belief explains how social identity shapes information processing and contributes to misinformation. According to this model, social identity goals can override accuracy goals, leading to belief alignment with party members rather than facts. We propose an extended version of this model that incorporates the role of informational context in misinformation belief and sharing. Partisanship involves cognitive and motivational aspects that shape party members' beliefs and actions. This includes whether they seek further evidence, where they seek that evidence, and which sources they trust. Understanding the interplay between social identity and accuracy is crucial in addressing misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, USA; Norwegian School of Economics in Bergen, Norway.
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, USA
| | | | - Clara Pretus
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Vlasceanu M, Doell KC, Bak-Coleman JB, Todorova B, Berkebile-Weinberg MM, Grayson SJ, Patel Y, Goldwert D, Pei Y, Chakroff A, Pronizius E, van den Broek KL, Vlasceanu D, Constantino S, Morais MJ, Schumann P, Rathje S, Fang K, Aglioti SM, Alfano M, Alvarado-Yepez AJ, Andersen A, Anseel F, Apps MAJ, Asadli C, Awuor FJ, Azevedo F, Basaglia P, Bélanger JJ, Berger S, Bertin P, Białek M, Bialobrzeska O, Blaya-Burgo M, Bleize DNM, Bø S, Boecker L, Boggio PS, Borau S, Bos B, Bouguettaya A, Brauer M, Brick C, Brik T, Briker R, Brosch T, Buchel O, Buonauro D, Butalia R, Carvacho H, Chamberlain SAE, Chan HY, Chow D, Chung D, Cian L, Cohen-Eick N, Contreras-Huerta LS, Contu D, Cristea V, Cutler J, D'Ottone S, De Keersmaecker J, Delcourt S, Delouvée S, Diel K, Douglas BD, Drupp MA, Dubey S, Ekmanis J, Elbaek CT, Elsherif M, Engelhard IM, Escher YA, Etienne TW, Farage L, Farias AR, Feuerriegel S, Findor A, Freira L, Friese M, Gains NP, Gallyamova A, Geiger SJ, Genschow O, Gjoneska B, Gkinopoulos T, Goldberg B, Goldenberg A, Gradidge S, Grassini S, Gray K, Grelle S, Griffin SM, Grigoryan L, Grigoryan A, Grigoryev D, Gruber J, Guilaran J, Hadar B, Hahnel UJ, Halperin E, Harvey AJ, Haugestad CAP, Herman AM, Hershfield HE, Himichi T, Hine DW, Hofmann W, Howe L, Huaman-Chulluncuy ET, Huang G, Ishii T, Ito A, Jia F, Jost JT, Jovanović V, Jurgiel D, Kácha O, Kankaanpää R, Kantorowicz J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Kaplan Mintz K, Kaya I, Kaya O, Khachatryan N, Klas A, Klein C, Klöckner CA, Koppel L, Kosachenko AI, Kothe EJ, Krebs R, Krosch AR, Krouwel AP, Kyrychenko Y, Lagomarsino M, Lamm C, Lange F, Lee Cunningham J, Lees J, Leung TY, Levy N, Lockwood PL, Longoni C, López Ortega A, Loschelder DD, Lu JG, Luo Y, Luomba J, Lutz AE, Majer JM, Markowitz E, Marsh AA, Mascarenhas KL, Mbilingi B, Mbungu W, McHugh C, Meijers MH, Mercier H, Mhagama FL, Michalakis K, Mikus N, Milliron S, Mitkidis P, Monge-Rodríguez FS, Mora YL, Moreau D, Motoki K, Moyano M, Mus M, Navajas J, Nguyen TL, Nguyen DM, Nguyen T, Niemi L, Nijssen SRR, Nilsonne G, Nitschke JP, Nockur L, Okura R, Öner S, Özdoğru AA, Palumbo H, Panagopoulos C, Panasiti MS, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Pavlov YG, Payán-Gómez C, Pearson AR, Pereira da Costa L, Petrowsky HM, Pfattheicher S, Pham NT, Ponizovskiy V, Pretus C, Rêgo GG, Reimann R, Rhoads SA, Riano-Moreno J, Richter I, Röer JP, Rosa-Sullivan J, Ross RM, Sabherwal A, Saito T, Sarrasin O, Say N, Schmid K, Schmitt MT, Schoenegger P, Scholz C, Schug MG, Schulreich S, Shreedhar G, Shuman E, Sivan S, Sjåstad H, Soliman M, Soud K, Spampatti T, Sparkman G, Spasovski O, Stanley SK, Stern JA, Strahm N, Suko Y, Sul S, Syropoulos S, Taylor NC, Tedaldi E, Tinghög G, Huynh LDT, Travaglino GA, Tsakiris M, Tüter İ, Tyrala M, Uluğ ÖM, Urbanek A, Valko D, van der Linden S, van Schie K, van Stekelenburg A, Vanags E, Västfjäll D, Vesely S, Vintr J, Vranka M, Wanguche PO, Willer R, Wojcik AD, Xu R, Yadav A, Zawisza M, Zhao X, Zhao J, Żuk D, Van Bavel JJ. Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj5778. [PMID: 38324680 PMCID: PMC10849597 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly C. Doell
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Joseph B. Bak-Coleman
- Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security, Columbia University, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute for Rebooting Social Media, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Boryana Todorova
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | | | | | - Yash Patel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Danielle Goldwert
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Yifei Pei
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Ekaterina Pronizius
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Karlijn L. van den Broek
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CB, Netherlands
| | - Denisa Vlasceanu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sara Constantino
- School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Philipp Schumann
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome 179, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 185, Italy
| | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | | | - Angélica Andersen
- Post-Graduation Program in Linguistics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060150, Brasil
| | - Frederik Anseel
- UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew A. J. Apps
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chillar Asadli
- Psychology Scientific Research Institute, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Fonda Jane Awuor
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu 1881-40100, Kenya
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712TS, Netherlands
| | - Piero Basaglia
- Department of Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Jocelyn J. Bélanger
- Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sebastian Berger
- Department of Sociology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Paul Bertin
- LAPCOS, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice 6357, France
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-120, Poland
| | | | - Michelle Blaya-Burgo
- Department of Psychology, Division of Behavioral & Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, NH 91711, USA
| | | | - Simen Bø
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen 5045, Norway
| | - Lea Boecker
- Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology and Experimental Methods, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg 21335, Germany
| | - Paulo S. Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo 1241001, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Borau
- Toulouse Business School, Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse. Toulouse, 31000, France
| | - Björn Bos
- Department of Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Hamburg
| | - Ayoub Bouguettaya
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Markus Brauer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cameron Brick
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum 2418, Norway
| | - Tymofii Brik
- Policy Research Department, Kyiv School of Economics, Kyiv 2000, Ukraine
| | - Roman Briker
- Department of Organisation, Strategy, and Entrepreneurship, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6211 LK, Netherlands
| | - Tobias Brosch
- Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Ondrej Buchel
- Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 81364, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Buonauro
- Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Radhika Butalia
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Héctor Carvacho
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah A. E. Chamberlain
- School of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8051, New Zealand
| | - Hang-Yee Chan
- Department of Marketing, King’s Business School, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, UK
| | - Dawn Chow
- Department of Management and Marketing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dongil Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Luca Cian
- Department of Marketing, University of Virginia, Darden School of Business, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Noa Cohen-Eick
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen 9712 CP, Netherlands
| | - Luis Sebastian Contreras-Huerta
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Davide Contu
- Faculty of Management, Canadian University Dubai, Dubai 117781, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Jo Cutler
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Silvana D'Ottone
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jonas De Keersmaecker
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department of People Management and Organization, Esade Business School, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 8034, Spain
| | - Sarah Delcourt
- Behavioral Economics and Engineering Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Kathi Diel
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Douglas
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Moritz A. Drupp
- Department of Economics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Shreya Dubey
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018WV, Netherlands
| | - Jānis Ekmanis
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Mahmoud Elsherif
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Vision Science, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Iris M. Engelhard
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TC, Netherlands
| | - Yannik A. Escher
- Institute of Management & Organization, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg 21335, Germany
| | - Tom W. Etienne
- Kieskompas–Election Compass, Amsterdam 1052XH, Netherlands
- Department of Political Science & Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura Farage
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Salzburg
| | - Ana Rita Farias
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, Lisbon 1700, Portugal
| | - Stefan Feuerriegel
- School of Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Andrej Findor
- Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava 82105, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Freira
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Neil Philip Gains
- School of Global Studies, Thammasat University, Bangkok 12121, Thailand
| | - Albina Gallyamova
- Center for Sociocultural Research, HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Sandra J. Geiger
- Environmental Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1010, Austria
| | - Oliver Genschow
- Institute for Management and Organization, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg 21335, Germany
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Theofilos Gkinopoulos
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-060, Poland
| | | | - Amit Goldenberg
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 2163, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 2138, USA
- Digital Data and Design Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Allston, Boston, MA 2134, USA
| | - Sarah Gradidge
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Simone Grassini
- Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4021, Norway
| | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sonja Grelle
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Siobhán M. Griffin
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | | | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Dmitry Grigoryev
- Center for Sociocultural Research, HSE University, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Johnrev Guilaran
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao 5023, Philippines
| | - Britt Hadar
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Ulf J.J. Hahnel
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Annelie J. Harvey
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra M. Herman
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Hal E. Hershfield
- Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Himichi
- School of Economics & Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kami City 782-8502, Japan
| | - Donald W. Hine
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8051, New Zealand
| | - Wilhelm Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Lauren Howe
- Department of Business Administration, University of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | | | - Guanxiong Huang
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tatsunori Ishii
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo 1128681, Japan
| | - Ayahito Ito
- Graduate School of Education, Tohoku University, Sendai 9808576, Japan
| | - Fanli Jia
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 7079, USA
| | - John T. Jost
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Veljko Jovanović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Dominika Jurgiel
- Doctoral School of Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | | | - Reeta Kankaanpää
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere 33100, Finland
- INVEST Research Flagship, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague 2511DP, Netherlands
| | | | - Keren Kaplan Mintz
- Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Learning and Instructional Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Ilker Kaya
- Deparment of Economics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozgur Kaya
- Deparment of Economics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Anna Klas
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Colin Klein
- School of Philosophy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Christian A. Klöckner
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7049, Norway
| | - Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Alexandra I. Kosachenko
- Academic and Research Laboratory of Neurotechnology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Emily J. Kothe
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Ruth Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Amy R. Krosch
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Andre P.M. Krouwel
- Departments of Political Science and Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - Yara Kyrychenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EL, UK
| | - Maria Lagomarsino
- Psychology of Sustainability and Behavior Change, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Florian Lange
- Behavioral Economics and Engineering Group, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Julia Lee Cunningham
- Management & Organizations, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lees
- John E. Walker Department of Economics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 8544, USA
| | - Tak Yan Leung
- School of Business and Creative Industries, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, BNE 4556, Australia
| | - Neil Levy
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Patricia L. Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Department of Marketing, Bocconi University, Milan 20136, Italy
| | - Alberto López Ortega
- Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, Netherlands
| | - David D. Loschelder
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lueneburg 21337, Germany
| | - Jackson G. Lu
- MIT Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 2139, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joseph Luomba
- Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Annika E. Lutz
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Johann M. Majer
- Department of Social, Organizational, & Economic Psychology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim 31141, Germany
| | - Ezra Markowitz
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 1003, USA
| | - Abigail A. Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Karen Louise Mascarenhas
- Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Innovation (RCGI), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | | | - Winfred Mbungu
- Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering School of Engineering and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cillian McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Marijn H.C. Meijers
- Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001 NG, Netherlands
| | - Hugo Mercier
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | | | | | - Nace Mikus
- School of Culture and Society–Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Sarah Milliron
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | | | | | - Youri L. Mora
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1312, Belgium
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kosuke Motoki
- Department of Management, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Manuel Moyano
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain
| | - Mathilde Mus
- Département d’études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod ENS, EHESS, PSL University, CNRS, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Joaquin Navajas
- Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires C1428 CABA, Argentina
| | | | - Dung Minh Nguyen
- College of Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- College of Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Laura Niemi
- Department of Psychology and Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sari R. R. Nijssen
- Environmental Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11419, Sweden
| | - Jonas P. Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Laila Nockur
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Ritah Okura
- National Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Sezin Öner
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, İstanbul 34083, Turkey
| | - Asil Ali Özdoğru
- Department of Psychology, Marmara University, İstanbul 34722, Turkey
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul 34662, Turkey
| | - Helena Palumbo
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 8005, Spain
| | - Costas Panagopoulos
- Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 2115, USA
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 185, Italy
- IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 142, Italy
| | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Yuri G. Pavlov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Adam R. Pearson
- Psychological Science, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | | | - Hannes M. Petrowsky
- Institute of Management and Organization, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg 21337, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfattheicher
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Nhat Tan Pham
- School of Business, International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Clara Pretus
- Department of Psychobioloogy and Methodology of Heath Sciences, Universitat Autònima de Barcelona, Barcelona 8193, Spain
| | - Gabriel G. Rêgo
- Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo 01221-040, Brazil
| | - Ritsaart Reimann
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shawn A. Rhoads
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057, USA
- Center for Computational Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julian Riano-Moreno
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Isabell Richter
- Department of Psychology, Faculty for Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Jan Philipp Röer
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten 58455, Germany
| | - Jahred Rosa-Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert M. Ross
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Anandita Sabherwal
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Toshiki Saito
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 1020083, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1658555, Japan
| | - Oriane Sarrasin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Say
- Department of Management, Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague 13067, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Schmid
- Department of People Management and Organization, Universitat Ramon Llull, Esade Business School, Barcelona 8034, Spain
| | - Michael T. Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Philipp Schoenegger
- School of Economics & Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
- School of Philosophical, Anthropological and Film Studies, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Christin Scholz
- Department of Communication, Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018WV, Netherlands
| | - Mariah G. Schug
- Department of Psychology, Widener University, Chester 19013, USA
| | - Stefan Schulreich
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ganga Shreedhar
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Eric Shuman
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 2163, USA
| | - Smadar Sivan
- Department of Social Psychology, Reichman University (RUNI), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen 5045, Norway
| | - Meikel Soliman
- Research Center for Digital Transformation, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg 21335, Germany
| | - Katia Soud
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Tobia Spampatti
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Gregg Sparkman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 2467, USA
| | - Ognen Spasovski
- Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava 917 01, Slovakia
| | - Samantha K. Stanley
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 200, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Stern
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Noel Strahm
- Department of Sociology, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yasushi Suko
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Sunhae Sul
- Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Stylianos Syropoulos
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Brighton, MA 2135, USA
| | - Neil C. Taylor
- UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Elisa Tedaldi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Luu Duc Toan Huynh
- School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Giovanni Antonio Travaglino
- Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society | Department of Law & Criminology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW200EX, UK
| | | | - İlayda Tüter
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, Istanbul 34664, Turkey
| | - Michael Tyrala
- Department of Public and International Affairs, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | | | - Arkadiusz Urbanek
- Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw 50-120, Poland
| | - Danila Valko
- Research Department, The South Ural University of Technology, Chelyabinsk 454052, Russia
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Space Studies, School for Environmental and Social Studies, Tyumen State University, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | | | - Kevin van Schie
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, Netherlands
| | | | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga 1083, Latvia
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Division of Psychology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Stepan Vesely
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7049, Norway
| | | | - Marek Vranka
- Department of Marketing Communication and Public Relations, Charles University, Prague 11000, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrian Dominik Wojcik
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Rachel Xu
- Jigsaw, Google, New York, NY 10011, USA
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Climate and Energy Policy Research Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Magdalena Zawisza
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Xian Zhao
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dawid Żuk
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 00-183, Poland
| | - Jay J. Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen 5045, Norway
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Van Bavel JJ, Robertson CE, Del Rosario K, Rasmussen J, Rathje S. Social Media and Morality. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:311-340. [PMID: 37906950 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-022123-110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Nearly five billion people around the world now use social media, and this number continues to grow. One of the primary goals of social media platforms is to capture and monetize human attention. One means by which individuals and groups can capture attention and drive engagement on these platforms is by sharing morally and emotionally evocative content. We review a growing body of research on the interrelationship of social media and morality as well its consequences for individuals and society. Moral content often goes viral on social media, and social media makes moral behavior (such as punishment) less costly. Thus, social media often acts as an accelerant for existing moral dynamics, amplifying outrage, status seeking, and intergroup conflict while also potentially amplifying more constructive facets of morality, such as social support, prosociality, and collective action. We discuss trends, heated debates, and future directions in this emerging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; , , ,
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Jesper Rasmussen
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; , , ,
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Van Bavel JJ, Pretus C, Rathje S, Pärnamets P, Vlasceanu M, Knowles ED. The Costs of Polarizing a Pandemic: Antecedents, Consequences, and Lessons. Perspect Psychol Sci 2023:17456916231190395. [PMID: 37811599 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Polarization has been rising in the United States of America for the past few decades and now poses a significant-and growing-public-health risk. One of the signature features of the American response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been the degree to which perceptions of risk and willingness to follow public-health recommendations have been politically polarized. Although COVID-19 has proven more lethal than any war or public-health crisis in American history, the deadly consequences of the pandemic were exacerbated by polarization. We review research detailing how every phase of the COVID-19 pandemic has been polarized, including judgments of risk, spatial distancing, mask wearing, and vaccination. We describe the role of political ideology, partisan identity, leadership, misinformation, and mass communication in this public-health crisis. We then assess the overall impact of polarization on infections, illness, and mortality during the pandemic; offer a psychological analysis of key policy questions; and identify a set of future research questions for scholars and policy experts. Our analysis suggests that the catastrophic death toll in the United States was largely preventable and due, in large part, to the polarization of the pandemic. Finally, we discuss implications for public policy to help avoid the same deadly mistakes in future public-health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics
| | - Clara Pretus
- Neuroscience Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Rathje S, Robertson C, Brady WJ, Van Bavel JJ. People Think That Social Media Platforms Do (but Should Not) Amplify Divisive Content. Perspect Psychol Sci 2023:17456916231190392. [PMID: 37751603 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231190392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented the type of content that is most likely to spread widely, or go "viral," on social media, yet little is known about people's perceptions of what goes viral or what should go viral. This is critical to understand because there is widespread debate about how to improve or regulate social media algorithms. We recruited a sample of participants that is nationally representative of the U.S. population (according to age, gender, and race/ethnicity) and surveyed them about their perceptions of social media virality (n = 511). In line with prior research, people believe that divisive content, moral outrage, negative content, high-arousal content, and misinformation are all likely to go viral online. However, they reported that this type of content should not go viral on social media. Instead, people reported that many forms of positive content-such as accurate content, nuanced content, and educational content-are not likely to go viral even though they think this content should go viral. These perceptions were shared among most participants and were only weakly related to political orientation, social media usage, and demographic variables. In sum, there is broad consensus around the type of content people think social media platforms should and should not amplify, which can help inform solutions for improving social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Claire Robertson
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | | | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University
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Koppel L, Robertson CE, Doell KC, Javeed AM, Rasmussen J, Rathje S, Vlasceanu M, Van Bavel JJ. Individual-level solutions may support system-level change â if they are internalized as part of one's social identity. Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e165. [PMID: 37646255 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x2300105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
System-level change is crucial for solving society's most pressing problems. However, individual-level interventions may be useful for creating behavioral change before system-level change is in place and for increasing necessary public support for system-level solutions. Participating in individual-level solutions may increase support for system-level solutions - especially if the individual-level solutions are internalized as part of one's social identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Division of Economics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
| | - Claire E Robertson
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
| | - Kimberly C Doell
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; http://www.kimdoell.com
| | - Ali M Javeed
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
| | - Jesper Rasmussen
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; https://jesper-rasmussen.github.io/
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
| | - Madalina Vlasceanu
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.alijaveed.com ; https://stevenrathje.com/ ; https://www.mvlasceanu.com/
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA ; www.jayvanbavel.com
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
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Azevedo F, Pavlović T, Rêgo GG, Ay FC, Gjoneska B, Etienne TW, Ross RM, Schönegger P, Riaño-Moreno JC, Cichocka A, Capraro V, Cian L, Longoni C, Chan HF, Van Bavel JJ, Sjåstad H, Nezlek JB, Alfano M, Gelfand MJ, Birtel MD, Cislak A, Lockwood PL, Abts K, Agadullina E, Aruta JJB, Besharati SN, Bor A, Choma BL, Crabtree CD, Cunningham WA, De K, Ejaz W, Elbaek CT, Findor A, Flichtentrei D, Franc R, Gruber J, Gualda E, Horiuchi Y, Huynh TLD, Ibanez A, Imran MA, Israelashvili J, Jasko K, Kantorowicz J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Krouwel A, Laakasuo M, Lamm C, Leygue C, Lin MJ, Mansoor MS, Marie A, Mayiwar L, Mazepus H, McHugh C, Minda JP, Mitkidis P, Olsson A, Otterbring T, Packer DJ, Perry A, Petersen MB, Puthillam A, Rothmund T, Santamaría-García H, Schmid PC, Stoyanov D, Tewari S, Todosijević B, Tsakiris M, Tung HH, Umbres RG, Vanags E, Vlasceanu M, Vonasch A, Yucel M, Zhang Y, Abad M, Adler E, Akrawi N, Mdarhri HA, Amara H, Amodio DM, Antazo BG, Apps M, Ba MH, Barbosa S, Bastian B, Berg A, Bernal-Zárate MP, Bernstein M, Białek M, Bilancini E, Bogatyreva N, Boncinelli L, Booth JE, Borau S, Buchel O, Cameron CD, Carvalho CF, Celadin T, Cerami C, Chalise HN, Cheng X, Cockcroft K, Conway J, Córdoba-Delgado MA, Crespi C, Crouzevialle M, Cutler J, Cypryańska M, Dabrowska J, Daniels MA, Davis VH, Dayley PN, Delouvée S, Denkovski O, Dezecache G, Dhaliwal NA, Diato AB, Di Paolo R, Drosinou M, Dulleck U, Ekmanis J, Ertan AS, Farhana HH, Farkhari F, Farmer H, Fenwick A, Fidanovski K, Flew T, Fraser S, Frempong RB, Fugelsang JA, Gale J, Garcia-Navarro EB, Garladinne P, Ghajjou O, Gkinopoulos T, Gray K, Griffin SM, Gronfeldt B, Gümren M, Gurung RL, Halperin E, Harris E, Herzon V, Hruška M, Huang G, Hudecek MFC, Isler O, Jangard S, Jorgensen FJ, Kachanoff F, Kahn J, Dangol AK, Keudel O, Koppel L, Koverola M, Kubin E, Kunnari A, Kutiyski Y, Laguna OM, Leota J, Lermer E, Levy J, Levy N, Li C, Long EU, Maglić M, McCashin D, Metcalf AL, Mikloušić I, El Mimouni S, Miura A, Molina-Paredes J, Monroy-Fonseca C, Morales-Marente E, Moreau D, Muda R, Myer A, Nash K, Nesh-Nash T, Nitschke JP, Nurse MS, Ohtsubo Y, de Mello VO, O'Madagain C, Onderco M, Palacios-Galvez MS, Palomöki J, Pan Y, Papp Z, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Pavlović Z, Payán-Gómez C, Perander S, Pitman MM, Prasad R, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Rathje S, Raza A, Rhee K, Robertson CE, Rodríguez-Pascual I, Saikkonen T, Salvador-Ginez O, Santi GC, Santiago-Tovar N, Savage D, Scheffer JA, Schultner DT, Schutte EM, Scott A, Sharma M, Sharma P, Skali A, Stadelmann D, Stafford CA, Stanojević D, Stefaniak A, Sternisko A, Stoica A, Stoyanova KK, Strickland B, Sundvall J, Thomas JP, Tinghög G, Torgler B, Traast IJ, Tucciarelli R, Tyrala M, Ungson ND, Uysal MS, Van Lange PAM, van Prooijen JW, van Rooy D, Västfjäll D, Verkoeijen P, Vieira JB, von Sikorski C, Walker AC, Watermeyer J, Wetter E, Whillans A, White K, Habib R, Willardt R, Wohl MJA, Wójcik AD, Wu K, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yogeeswaran K, Ziemer CT, Zwaan RA, Boggio PS, Sampaio WM. Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries. Sci Data 2023; 10:272. [PMID: 37169799 PMCID: PMC10173241 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Azevedo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Gabriel G Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Ceren Ay
- Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
- Telenor Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Tom W Etienne
- Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Political Science & Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Ross
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philipp Schönegger
- Department of Philosophy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
- School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Julián C Riaño-Moreno
- Medicine Faculty, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
- Department of Bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, England
| | - Luca Cian
- Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ho Fai Chan
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - John B Nezlek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele J Gelfand
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michèle D Birtel
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | | | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | - Elena Agadullina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander Bor
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Koustav De
- Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Waqas Ejaz
- Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Renata Franc
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - June Gruber
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Estrella Gualda
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Yusaku Horiuchi
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), California, US; & Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mostak Ahamed Imran
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jacob Israelashvili
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katarzyna Jasko
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - André Krouwel
- Department of Political Science, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Laakasuo
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Leygue
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ming-Jen Lin
- Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Antoine Marie
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Honorata Mazepus
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cillian McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Paul Minda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anat Perry
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Tobias Rothmund
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | | | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, England
- Center for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Hans H Tung
- Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Radu G Umbres
- Faculty of Political Science, National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Andrew Vonasch
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Meltem Yucel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mohcine Abad
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Eli Adler
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Narin Akrawi
- Institute for Research and Development-Kurdistan, Middle East, Iraq
| | - Hamza Alaoui Mdarhri
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Hanane Amara
- Impact For Development, North Africa, Rabat, Morocco
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benedict G Antazo
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Matthew Apps
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | - Sergio Barbosa
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Moral Psychology and Decision Sciences Research Incubator, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Berg
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Michael Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Bogatyreva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo Boncinelli
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan E Booth
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Sylvie Borau
- Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ondrej Buchel
- Social Policy Institute of the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
- The Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - C Daryl Cameron
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Celadin
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jane Conway
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chiara Crespi
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie Crouzevialle
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jo Cutler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | | | - Michael A Daniels
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria H Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamala N Dayley
- Psychology Department, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain Delouvée
- Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior, and Communication (LP3C), Rennes 2 University, Rennes, France
| | - Ognjan Denkovski
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Dezecache
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathan A Dhaliwal
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alelie B Diato
- Cavite State University-General Trias City Campus, Cavite, Philippines
| | | | - Marianna Drosinou
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- CESifo, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jānis Ekmanis
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arhan S Ertan
- Department of International Trade, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hapsa Hossain Farhana
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Farkhari
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Harry Farmer
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | - Ali Fenwick
- Hult International Business School Dubai, Dubai, UAE
| | - Kristijan Fidanovski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Terry Flew
- Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shona Fraser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jessica Gale
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - E Begoña Garcia-Navarro
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Prasad Garladinne
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | - Oussama Ghajjou
- Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England
| | | | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Mert Gümren
- Department of Economics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Volo Herzon
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Hruška
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Guanxiong Huang
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ozan Isler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Jangard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Kachanoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Kahn
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Oleksandra Keudel
- Graduate School for Transnational Studies, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Koverola
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Kubin
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Anton Kunnari
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Josh Leota
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Eva Lermer
- LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Augsburg University for Applied Sciences, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Levy
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Elizabeth U Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marina Maglić
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - Asako Miura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | - Elena Morales-Marente
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Annalisa Myer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, The City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew S Nurse
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Cathal O'Madagain
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Michal Onderco
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Soledad Palacios-Galvez
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jussi Palomöki
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zsófia Papp
- Center for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Complutense University in Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Silva Perander
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Mark Pitman
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Claire E Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Pascual
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | | | - Gaia C Santi
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - David Savage
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian A Scheffer
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David T Schultner
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enid M Schutte
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andy Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Ahmed Skali
- Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Clara Alexandra Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anna Stefaniak
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Augustin Stoica
- National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kristina K Stoyanova
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv), Division of Translational Neuroscience, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Brent Strickland
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Department of Cognitive Science, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jukka Sundvall
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P Thomas
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris J Traast
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Tucciarelli
- The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England
| | - Michael Tyrala
- Institute for Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nick D Ungson
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Mete S Uysal
- Psychology Department, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk van Rooy
- Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Verkoeijen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joana B Vieira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jennifer Watermeyer
- Health Communication Research Unit, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erik Wetter
- Department of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Technology, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashley Whillans
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine White
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rishad Habib
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin Willardt
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kaidi Wu
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Onurcan Yilmaz
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Rolf A Zwaan
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldir M Sampaio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Rathje S, Roozenbeek J, Van Bavel JJ, van der Linden S. Accuracy and social motivations shape judgements of (mis)information. Nat Hum Behav 2023:10.1038/s41562-023-01540-w. [PMID: 36879042 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which belief in (mis)information reflects lack of knowledge versus a lack of motivation to be accurate is unclear. Here, across four experiments (n = 3,364), we motivated US participants to be accurate by providing financial incentives for correct responses about the veracity of true and false political news headlines. Financial incentives improved accuracy and reduced partisan bias in judgements of headlines by about 30%, primarily by increasing the perceived accuracy of true news from the opposing party (d = 0.47). Incentivizing people to identify news that would be liked by their political allies, however, decreased accuracy. Replicating prior work, conservatives were less accurate at discerning true from false headlines than liberals, yet incentives closed the gap in accuracy between conservatives and liberals by 52%. A non-financial accuracy motivation intervention was also effective, suggesting that motivation-based interventions are scalable. Altogether, these results suggest that a substantial portion of people's judgements of the accuracy of news reflects motivational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jon Roozenbeek
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Rathje S, He JK, Roozenbeek J, Van Bavel JJ, van der Linden S. Social media behavior is associated with vaccine hesitancy. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac207. [PMID: 36714849 PMCID: PMC9802475 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how vaccine hesitancy relates to online behavior is crucial for addressing current and future disease outbreaks. We combined survey data measuring attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine with Twitter data in two studies (N 1 = 464 Twitter users, N 2 = 1,600 Twitter users) with preregistered hypotheses to examine how real-world social media behavior is associated with vaccine hesitancy in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). In Study 1, we found that following the accounts of US Republican politicians or hyper-partisan/low-quality news sites were associated with lower confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine-even when controlling for key demographics such as self-reported political ideology and education. US right-wing influencers (e.g. Candace Owens, Tucker Carlson) had followers with the lowest confidence in the vaccine. Network analysis revealed that participants who were low and high in vaccine confidence separated into two distinct communities (or "echo chambers"), and centrality in the more right-wing community was associated with vaccine hesitancy in the US, but not in the UK. In Study 2, we found that one's likelihood of not getting the vaccine was associated with retweeting and favoriting low-quality news websites on Twitter. Altogether, we show that vaccine hesitancy is associated with following, sharing, and interacting with low-quality information online, as well as centrality within a conservative-leaning online community in the US. These results illustrate the potential challenges of encouraging vaccine uptake in a polarized social media environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003,USA
| | - James K He
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ,
UK
| | - Jon Roozenbeek
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ,
UK
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003,USA
| | - Sander van der Linden
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003,USA
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13
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Roozenbeek J, van der Linden S, Goldberg B, Rathje S, Lewandowsky S. Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo6254. [PMID: 36001675 PMCID: PMC9401631 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Online misinformation continues to have adverse consequences for society. Inoculation theory has been put forward as a way to reduce susceptibility to misinformation by informing people about how they might be misinformed, but its scalability has been elusive both at a theoretical level and a practical level. We developed five short videos that inoculate people against manipulation techniques commonly used in misinformation: emotionally manipulative language, incoherence, false dichotomies, scapegoating, and ad hominem attacks. In seven preregistered studies, i.e., six randomized controlled studies (n = 6464) and an ecologically valid field study on YouTube (n = 22,632), we find that these videos improve manipulation technique recognition, boost confidence in spotting these techniques, increase people's ability to discern trustworthy from untrustworthy content, and improve the quality of their sharing decisions. These effects are robust across the political spectrum and a wide variety of covariates. We show that psychological inoculation campaigns on social media are effective at improving misinformation resilience at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Roozenbeek
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | | | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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14
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Pavlović T, Azevedo F, De K, Riaño-Moreno JC, Maglić M, Gkinopoulos T, Donnelly-Kehoe PA, Payán-Gómez C, Huang G, Kantorowicz J, Birtel MD, Schönegger P, Capraro V, Santamaría-García H, Yucel M, Ibanez A, Rathje S, Wetter E, Stanojević D, van Prooijen JW, Hesse E, Elbaek CT, Franc R, Pavlović Z, Mitkidis P, Cichocka A, Gelfand M, Alfano M, Ross RM, Sjåstad H, Nezlek JB, Cislak A, Lockwood P, Abts K, Agadullina E, Amodio DM, Apps MAJ, Aruta JJB, Besharati S, Bor A, Choma B, Cunningham W, Ejaz W, Farmer H, Findor A, Gjoneska B, Gualda E, Huynh TLD, Imran MA, Israelashvili J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Krouwel A, Kutiyski Y, Laakasuo M, Lamm C, Levy J, Leygue C, Lin MJ, Mansoor MS, Marie A, Mayiwar L, Mazepus H, McHugh C, Olsson A, Otterbring T, Packer D, Palomäki J, Perry A, Petersen MB, Puthillam A, Rothmund T, Schmid PC, Stadelmann D, Stoica A, Stoyanov D, Stoyanova K, Tewari S, Todosijević B, Torgler B, Tsakiris M, Tung HH, Umbreș RG, Vanags E, Vlasceanu M, Vonasch AJ, Zhang Y, Abad M, Adler E, Mdarhri HA, Antazo B, Ay FC, Ba MEH, Barbosa S, Bastian B, Berg A, Białek M, Bilancini E, Bogatyreva N, Boncinelli L, Booth JE, Borau S, Buchel O, de Carvalho CF, Celadin T, Cerami C, Chalise HN, Cheng X, Cian L, Cockcroft K, Conway J, Córdoba-Delgado MA, Crespi C, Crouzevialle M, Cutler J, Cypryańska M, Dabrowska J, Davis VH, Minda JP, Dayley PN, Delouvée S, Denkovski O, Dezecache G, Dhaliwal NA, Diato A, Di Paolo R, Dulleck U, Ekmanis J, Etienne TW, Farhana HH, Farkhari F, Fidanovski K, Flew T, Fraser S, Frempong RB, Fugelsang J, Gale J, García-Navarro EB, Garladinne P, Gray K, Griffin SM, Gronfeldt B, Gruber J, Halperin E, Herzon V, Hruška M, Hudecek MFC, Isler O, Jangard S, Jørgensen F, Keudel O, Koppel L, Koverola M, Kunnari A, Leota J, Lermer E, Li C, Longoni C, McCashin D, Mikloušić I, Molina-Paredes J, Monroy-Fonseca C, Morales-Marente E, Moreau D, Muda R, Myer A, Nash K, Nitschke JP, Nurse MS, de Mello VO, Palacios-Galvez MS, Pan Y, Papp Z, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Perander S, Pitman M, Raza A, Rêgo GG, Robertson C, Rodríguez-Pascual I, Saikkonen T, Salvador-Ginez O, Sampaio WM, Santi GC, Schultner D, Schutte E, Scott A, Skali A, Stefaniak A, Sternisko A, Strickland B, Thomas JP, Tinghög G, Traast IJ, Tucciarelli R, Tyrala M, Ungson ND, Uysal MS, Van Rooy D, Västfjäll D, Vieira JB, von Sikorski C, Walker AC, Watermeyer J, Willardt R, Wohl MJA, Wójcik AD, Wu K, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yogeeswaran K, Ziemer CT, Zwaan RA, Boggio PS, Whillans A, Van Lange PAM, Prasad R, Onderco M, O'Madagain C, Nesh-Nash T, Laguna OM, Kubin E, Gümren M, Fenwick A, Ertan AS, Bernstein MJ, Amara H, Van Bavel JJ. Predicting attitudinal and behavioral responses to COVID-19 pandemic using machine learning. PNAS Nexus 2022; 1:pgac093. [PMID: 35990802 PMCID: PMC9381137 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multinational data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution-individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar results were found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, and collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-neglible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Koustav De
- Department of Finance and Quantitative Methods, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julián C Riaño-Moreno
- Faculty of Medicine, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia and Department of bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Marina Maglić
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Theofilos Gkinopoulos
- Department of Philosophy and Social Studies, University of Crete, Rethymnon, Crete, Greece
| | | | - César Payán-Gómez
- Direccion Academica Sede la Paz,Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede de La Paz, Cesar, Colombia
| | - Guanxiong Huang
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
- Department of Economics, Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - Philipp Schönegger
- Department of Philosophy, School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | | | - Meltem Yucel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Peñalolén, Chile
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), University of San Andrés and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Wetter
- Department of Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragan Stanojević
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jan-Willem van Prooijen
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Hesse
- Departamento de Matemática y Ciencias, Universidad de San Andres, Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Renata Franc
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Michele Gelfand
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert M Ross
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - John B Nezlek
- Institute of Psychology, Center for Climate Action and Social Transformations, SWPS, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cislak
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patricia Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koen Abts
- Centre for Sociological Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Agadullina
- Faculty of Psychology, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russia
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthew A J Apps
- Centre for Human Brain Health,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Sahba Besharati
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Alexander Bor
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Becky Choma
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Cunningham
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waqas Ejaz
- Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan
| | - Harry Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Andrej Findor
- Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Estrella Gualda
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Toan L D Huynh
- Department of Decision Analytics and Risk, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mostak Ahamed Imran
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, BRAC Institute of Educational and Development, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - André Krouwel
- Department of Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Laakasuo
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Caroline Leygue
- School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ming-Jen Lin
- Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Antoine Marie
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Honorata Mazepus
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Cillian McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Dominic Packer
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Jussi Palomäki
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anat Perry
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Arathy Puthillam
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tobias Rothmund
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Stadelmann
- Chair of Development Economics,University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Augustin Stoica
- Department of Sociology, National School for Political and Administrative Studies (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Kristina Stoyanova
- Division of Translational Neuroscience, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance and Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
- Centre for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hans H Tung
- Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Radu Gabriel Umbreș
- Faculty of Political Science, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Psychology Department, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Andrew J Vonasch
- School of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mohcine Abad
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Eli Adler
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hamza Alaoui Mdarhri
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Benedict Antazo
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - F Ceren Ay
- Department of Economics, Telenor Research, Fornebu, Norway
| | | | - Sergio Barbosa
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Berg
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michał Białek
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Bogatyreva
- Laboratory for Psychology of Social Inequality, Higher School of Economics University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo Boncinelli
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan E Booth
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Sylvie Borau
- Department of Marketing, TBS Education, Toulouse, France
| | - Ondrej Buchel
- The Institute for Sociology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Social Policy Institute, Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Tatiana Celadin
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University School for Advanced Studies, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hom Nath Chalise
- Central Department of Population Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luca Cian
- Department of Marketing, Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jane Conway
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse Cedex 6, France
| | | | | | - Marie Crouzevialle
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jo Cutler
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marzena Cypryańska
- Institute of Psychology, Center for Climate Action and Social Transformations, SWPS, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Dabrowska
- Department of Trade and Market Institutions, Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Victoria H Davis
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Paul Minda
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamala N Dayley
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ognjan Denkovski
- Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nathan A Dhaliwal
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alelie Diato
- Teacher Education Department, Cavite State University, General Trias, Cavite, Philippines
| | | | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jānis Ekmanis
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tom W Etienne
- Kieskompas (Election Compass), Amsterdam, Netherlands and Department of Political Science & Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Hapsa Hossain Farhana
- National Institute for the Intellectually Disabled and Autistic (NIIDA), Society for the Welfare of the Intellectually Disabled (SWID Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Farkhari
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Communication and Media Use, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Terry Flew
- Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shona Fraser
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Jonathan Fugelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Gale
- School of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Prasad Garladinne
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - June Gruber
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Volo Herzon
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Hruška
- Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matthias F C Hudecek
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ozan Isler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Jangard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Koverola
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eva Lermer
- Department of Business and Media Psychology, Ansbach University of Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany
- Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Department of Marketing, Boston University, Questrom School of Business, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Morales-Marente
- COIDESO-Research Center of Contemporary Thinking and Innovation for Social Development, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Annalisa Myer
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Matthew S Nurse
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science,Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | | | - Maria Soledad Palacios-Galvez
- COIDESO-Research Center of Contemporary Thinking and Innovation for Social Development, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zsófia Papp
- Department for Political Behavior, Centre for Social Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariola Paruzel-Czachura
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Facultad de Psicología,Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silva Perander
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Pitman
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel Gaudencio Rêgo
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde,Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paul, Brazil
| | - Claire Robertson
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Pascual
- COIDESO-Research Center of Contemporary Thinking and Innovation for Social Development, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Teemu Saikkonen
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Octavio Salvador-Ginez
- School of Psychology, Environmental Psychology Department, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Waldir M Sampaio
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde,Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paul, Brazil
| | - Gaia Chiara Santi
- Department of Humanities and Life Sciences, University School for Advanced Studies, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Schultner
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enid Schutte
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Andy Scott
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Skali
- Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Stefaniak
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent Strickland
- PLS, ENS-Ulm, Department d’Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France
- Africa Business School and The School of Collective Intelligence, UM6P, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jeffrey P Thomas
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | - Iris J Traast
- Social Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Tyrala
- Department of Asian and International Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Nick D Ungson
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Mete Sefa Uysal
- Department of Social Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Van Rooy
- Department of Design, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joana B Vieira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Alexander C Walker
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jennifer Watermeyer
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robin Willardt
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kaidi Wu
- Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Onurcan Yilmaz
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- School of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carolin-Theresa Ziemer
- Department of Communication and Media Use, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf A Zwaan
- Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paulo Sergio Boggio
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde,Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paul, Brazil
| | - Ashley Whillans
- Faculty of Negotiations, Organizations and Markets, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rajib Prasad
- Department of Economics, Vidyasagar College For Women, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Michal Onderco
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cathal O'Madagain
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | | | | | - Emily Kubin
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mert Gümren
- Department of Economics, Koc University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Fenwick
- Hult International Business School, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arhan S Ertan
- Department of International Trade, Bogazici University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael J Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State University Abington College, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Hanane Amara
- Department of Economics, Koc University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jay Joseph Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| |
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15
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Van Bavel JJ, Cichocka A, Capraro V, Sjåstad H, Nezlek JB, Pavlović T, Alfano M, Gelfand MJ, Azevedo F, Birtel MD, Cislak A, Lockwood PL, Ross RM, Abts K, Agadullina E, Aruta JJB, Besharati SN, Bor A, Choma BL, Crabtree CD, Cunningham WA, De K, Ejaz W, Elbaek CT, Findor A, Flichtentrei D, Franc R, Gjoneska B, Gruber J, Gualda E, Horiuchi Y, Huynh TLD, Ibanez A, Imran MA, Israelashvili J, Jasko K, Kantorowicz J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Krouwel A, Laakasuo M, Lamm C, Leygue C, Lin MJ, Mansoor MS, Marie A, Mayiwar L, Mazepus H, McHugh C, Minda JP, Mitkidis P, Olsson A, Otterbring T, Packer DJ, Perry A, Petersen MB, Puthillam A, Riaño-Moreno JC, Rothmund T, Santamaría-García H, Schmid PC, Stoyanov D, Tewari S, Todosijević B, Tsakiris M, Tung HH, Umbreș RG, Vanags E, Vlasceanu M, Vonasch A, Yucel M, Zhang Y, Abad M, Adler E, Akrawi N, Mdarhri HA, Amara H, Amodio DM, Antazo BG, Apps M, Ay FC, Ba MH, Barbosa S, Bastian B, Berg A, Bernal-Zárate MP, Bernstein M, Białek M, Bilancini E, Bogatyreva N, Boncinelli L, Booth JE, Borau S, Buchel O, Cameron CD, Carvalho CF, Celadin T, Cerami C, Chalise HN, Cheng X, Cian L, Cockcroft K, Conway J, Córdoba-Delgado MA, Crespi C, Crouzevialle M, Cutler J, Cypryańska M, Dabrowska J, Daniels MA, Davis VH, Dayley PN, Delouvee S, Denkovski O, Dezecache G, Dhaliwal NA, Diato AB, Di Paolo R, Drosinou M, Dulleck U, Ekmanis J, Ertan AS, Etienne TW, Farhana HH, Farkhari F, Farmer H, Fenwick A, Fidanovski K, Flew T, Fraser S, Frempong RB, Fugelsang JA, Gale J, Garcia-Navarro EB, Garladinne P, Ghajjou O, Gkinopoulos T, Gray K, Griffin SM, Gronfeldt B, Gümren M, Gurung RL, Halperin E, Harris E, Herzon V, Hruška M, Huang G, Hudecek MFC, Isler O, Jangard S, Jørgensen FJ, Kachanoff F, Kahn J, Dangol AK, Keudel O, Koppel L, Koverola M, Kubin E, Kunnari A, Kutiyski Y, Laguna O, Leota J, Lermer E, Levy J, Levy N, Li C, Long EU, Longoni C, Maglić M, McCashin D, Metcalf AL, Mikloušić I, El Mimouni S, Miura A, Molina-Paredes J, Monroy-Fonseca C, Morales-Marente E, Moreau D, Muda R, Myer A, Nash K, Nesh-Nash T, Nitschke JP, Nurse MS, Ohtsubo Y, Oldemburgo de Mello V, O'Madagain C, Onderco M, Palacios-Galvez MS, Palomäki J, Pan Y, Papp Z, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Pavlović Z, Payán-Gómez C, Perander S, Pitman MM, Prasad R, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Rathje S, Raza A, Rêgo GG, Rhee K, Robertson CE, Rodríguez-Pascual I, Saikkonen T, Salvador-Ginez O, Sampaio WM, Santi GC, Santiago-Tovar N, Savage D, Scheffer JA, Schönegger P, Schultner DT, Schutte EM, Scott A, Sharma M, Sharma P, Skali A, Stadelmann D, Stafford CA, Stanojević D, Stefaniak A, Sternisko A, Stoica A, Stoyanova KK, Strickland B, Sundvall J, Thomas JP, Tinghög G, Torgler B, Traast IJ, Tucciarelli R, Tyrala M, Ungson ND, Uysal MS, Van Lange PAM, van Prooijen JW, van Rooy D, Västfjäll D, Verkoeijen P, Vieira JB, von Sikorski C, Walker AC, Watermeyer J, Wetter E, Whillans A, Willardt R, Wohl MJA, Wójcik AD, Wu K, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yogeeswaran K, Ziemer CT, Zwaan RA, Boggio PS. Author Correction: National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1949. [PMID: 35388016 PMCID: PMC8986871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, England
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - John B Nezlek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele J Gelfand
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michèle D Birtel
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | | | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.,Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | | | - Elena Agadullina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander Bor
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Koustav De
- Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Waqas Ejaz
- Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Renata Franc
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - June Gruber
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Estrella Gualda
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.,Faculty of Social Work, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Yusaku Horiuchi
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mostak Ahamed Imran
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jacob Israelashvili
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katarzyna Jasko
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - André Krouwel
- Department of Political Science, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Laakasuo
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Leygue
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ming-Jen Lin
- Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Antoine Marie
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Honorata Mazepus
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cillian McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Paul Minda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anat Perry
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Julián C Riaño-Moreno
- Medicine Faculty, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia.,Department of Bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tobias Rothmund
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | | | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, England.,Center for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.,Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Hans H Tung
- Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Radu G Umbreș
- Faculty of Political Science, National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Andrew Vonasch
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Meltem Yucel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mohcine Abad
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Eli Adler
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Narin Akrawi
- Institute for Research and Development-Kurdistan, Middle East, Iraq
| | - Hamza Alaoui Mdarhri
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | | | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benedict G Antazo
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Matthew Apps
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - F Ceren Ay
- Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway.,Telenor Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sergio Barbosa
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Moral Psychology and Decision Sciences Research Incubator, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Berg
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Michael Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Bogatyreva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo Boncinelli
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan E Booth
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Sylvie Borau
- Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ondrej Buchel
- Social Policy Institute of the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Sociology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - C Daryl Cameron
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Celadin
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Luca Cian
- Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jane Conway
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chiara Crespi
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie Crouzevialle
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jo Cutler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.,Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | | | - Michael A Daniels
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria H Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamala N Dayley
- Psychology Department, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain Delouvee
- Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior, and Communication (LP3C), Rennes 2 University, Rennes, France
| | - Ognjan Denkovski
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Dezecache
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathan A Dhaliwal
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alelie B Diato
- Cavite State University-General Trias City Campus, Cavite, Philippines
| | | | - Marianna Drosinou
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,CESifo, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jānis Ekmanis
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arhan S Ertan
- Department of International Trade, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tom W Etienne
- Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hapsa Hossain Farhana
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Farkhari
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Harry Farmer
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | - Ali Fenwick
- Hult International Business School Dubai, Dubai, UAE
| | - Kristijan Fidanovski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Terry Flew
- Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shona Fraser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jessica Gale
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - E Begoña Garcia-Navarro
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Prasad Garladinne
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | - Oussama Ghajjou
- Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England
| | | | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Mert Gümren
- Department of Economics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Eran Halperin
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Volo Herzon
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Hruška
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Guanxiong Huang
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthias F C Hudecek
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
| | - Ozan Isler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Jangard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Kachanoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Kahn
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Oleksandra Keudel
- Graduate School for Transnational Studies, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Koverola
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Kubin
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Anton Kunnari
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oscar Laguna
- Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Josh Leota
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eva Lermer
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany.,LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Ansbach University for Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Levy
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Elizabeth U Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Maglić
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - Asako Miura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | - Elena Morales-Marente
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Annalisa Myer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, The City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew S Nurse
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Cathal O'Madagain
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Michal Onderco
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Soledad Palacios-Galvez
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jussi Palomäki
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zsófia Papp
- Center for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silva Perander
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Mark Pitman
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel G Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claire E Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Pascual
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | | | - Waldir M Sampaio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gaia C Santi
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - David Savage
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian A Scheffer
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Philipp Schönegger
- Department of Philosophy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland.,School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - David T Schultner
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Enid M Schutte
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andy Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Ahmed Skali
- Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Clara Alexandra Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anna Stefaniak
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Augustin Stoica
- National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kristina K Stoyanova
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv), Division of Translational Neuroscience, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Brent Strickland
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.,Department of Cognitive Science, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jukka Sundvall
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P Thomas
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris J Traast
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Raffaele Tucciarelli
- The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England
| | - Michael Tyrala
- Institute for Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nick D Ungson
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Mete S Uysal
- Psychology Department, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk van Rooy
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Verkoeijen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joana B Vieira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jennifer Watermeyer
- Health Communication Research Unit, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erik Wetter
- Department of Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashley Whillans
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin Willardt
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kaidi Wu
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Onurcan Yilmaz
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Rolf A Zwaan
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Van Bavel JJ, Cichocka A, Capraro V, Sjåstad H, Nezlek JB, Pavlović T, Alfano M, Gelfand MJ, Azevedo F, Birtel MD, Cislak A, Lockwood PL, Ross RM, Abts K, Agadullina E, Aruta JJB, Besharati SN, Bor A, Choma BL, Crabtree CD, Cunningham WA, De K, Ejaz W, Elbaek CT, Findor A, Flichtentrei D, Franc R, Gjoneska B, Gruber J, Gualda E, Horiuchi Y, Huynh TLD, Ibanez A, Imran MA, Israelashvili J, Jasko K, Kantorowicz J, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko E, Krouwel A, Laakasuo M, Lamm C, Leygue C, Lin MJ, Mansoor MS, Marie A, Mayiwar L, Mazepus H, McHugh C, Minda JP, Mitkidis P, Olsson A, Otterbring T, Packer DJ, Perry A, Petersen MB, Puthillam A, Riaño-Moreno JC, Rothmund T, Santamaría-García H, Schmid PC, Stoyanov D, Tewari S, Todosijević B, Tsakiris M, Tung HH, Umbreș RG, Vanags E, Vlasceanu M, Vonasch A, Yucel M, Zhang Y, Abad M, Adler E, Akrawi N, Mdarhri HA, Amara H, Amodio DM, Antazo BG, Apps M, Ay FC, Ba MH, Barbosa S, Bastian B, Berg A, Bernal-Zárate MP, Bernstein M, Białek M, Bilancini E, Bogatyreva N, Boncinelli L, Booth JE, Borau S, Buchel O, Cameron CD, Carvalho CF, Celadin T, Cerami C, Chalise HN, Cheng X, Cian L, Cockcroft K, Conway J, Córdoba-Delgado MA, Crespi C, Crouzevialle M, Cutler J, Cypryańska M, Dabrowska J, Daniels MA, Davis VH, Dayley PN, Delouvee S, Denkovski O, Dezecache G, Dhaliwal NA, Diato AB, Di Paolo R, Drosinou M, Dulleck U, Ekmanis J, Ertan AS, Etienne TW, Farhana HH, Farkhari F, Farmer H, Fenwick A, Fidanovski K, Flew T, Fraser S, Frempong RB, Fugelsang JA, Gale J, Garcia-Navarro EB, Garladinne P, Ghajjou O, Gkinopoulos T, Gray K, Griffin SM, Gronfeldt B, Gümren M, Gurung RL, Halperin E, Harris E, Herzon V, Hruška M, Huang G, Hudecek MFC, Isler O, Jangard S, Jørgensen FJ, Kachanoff F, Kahn J, Dangol AK, Keudel O, Koppel L, Koverola M, Kubin E, Kunnari A, Kutiyski Y, Laguna O, Leota J, Lermer E, Levy J, Levy N, Li C, Long EU, Longoni C, Maglić M, McCashin D, Metcalf AL, Mikloušić I, El Mimouni S, Miura A, Molina-Paredes J, Monroy-Fonseca C, Morales-Marente E, Moreau D, Muda R, Myer A, Nash K, Nesh-Nash T, Nitschke JP, Nurse MS, Ohtsubo Y, Oldemburgo de Mello V, O'Madagain C, Onderco M, Palacios-Galvez MS, Palomäki J, Pan Y, Papp Z, Pärnamets P, Paruzel-Czachura M, Pavlović Z, Payán-Gómez C, Perander S, Pitman MM, Prasad R, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Rathje S, Raza A, Rêgo GG, Rhee K, Robertson CE, Rodríguez-Pascual I, Saikkonen T, Salvador-Ginez O, Sampaio WM, Santi GC, Santiago-Tovar N, Savage D, Scheffer JA, Schönegger P, Schultner DT, Schutte EM, Scott A, Sharma M, Sharma P, Skali A, Stadelmann D, Stafford CA, Stanojević D, Stefaniak A, Sternisko A, Stoica A, Stoyanova KK, Strickland B, Sundvall J, Thomas JP, Tinghög G, Torgler B, Traast IJ, Tucciarelli R, Tyrala M, Ungson ND, Uysal MS, Van Lange PAM, van Prooijen JW, van Rooy D, Västfjäll D, Verkoeijen P, Vieira JB, von Sikorski C, Walker AC, Watermeyer J, Wetter E, Whillans A, Willardt R, Wohl MJA, Wójcik AD, Wu K, Yamada Y, Yilmaz O, Yogeeswaran K, Ziemer CT, Zwaan RA, Boggio PS. National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic. Nat Commun 2022. [PMID: 35082277 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/ydt95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, England
| | - Hallgeir Sjåstad
- Department of Strategy and Management, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - John B Nezlek
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Mark Alfano
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele J Gelfand
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Azevedo
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michèle D Birtel
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | | | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | | | - Elena Agadullina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander Bor
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Koustav De
- Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Waqas Ejaz
- Department of Mass Communication, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Renata Franc
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - June Gruber
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Estrella Gualda
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Yusaku Horiuchi
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Agustin Ibanez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mostak Ahamed Imran
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jacob Israelashvili
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katarzyna Jasko
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kantorowicz
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - André Krouwel
- Department of Political Science, Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Laakasuo
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Leygue
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ming-Jen Lin
- Department of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Antoine Marie
- Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Honorata Mazepus
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cillian McHugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Paul Minda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Mitkidis
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Advanced Hindsight, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anat Perry
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Julián C Riaño-Moreno
- Medicine Faculty, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
- Department of Bioethics, El Bosque University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tobias Rothmund
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra C Schmid
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Shruti Tewari
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | | | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, England
- Center for the Politics of Feelings, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Hans H Tung
- Center for Research in Econometric Theory and Applications, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Radu G Umbreș
- Faculty of Political Science, National School for Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Andrew Vonasch
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Meltem Yucel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mohcine Abad
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Eli Adler
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Narin Akrawi
- Institute for Research and Development-Kurdistan, Middle East, Iraq
| | - Hamza Alaoui Mdarhri
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | | | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benedict G Antazo
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Matthew Apps
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - F Ceren Ay
- Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
- Telenor Research, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sergio Barbosa
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Moral Psychology and Decision Sciences Research Incubator, University of Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Brock Bastian
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Berg
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Michael Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Bogatyreva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonardo Boncinelli
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan E Booth
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Sylvie Borau
- Toulouse Business School, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ondrej Buchel
- Social Policy Institute of the Ministry of Labor, Family and Social Affairs of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Sociology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - C Daryl Cameron
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Rock Ethics Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Celadin
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Cerami
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Xiaojun Cheng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Luca Cian
- Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jane Conway
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chiara Crespi
- Cognitive Computational Neuroscience Research Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie Crouzevialle
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jo Cutler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
- Center for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | | | | | - Michael A Daniels
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria H Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamala N Dayley
- Psychology Department, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain Delouvee
- Laboratory of Psychology: Cognition, Behavior, and Communication (LP3C), Rennes 2 University, Rennes, France
| | - Ognjan Denkovski
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Dezecache
- Laboratory of Social and Cognitive Psychology, Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathan A Dhaliwal
- UBC Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alelie B Diato
- Cavite State University-General Trias City Campus, Cavite, Philippines
| | | | - Marianna Drosinou
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uwe Dulleck
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- CESifo, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jānis Ekmanis
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arhan S Ertan
- Department of International Trade, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tom W Etienne
- Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hapsa Hossain Farhana
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Farkhari
- Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Harry Farmer
- School of Human Sciences, Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, London, England
| | - Ali Fenwick
- Hult International Business School Dubai, Dubai, UAE
| | - Kristijan Fidanovski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Terry Flew
- Department of Media and Communications, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shona Fraser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jessica Gale
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - E Begoña Garcia-Navarro
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Prasad Garladinne
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
| | - Oussama Ghajjou
- Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England
| | | | - Kurt Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Mert Gümren
- Department of Economics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Eran Halperin
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Volo Herzon
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Hruška
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Guanxiong Huang
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthias F C Hudecek
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
| | - Ozan Isler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Jangard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Kachanoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Kahn
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Oleksandra Keudel
- Graduate School for Transnational Studies, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina Koppel
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Koverola
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily Kubin
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Anton Kunnari
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oscar Laguna
- Kieskompas - Election Compass, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Josh Leota
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Eva Lermer
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
- LMU Center for Leadership and People Management, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Ansbach University for Applied Sciences, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Levy
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunyun Li
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, England
| | - Elizabeth U Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiara Longoni
- Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Maglić
- Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - Asako Miura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | - Elena Morales-Marente
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Annalisa Myer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, The City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Nash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthew S Nurse
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yohsuke Ohtsubo
- Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Cathal O'Madagain
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Michal Onderco
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Soledad Palacios-Galvez
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jussi Palomäki
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yafeng Pan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zsófia Papp
- Center for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Center of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philip Pärnamets
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
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- Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silva Perander
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Mark Pitman
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel G Rêgo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claire E Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Pascual
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Center; COIDESO, COIDESO, Center for Research in Contemporary Thought and Innovation for Social Development], University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | | | - Waldir M Sampaio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gaia C Santi
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - David Savage
- Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian A Scheffer
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Philipp Schönegger
- Department of Philosophy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
- School of Economics and Finance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - David T Schultner
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Enid M Schutte
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andy Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Ahmed Skali
- Department of Global Economics and Management, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Clara Alexandra Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anna Stefaniak
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agustin Stoica
- National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kristina K Stoyanova
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv), Division of Translational Neuroscience, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Brent Strickland
- School of Collective Intelligence, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
- Department of Cognitive Science, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, Institut Jean Nicod, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jukka Sundvall
- Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P Thomas
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Center for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris J Traast
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
| | - Raffaele Tucciarelli
- The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, England
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England
| | - Michael Tyrala
- Institute for Emerging Market Studies, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nick D Ungson
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Mete S Uysal
- Psychology Department, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Dirk van Rooy
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning (IBL), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Verkoeijen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joana B Vieira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jennifer Watermeyer
- Health Communication Research Unit, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erik Wetter
- Department of Business Administration, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashley Whillans
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robin Willardt
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kaidi Wu
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Onurcan Yilmaz
- Department of Psychology, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kumar Yogeeswaran
- Department of Psychology, Speech, and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Rolf A Zwaan
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Van Bavel JJ, Rathje S, Harris E, Robertson C, Sternisko A. How social media shapes polarization. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:913-916. [PMID: 34429255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the empirical evidence on the relationship between social media and political polarization. We argue that social media shapes polarization through the following social, cognitive, and technological processes: partisan selection, message content, and platform design and algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Claire Robertson
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anni Sternisko
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Abstract
There has been growing concern about the role social media plays in political polarization. We investigated whether out-group animosity was particularly successful at generating engagement on two of the largest social media platforms: Facebook and Twitter. Analyzing posts from news media accounts and US congressional members (n = 2,730,215), we found that posts about the political out-group were shared or retweeted about twice as often as posts about the in-group. Each individual term referring to the political out-group increased the odds of a social media post being shared by 67%. Out-group language consistently emerged as the strongest predictor of shares and retweets: the average effect size of out-group language was about 4.8 times as strong as that of negative affect language and about 6.7 times as strong as that of moral-emotional language-both established predictors of social media engagement. Language about the out-group was a very strong predictor of "angry" reactions (the most popular reactions across all datasets), and language about the in-group was a strong predictor of "love" reactions, reflecting in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. This out-group effect was not moderated by political orientation or social media platform, but stronger effects were found among political leaders than among news media accounts. In sum, out-group language is the strongest predictor of social media engagement across all relevant predictors measured, suggesting that social media may be creating perverse incentives for content expressing out-group animosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rathje
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Sander van der Linden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, United Kingdom;
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