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Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Oliveira CR, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich ML, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Rajapakse NS, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM. Multicenter Interim Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 10:34-48. [PMID: 32918548 PMCID: PMC7543452 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild infection in most children, a small proportion develop severe or critical illness. Data describing agents with potential antiviral activity continue to expand such that updated guidance is needed regarding use of these agents in children. METHODS A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 20 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS Given the typically mild course of COVID-19 in children, supportive care alone is suggested for most cases. For children with severe illness, defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement without need for noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), remdesivir is suggested, preferably as part of a clinical trial if available. Remdesivir should also be considered for critically ill children requiring invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO. A duration of 5 days is appropriate for most patients. The panel recommends against the use of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir (or other protease inhibitors) for COVID-19 in children. CONCLUSIONS Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For children with severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding use of remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States,Corresponding Author: Kathleen Chiotos, MD, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, Room 10292, Philadelphia, PA 19146,
| | - Molly Hayes
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sarah B Jones
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott H James
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Swetha G Pinninti
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - April Yarbrough
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mark J Abzug
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Vijaya L Soma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Surabhi B Vora
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health, Michigan State College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Steven Grapentine
- Department of Pharmacy, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rachel L Wattier
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Laura Bio
- Department of Pharmacy, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Shane J Cross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas O Dillman
- Department of Pharmacy, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kevin J Downes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carlos R Oliveira
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Young
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel C Orscheln
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Pranita D Tamma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hayden T Schwenk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine & Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Philip Zachariah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margaret L Aldrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, United States
| | - David L Goldman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, NY, United States
| | - Helen E Groves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nipunie S Rajapakse
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gabriella S Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alison C Tribble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan and CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Emily A Thorell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mark R Denison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, United States,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason G Newland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mari M Nakamura
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Alternate Corresponding Author: Mari M. Nakamura, MD, MPH, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop BCH 3052, Boston, MA 02115, 617-355-1561,
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Chiotos K, Hayes M, Kimberlin DW, Jones SB, James SH, Pinninti SG, Yarbrough A, Abzug MJ, MacBrayne CE, Soma VL, Dulek DE, Vora SB, Waghmare A, Wolf J, Olivero R, Grapentine S, Wattier RL, Bio L, Cross SJ, Dillman NO, Downes KJ, Timberlake K, Young J, Orscheln RC, Tamma PD, Schwenk HT, Zachariah P, Aldrich M, Goldman DL, Groves HE, Lamb GS, Tribble AC, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Denison MR, Ratner AJ, Newland JG, Nakamura MM. Multicenter Initial Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:701-715. [PMID: 32318706 PMCID: PMC7188128 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is mild in nearly all children, a small proportion of pediatric patients develop severe or critical illness. Guidance is therefore needed regarding use of agents with potential activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pediatrics. METHODS A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 18 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS Given the typically mild course of pediatric COVID-19, supportive care alone is suggested for the overwhelming majority of cases. The panel suggests a decision-making framework for antiviral therapy that weighs risks and benefits based on disease severity as indicated by respiratory support needs, with consideration on a case-by-case basis of potential pediatric risk factors for disease progression. If an antiviral is used, the panel suggests remdesivir as the preferred agent. Hydroxychloroquine could be considered for patients who are not candidates for remdesivir or when remdesivir is not available. Antivirals should preferably be used as part of a clinical trial if available. CONCLUSIONS Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For those rare cases of severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding antivirals, informed by available data. As evidence continues to evolve rapidly, the need for updates to the guidance is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chiotos
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States,Alternate Corresponding Author:Kathleen Chiotos, MD, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, 2716 South Street, Room 10292, Philadelphia, PA 19146,
| | - Molly Hayes
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Sarah B Jones
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Scott H James
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Swetha G Pinninti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - April Yarbrough
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s of Alabama, Birmingham, United States
| | - Mark J Abzug
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | | | - Vijaya L Soma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, United States
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, United States
| | - Surabhi B Vora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, United States
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, United States,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Rosemary Olivero
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Section of Infectious Diseases, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health, Michigan State College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, United States
| | - Steven Grapentine
- Department of Pharmacy, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rachel L Wattier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Laura Bio
- Department of Pharmacy, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Shane J Cross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Nicholas O Dillman
- Department of Pharmacy, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kevin J Downes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Young
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Rachel C Orscheln
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Pranita D Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hayden T Schwenk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford, United States
| | - Philip Zachariah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Margaret Aldrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, United States
| | - David L Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, New York, United States
| | - Helen E Groves
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriella S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Alison C Tribble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan and CS Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Adam L Hersh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Emily A Thorell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah and Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Mark R Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University and Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Nashville, United States
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital, New York, United States,Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Jason G Newland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, United States
| | - Mari M Nakamura
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States,Corresponding Author: Mari M. Nakamura, MD, MPH, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop BCH 3052, Boston, MA 02115, 617-355-1561,
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