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Due SL, Watson DI, Bastian I, Eichelmann AK, Hussey DJ. Oestrogen Receptor Isoforms May Represent a Therapeutic Target in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081891. [PMID: 35454796 PMCID: PMC9032750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options. Recent studies have identified oestrogen receptors (ERs) in this cancer, which could represent a new target for therapy. In this study, we used laboratory models of oesophageal adenocarcinoma to look for the presence of variant forms of ERs. We also assessed the response to treatment with a drug that acts through these ERs. We found that variant forms of ERs do exist in this malignancy and that some of the variants appear to be important in order for the cells to respond to treatment. This could be due to interactions between different ERs, or between ERs and other molecules that are known to be important in cancer growth. Our findings are encouraging in that drugs that act through ERs might be useful for patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the future. Abstract Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is a rapidly increasing problem in which treatment options are limited. Previous studies have shown that oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells and tissues express oestrogen receptors (ERs) and show growth suppression and apoptosis in response to ER modulator agents such as tamoxifen. ERs are known to be expressed in a number of isoforms that act together to regulate cell growth and cell death. In this study, we used western blotting to profile the expression of ERα and ERβ isoforms, and expression of the oncologically related molecules p53, HER2, and EGFR, in a panel of oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. The cytotoxicity of tamoxifen in the cell lines was determined with Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry, and correlations between cytotoxicity and receptor expression were assessed using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines showed varying cytotoxicity in response to tamoxifen. The ER species ERα90, ERα50, and ERα46, as well as p53, were positively associated with a cytotoxic response. Conversely, ERα74, ERα70, and ERβ54 were associated with a lack of cytotoxic response. The ER species detected in oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells may work together to confer sensitivity to ER modulators in this disease, which could open up a new avenue for therapy in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Due
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute-Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - David I Watson
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute-Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Isabell Bastian
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute-Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Ann-Kathrin Eichelmann
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute-Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Damian J Hussey
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute-Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Due SL, Watson DI, Hussey DJ. Oestrogen receptors: A potential therapeutic target in oesophageal adenocarcinoma? ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:1390-1396. [PMID: 34227212 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the world and adenocarcinoma is the dominant subtype in Western industrialised nations. The global 5-year relative survival rate for oesophageal adenocarcinoma is 12%. Chemotherapy is a standard treatment offered to patients with both resectable and unresectable disease. However, there are only a few established chemotherapeutic drug options and progress in this area is limited. Recent efforts have focused on targeted molecular therapies. Epidemiological evidence points towards hormonal influences on disease development, particularly sex hormones. Several research studies have demonstrated oestrogen receptor (ER) expression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma tissue, making them a possible option for targeting with ER modulating agents. ERs are also present in laboratory models of the disease and experiments in ER-positive cell lines suggest that ER modulator therapy may be effective. A deeper understanding of the roles of ERα and ERβ in this disease would be valuable for future translation into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the association between oestrogens and the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma and the potential to modulate ER signalling networks for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Due
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David I Watson
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damian J Hussey
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute Cancer Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Eichelmann AK, Mayne GC, Chiam K, Due SL, Bastian I, Butz F, Wang T, Sykes PJ, Clemons NJ, Liu DS, Michael MZ, Karapetis CS, Hummel R, Watson DI, Hussey DJ. Mutant p53 Mediates Sensitivity to Cancer Treatment Agents in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma Associated with MicroRNA and SLC7A11 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115547. [PMID: 34074015 PMCID: PMC8197322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 gene mutations occur in 70% of oesophageal adenocarcinomas (OACs). Given the central role of p53 in controlling cellular response to therapy we investigated the role of mutant (mut-) p53 and SLC7A11 in a CRISPR-mediated JH-EsoAd1 TP53 knockout model. Response to 2 Gy irradiation, cisplatin, 5-FU, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and endoxifen was assessed, followed by a TaqMan OpenArray qPCR screening for differences in miRNA expression. Knockout of mut-p53 resulted in increased chemo- and radioresistance (2 Gy survival fraction: 38% vs. 56%, p < 0.0001) and in altered miRNA expression levels. Target mRNA pathways analyses indicated several potential mechanisms of treatment resistance. SLC7A11 knockdown restored radiosensitivity (2 Gy SF: 46% vs. 73%; p = 0.0239), possibly via enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. Pathway analysis of the mRNA targets of differentially expressed miRNAs indicated potential involvement in several pathways associated with apoptosis, ribosomes, and p53 signaling pathways. The data suggest that mut-p53 in JH-EsoAd1, despite being classified as non-functional, has some function related to radio- and chemoresistance. The results also highlight the important role of SLC7A11 in cancer metabolism and redox balance and the influence of p53 on these processes. Inhibition of the SLC7A11-glutathione axis may represent a promising approach to overcome resistance associated with mut-p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Eichelmann
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.-K.E.); (D.J.H.)
| | - George C. Mayne
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Karen Chiam
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Steven L. Due
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Isabell Bastian
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Frederike Butz
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Pamela J. Sykes
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
| | - Nicholas J. Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.J.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David S. Liu
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (N.J.C.); (D.S.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Michael Z. Michael
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Christos S. Karapetis
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Hummel
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - David I. Watson
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Damian J. Hussey
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute—Cancer Program, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (G.C.M.); (K.C.); (S.L.D.); (I.B.); (F.B.); (T.W.); (P.J.S.); (M.Z.M.); (C.S.K.); (D.I.W.)
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.-K.E.); (D.J.H.)
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Young RL, Lumsden AL, Martin AM, Schober G, Pezos N, Thazhath SS, Isaacs NJ, Cvijanovic N, Sun EWL, Wu T, Rayner CK, Nguyen NQ, Fontgalland DD, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Sposato L, Due SL, Wattchow DA, Liou AP, Jackson VM, Keating DJ. Augmented capacity for peripheral serotonin release in human obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1880-1889. [PMID: 29568107 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Evidence from animal studies highlights an important role for serotonin (5-HT), derived from gut enterochromaffin (EC) cells, in regulating hepatic glucose production, lipolysis and thermogenesis, and promoting obesity and dysglycemia. Evidence in humans is limited, although elevated plasma 5-HT concentrations are linked to obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS We assessed (i) plasma 5-HT concentrations before and during intraduodenal glucose infusion (4 kcal/min for 30 min) in non-diabetic obese (BMI 44 ± 4 kg/m2, N = 14) and control (BMI 24 ± 1 kg/m2, N = 10) subjects, (ii) functional activation of duodenal EC cells (immunodetection of phospho-extracellular related-kinase, pERK) in response to glucose, and in separate subjects, (iii) expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) in duodenum and colon (N = 39), and (iv) 5-HT content in primary EC cells from these regions (N = 85). RESULTS Plasma 5-HT was twofold higher in obese than control responders prior to (P = 0.025), and during (iAUC, P = 0.009), intraduodenal glucose infusion, and related positively to BMI (R2 = 0.334, P = 0.003) and HbA1c (R2 = 0.508, P = 0.009). The density of EC cells in the duodenum was twofold higher at baseline in obese subjects than controls (P = 0.023), with twofold more EC cells activated by glucose infusion in the obese (EC cells co-expressing 5-HT and pERK, P = 0.001), while the 5-HT content of EC cells in duodenum and colon was similar; TPH1 expression was 1.4-fold higher in the duodenum of obese subjects (P = 0.044), and related positively to BMI (R2 = 0.310, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Human obesity is characterized by an increased capacity to produce and release 5-HT from the proximal small intestine, which is strongly linked to higher body mass, and glycemic control. Gut-derived 5-HT is likely to be an important driver of pathogenesis in human obesity and dysglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda L Lumsden
- Centre for Neuroscience & Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Centre for Neuroscience & Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nektaria Pezos
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sony S Thazhath
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Nicole J Isaacs
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nada Cvijanovic
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Emily W L Sun
- Centre for Neuroscience & Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Nam Q Nguyen
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Dayan de Fontgalland
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Luigi Sposato
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Steven L Due
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alice P Liou
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Damien J Keating
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,Centre for Neuroscience & Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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Sun EW, de Fontgalland D, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Sposato L, Due SL, Wattchow DA, Rayner CK, Deane AM, Young RL, Keating DJ. Mechanisms Controlling Glucose-Induced GLP-1 Secretion in Human Small Intestine. Diabetes 2017; 66:2144-2149. [PMID: 28385801 PMCID: PMC5860185 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal glucose stimulates secretion of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). The mechanisms underlying this pathway have not been fully investigated in humans. In this study, we showed that a 30-min intraduodenal glucose infusion activated half of all duodenal L cells in humans. This infusion was sufficient to increase plasma GLP-1 levels. With an ex vivo model using human gut tissue specimens, we showed a dose-responsive GLP-1 secretion in the ileum at ≥200 mmol/L glucose. In ex vivo tissue from the duodenum and ileum, but not the colon, 300 mmol/L glucose potently stimulated GLP-1 release. In the ileum, this response was independent of osmotic influences and required delivery of glucose via GLUT2 and mitochondrial metabolism. The requirement of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channel activation indicates that membrane depolarization occurs. KATP channels do not drive this, as tolbutamide did not trigger release. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) substrate α-MG induced secretion, and the response was blocked by the SGLT1 inhibitor phlorizin or by replacement of extracellular Na+ with N-methyl-d-glucamine. This is the first report of the mechanisms underlying glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion from human small intestine. Our findings demonstrate a dominant role of SGLT1 in controlling glucose-stimulated GLP-1 release in human ileal L cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dayan de Fontgalland
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luigi Sposato
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven L Due
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Due SL, Watson DI, Bastian I, Ding GQ, Sukocheva OA, Astill DSJ, Vat L, Hussey DJ. Tamoxifen enhances the cytotoxicity of conventional chemotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Surg Oncol 2016; 25:269-77. [PMID: 27566033 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a lethal malignancy which is increasing in incidence, and many patients receive chemotherapy as part of their treatment. We have previously demonstrated that esophageal adenocarcinoma-derived cell lines respond to treatment with estrogen receptor modulators, such as tamoxifen. Reports from breast cancer suggest that tamoxifen may attenuate the efficacy of other chemotherapeutic agents. We have therefore assessed the response of esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines to tamoxifen therapy when given in combination with conventional agents. METHODS Two estrogen receptor (ER)-positive esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines (OE-19 and OE-33) were treated with combinations of tamoxifen, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Effects on cell viability were measured using an MTS assay, and cell death was detected with annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry. To assess whether the efficacy of tamoxifen in these cell lines might be relevant to the clinical setting, we analyzed ER status in 10 esophageal adenocarcinoma tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IC50 values (μM) for OE-19 and OE-33 were 11.2 and 7.1 for tamoxifen, 19.6 and 4.7 for cisplatin, and 1.7 and 5.9 for 5-FU, respectively. Cell death was detected in 11.9% and 15.8% of cells treated with tamoxifen, 7.9% and 8.7% cells treated with cisplatin, and 3.6% and 8.6% cells treated with 5-FU at their IC50s. The addition of tamoxifen to cisplatin increased cell death by 11.4% in OE-19 (p < 0.0001) and 16.3% in OE-33 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, the addition of tamoxifen to 5-FU increased cell death by 11.6% in OE-19 (p < 0.0001) and 15.9% in OE-33 (p < 0.0001). Eight of 10 tissue specimens showed positive staining for ERα and 7 of 10 for ERβ. CONCLUSIONS In a cell culture model the addition of tamoxifen to conventional chemotherapy appears to be both feasible and beneficial. Expression of ERα and ERβ was also confirmed in esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Due
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D I Watson
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - I Bastian
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Q Ding
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - O A Sukocheva
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D St J Astill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Vat
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D J Hussey
- Flinders University Department of Surgery and Flinders Centre for Cancer Prevention and Control, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Sukocheva OA, Li B, Due SL, Hussey DJ, Watson DI. Androgens and esophageal cancer: What do we know? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6146-6156. [PMID: 26034350 PMCID: PMC4445092 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant disparities exist between genders for the development and progression of several gastro-intestinal (GI) diseases including cancer. Differences in incidence between men vs women for colon, gastric and hepatocellular cancers suggest a role for steroid sex hormones in regulation of GI carcinogenesis. Involvement of intrinsic gender-linked mechanisms is also possible for esophageal adenocarcinoma as its incidence is disproportionally high among men. However, the cause of the observed gender differences and the potential role of androgens in esophageal carcinogenesis remains unclear, even though the cancer-promoting role of androgen receptors (AR) shown in other cancers such as prostate and bladder suggests this aspect warrants exploration. Several studies have demonstrated expression of ARs in esophageal cancer. However, only one study has suggested a potential link between AR signaling and outcome - poorer prognosis. Two groups have analyzed data from cohorts with prostate cancer and one of these found a decreased incidence of esophageal squamous and adenocarcinoma after androgen deprivation therapy. However, very limited information is available about the effects of androgen and AR-initiated signaling on esophageal cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Possible mechanisms for androgens/AR involvement in the regulation of esophageal cancer growth are considered, and the potential use of AR as a prognostic factor and clinical target is highlighted, although insufficient evidence is available to support clinical trials of novel therapies. As esophageal adenocarcinoma is a gender linked cancer with a large male predominance further studies are warranted to clarify the role of androgens and ARs in shaping intracellular signaling and genomic responses in esophageal cancer.
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Due SL, Wilson TG, Chung A, Chen JWC. Endoscopic cyst-gastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocysts: refining the indications. ANZ J Surg 2014; 86:399-402. [PMID: 24801660 DOI: 10.1111/ans.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudocysts are a common consequence of acute pancreatitis and require intervention if symptomatic. Endoscopic management is emerging as a safe and effective alternative to surgery, although its use is not yet widespread. METHODS We describe our experience of 10 consecutive unselected patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided cyst-gastrostomy and stent insertion at a tertiary referral centre. Technical aspects of the procedure are detailed with accompanying photographs. RESULTS Six patients made an uneventful recovery. Four patients developed complications, of which one was successfully salvaged by endoscopy and three required surgery. CONCLUSION We discuss technical and patient factors which may have contributed to these complications in the context of current literature, and in particular, found that the presence of necrosis was associated with higher morbidity, both in our series and in others. In our experience, endoscopic ultrasound-guided cyst-gastrostomy is best employed in simple, mature pseudocysts without necrotic debris, and we recommend this procedure only after a detailed assessment of the pseudocyst in a specialist hepatobiliary unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Due
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas G Wilson
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrian Chung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John W C Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a common cause of cancer death in Australia and is primarily managed operatively. Surgical databases are valuable in monitoring performance in cancer treatment and detecting problems and trends. METHODS Diagnostic and treatment variables and short-term outcomes were gathered prospectively for patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer over a 9-year period. Survival data were obtained by linkage to state and interstate death indices. RESULTS Eight hundred and five patients underwent resection for colorectal cancer during the study period. Overall 5-year survival was 61%. Five-year cancer-specific survival was 73%. Five-year cancer-specific survival for Australian Clinico-Pathological Staging (ACPS) stages A, B, C and D was 96, 80, 61 and 19%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Emergency presentations showed diminished survival (59% versus 75%, P < 0.0001) after controlling for age and stage (hazard ratio (HR) 1.78, P= 0.005), as did transfusion recipients (63% versus 74%, P= 0.0014; HR 1.78, P= 0.004). Anastomotic leak did not affect survival in multivariable analysis. Non-cancer causes accounted for 26% deaths, primarily comprising cardiovascular deaths in the elderly. DISCUSSION High case ascertainment, data completeness and accuracy can be obtained with prospective, independently gathered data linked electronically to national death records. Survival for colorectal cancer in South Australia continues to improve. Close follow-up for disease recurrence is warranted for transfusion recipients, emergencies and advanced disease. Locally managed databases with linkage to state registries and other institutions are powerful methods to improve data quality and surgical care at a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Due
- Division of Surgery, Department of Health, Flinders Medical Centre and Epidemiology Branch, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND septic arthritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is uncommon in the immunocompetent older population, despite its occurrence in younger patients with open injuries and in intravenous drug abusers. CASE REPORT here we report a case of septic arthritis caused by P. aeruginosa complicated by death in an older patient with recently treated Pseudomonas urinary tract infection. DISCUSSION the diagnosis of Pseudomonas septic arthritis is made on culturing the organism from synovial fluid aspirate. Concurrent septic arthritis and crystal arthropathy is associated with a high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Keynes
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia.
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Due SL, Sullivan HR, Cochrane RL, Page JG, McMahon RE. Maternal and fetal blood/brain distribution of d-propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene in rat and dog. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1981; 58:194-202. [PMID: 7245195 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(81)90423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Page JG, Sullivan HR, Due SL, Slater IH. Plasma concentrations and electrocardiographic alterations after repetitive administration of propoxyphene to dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50:505-14. [PMID: 516064 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(79)90405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sullivan HR, Due SL, Kau DL, Quay JF, Miller WM. Metabolic fate of [14C]cefamandole, a parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, in rats and dogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977; 12:73-9. [PMID: 883820 PMCID: PMC352156 DOI: 10.1128/aac.12.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of the parenterally effective cephalosporin antibiotic cefamandole nafate (I) has been studied in rats and dogs. After rapid in vivo hydrolysis of the nafate pharmaceutical form to cefamandole (II), the antibiotic was found to be very resistant to metabolic degradation in both species. In dogs, cefamandole escaped metabolism and was eliminated as unaltered antibiotic almost exclusively by renal excretion. In rats, cefamandole was somewhat labile to metabolism; however, a major portion of the administered antibiotic was eliminated unchanged principally by renal excretion.
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Abstract
1. The metabolism of 1,4-dihydro-6-trifluoromethylquinoxaline-2,3-dione (Lilly 72525), a sedative hypnotic drug, was studied in rat and cat. 2. Plasma concentrations of Lilly 72525 were measured fluorometrically after oral and intravenous doses of the compound in rats. A comparison of the area under the two curves suggested that 84% of the oral dose was absorbed. 3. Studies with 14C-labelled material in both species confirmed that the drug was well absorbed after oral administration and revealed that the dione was mainly eliminated unchanged in the urine. Bile duct cannulation experiments suggested that biliary excretion accounted for most or all of the drug present in faeces of rats. 4. Metabolites isolated from urinary extracts by t.l.c. were identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. The only metabolite detected in rat urine or bile extracts was a ring-hydroxylated compound. This metabolite plus two N-hydroxylated metabolites were identified in extracts of cat urine.
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Sullivan HR, Due SL, Kau DL, Quay JF, Miller W. Metabolism of (14C) cefaclor, a cephalosporin antibiotic, in three species of laboratory animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 10:630-8. [PMID: 984800 PMCID: PMC429806 DOI: 10.1128/aac.10.4.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic fate of the orally effective cephalosporin antibiotic cefaclor (Lilly 99638) has been studied in rats, mice, and dogs. Cefaclor is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as the intact antibiotic. In rats and mice, cefaclor, for the most part, escapes metabolism in the body and is eliminated unchanged as unaltered antibiotic, primarily by renal excretion. In dogs, however, cefaclor is more labile to metabolism and only a portion of the administered antibiotic is eliminated unchanged via the kidney.
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Abstract
Through the combined use of stable isotope labeling and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis, the metabolic patterns for propoxyphene have been determined in laboratory animals and man. The rat and dog eliminated propoxyphene and its metabolites principally via the bile, while the rabbit more closely resembled man in excreting the metabolic products into urine. Metabolites in rat and rabbit existed as conjugates, whereas in dog and man the metabolites were excreted as a mixture of the free and unconjugated forms. The primary route of metabolism in all species studied was N-demethylation. However, the rat and rabbit extensively hydroxylated propoxyphene and its metabolites prior to elimination. Metabolites arising from ester hydrolysis were found in rat and man. N-acetylated products were identified in all four species. A metabolite formed from cyclization and dehydration of dinorpropoxyphene was isolated in urine and was further identified as a circulating metabolite in dog plasma.
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Sullivan HR, Due SL, McMahon RE. The difference in activity between (+)- and (-)-methadone is intrinsic and not due to a difference in metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 1975; 27:728-32. [PMID: 241784 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1975.tb09391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The disposition and metabolism of (+)- and (-)-methadone has been compared in rats. At equal molecular doses, somewhat higher plasma levels of (-)-isomer were observed. At equal analgesic doses, brain and plasma concentrations of (+)-methadone were at least 25 times greater than those of (-)-methadone. No qualitative differences were observed between isomers with respect to in vivo metabolic pattern or in vitro N-demethylation rates. The results strongly support the conclusion that the large differences in analgesic potency between the isomers is due to an intrinsic difference in pharmacologic properties and is not related to a difference in disposition or metabolism.
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Sullivan HR, Page JG, Due SL. Species differences in the metabolism of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furyl-cyclohexanephenylglycolate, an experimental anticholinergic agent. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1975; 2:53-8. [PMID: 1131394 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism studies in the rat, dog and cat have demonstrated a definite species difference in biotransformation and elimination of alpha-1-trans-4-dimethylaminotetrahydro-3-furylcyclohexanephenylglycolate (Lilly 82537), an experimental anticholinergic agent. Separation and identification of urinary and biliary metabolites by gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis has shown three mechanisms to be involved in the metabolism of Lilly 82537 in these species; N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation ahd ester hydrolysis. A major portion of the drug administered was eliminated unaltered in the cat and dog, while only trace quantities of parent drug were observed in the urine and bile of rats. These metabolic differences may be responsible for observed species differences in the pharmacologic activity of Lilly 82537.
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McMahon RE, Sullivan HR, Due SL. Proceedings: The use of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) together with deuterium labelling in a study of the disposition of d-propoxyphene. Acta Pharm Suec 1974; 11:639-40. [PMID: 1136790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sullivan HR, Due SL, McMahon RE. Metabolism of alpha-l-methadol. N-acetylation, a new metabolic pathway. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1973; 6:1072-8. [PMID: 4760881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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