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Zhu Y, Li J, Kanvinde S, Lin Z, Hazeldine S, Singh R, Oupický D. Self-immolative polycations as gene delivery vectors and prodrugs targeting polyamine metabolism in cancer. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:332-41. [PMID: 25153488 PMCID: PMC4319695 DOI: 10.1021/mp500469n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycations are explored as carriers to deliver therapeutic nucleic acids. Polycations are conventionally pharmacological inert with the sole function of delivering therapeutic cargo. This study reports synthesis of a self-immolative polycation (DSS-BEN) based on a polyamine analogue drug N(1),N(11)-bisethylnorspermine (BENSpm). The polycation was designed to function dually as a gene delivery carrier and a prodrug targeting dysregulated polyamine metabolism in cancer. Using a combination of NMR and HPLC, we confirm that the self-immolative polycation undergoes intracellular degradation into the parent drug BENSpm. The released BENSpm depletes cellular levels of spermidine and spermine and upregulates polyamine catabolic enzymes spermine/spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and spermine oxidase (SMO). The synthesized polycations form polyplexes with DNA and facilitate efficient transfection. Taking advantage of the ability of BENSpm to sensitize cancer cells to TNFα-induced apoptosis, we show that DSS-BEN enhances the cell killing activity of TNFα gene therapy. The reported findings validate DSS-BEN as a dual-function delivery system that can deliver a therapeutic gene and improve the outcome of gene therapy as a result of the intracellular degradation of DSS-BEN to BENSpm and the subsequent beneficial effect of BENSpm on dysregulated polyamine metabolism in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Shrey Kanvinde
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Zhiyi Lin
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
| | - Rakesh
K. Singh
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine,
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United
States
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Zhu Y, Hazeldine S, Li J, Oupický D. Dendritic polyglycerol with secondary amine shell as an efficient gene delivery vector with reduced toxicity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE 68198 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit MI 48202 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hazeldine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Road, Bristol, UK.
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Hazeldine S, Pachaiyappan B, Steinbergs N, Nowotarski S, Hanson AS, Casero RA, Woster PM. Low molecular weight amidoximes that act as potent inhibitors of lysine-specific demethylase 1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7378-91. [PMID: 22876979 DOI: 10.1021/jm3002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays an important role in the epigenetic control of gene expression, and aberrant gene silencing secondary to LSD1 dysregulation is thought to contribute to the development of cancer. We reported that (bis)guanidines, (bis)biguanides, and their urea- and thiourea isosteres are potent inhibitors of LSD1 and induce the re-expression of aberrantly silenced tumor suppressor genes in tumor cells in vitro. We now report a series of small molecule amidoximes that are moderate inhibitors of recombinant LSD1 but that produce dramatic changes in methylation at the histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) chromatin mark, a specific target of LSD1, in Calu-6 lung carcinoma cells. In addition, these analogues increase cellular levels of secreted frizzle-related protein (SFRP) 2, H-cadherin (HCAD), and the transcription factor GATA4. These compounds represent leads for an important new series of drug-like epigenetic modulators with the potential for use as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Hanfrey CC, Pearson BM, Hazeldine S, Lee J, Gaskin DJ, Woster PM, Phillips MA, Michael AJ. Alternative spermidine biosynthetic route is critical for growth of Campylobacter jejuni and is the dominant polyamine pathway in human gut microbiota. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43301-12. [PMID: 22025614 PMCID: PMC3234850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of fully sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed that many species known to synthesize the polyamine spermidine lack the spermidine biosynthetic enzymes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase. We found that such species possess orthologues of the sym-norspermidine biosynthetic enzymes carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. By deleting these genes in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, we found that the carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase orthologue is responsible for synthesizing spermidine and not sym-norspermidine in vivo. In polyamine auxotrophic gene deletion strains of C. jejuni, growth is highly compromised but can be restored by exogenous sym-homospermidine and to a lesser extent by sym-norspermidine. The alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway is present in many bacterial phyla and is the dominant spermidine route in the human gut, stomach, and oral microbiomes, and it appears to have supplanted the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase/spermidine synthase pathway in the gut microbiota. Approximately half of the gut Firmicutes species appear to be polyamine auxotrophs, but all encode the potABCD spermidine/putrescine transporter. Orthologues encoding carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase are found clustered with an array of diverse putrescine biosynthetic genes in different bacterial genomes, consistent with a role in spermidine, rather than sym-norspermidine biosynthesis. Due to the pervasiveness of ε-proteobacteria in deep sea hydrothermal vents and to the ubiquity of the alternative spermidine biosynthetic pathway in that phylum, the carboxyspermidine route is also dominant in deep sea hydrothermal vents. The carboxyspermidine pathway for polyamine biosynthesis is found in diverse human pathogens, and this alternative spermidine biosynthetic route presents an attractive target for developing novel antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C. Hanfrey
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M. Pearson
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- the School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-747, Korea
| | - Duncan J. Gaskin
- From the Institute of Food Research, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- the Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 7539
| | - Anthony J. Michael
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 7539, To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park, Dallas, TX. Tel.: 214-645-6129; E-mail:
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Sharma SK, Hazeldine S, Crowley ML, Hanson A, Beattie R, Varghese S, Senanayake TMD, Hirata A, Hirata F, Huang Y, Wu Y, Steinbergs N, Murray-Stewart T, Bytheway I, Casero RA, Woster PM. Polyamine-based small molecule epigenetic modulators. Medchemcomm 2011; 3:14-21. [PMID: 23293738 PMCID: PMC3535317 DOI: 10.1039/c1md00220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin remodelling enzymes such as the histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone demethylases such as lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) have been validated as targets for cancer drug discovery. Although a number of HDAC inhibitors have been marketed or are in human clinical trials, the search for isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors is an ongoing effort. In addition, the discovery and development of compounds targeting histone demethylases are in their early stages. Epigenetic modulators used in combination with traditional antitumor agents such as 5-azacytidine represent an exciting new approach to cancer chemotherapy. We have developed multiple series of HDAC inhibitors and LSD1 inhibitors that promote the re-expression of aberrantly silenced genes that are important in human cancer. The design, synthesis and biological activity of these analogues is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael L. Crowley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Allison Hanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ross Beattie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sheeba Varghese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Aiko Hirata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Fusao Hirata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Nora Steinbergs
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Tracey Murray-Stewart
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ian Bytheway
- Progen Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Darra, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St., Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Gopishetty B, Hazeldine S, Santra S, Johnson M, Modi G, Ali S, Zhen J, Reith M, Dutta A. Further structure-activity relationship studies on 4-((((3S,6S)-6-benzhydryltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)amino)methyl)phenol: identification of compounds with triple uptake inhibitory activity as potential antidepressant agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2924-32. [PMID: 21446715 DOI: 10.1021/jm200020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate structural alterations of the lead triple uptake inhibitor molecule, disubstituted 4-((((3S,6S)-6-benzhydryltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)amino)methyl)phenol, we have carried out structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to investigate the effect of alteration of aromatic substitutions and introduction of heterocyclic aromatic moieties on this molecular template. The novel compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting the uptake of [(3)H]DA, [(3)H]5-HT, and [(3)H]NE, respectively. SAR results indicate dopamine norepinephrine reuptake inhibitory (DNRI) type activity in thiophene (10g) and pyrrole (10i) derivatives. On the other hand, 3-hydroxyphenyl derivative 10f and 4-methoxyphenyl derivative 10j exhibited a triple reuptake inhibitory (TUI) activity profile, as these molecules exhibited potent uptake inhibition for all the monoamine transporters (K(i) of 31.3, 40, 38.5 and K(i) of 15.9, 12.9, 29.3 for DAT, SERT, and NET for 10f and 10g, respectively). Compound 10f was further evaluated in the rat forced swim test to evaluate its potential antidepressant effect. The results show significant reduction of immobility by TUI 10f at 10 mg/kg dose, indicating potential antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Gopishetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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8
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Biswas S, Hazeldine S, Ghosh B, Parrington I, Kuzhikandathil E, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Bioisosteric Heterocyclic Versions of 7-{[2-(4-Phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]propylamino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol: Identification of Highly Potent and Selective Agonists for Dopamine D3 Receptor with Potent in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3005-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Ingrid Parrington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Eldo Kuzhikandathil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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Dalton HR, Stableforth W, Hazeldine S, Thurairajah P, Ramnarace R, Warshow U, Ijaz S, Ellis V, Bendall R. Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: a comparison with hepatitis A. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:579-85. [PMID: 18299907 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatitis A is falling. In contrast, autochthonous hepatitis E is an emerging infection in developed countries. The objective of this study was to compare both laboratory-confirmed cases of hepatitis A and autochthonous hepatitis E over a 2-year period in Cornwall and Devon and anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG and anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgG seroprevalence in blood donors. The databases of microbiology laboratories in Cornwall and Devon were searched for the number of diagnostic HEV and HAV assays performed during 2005-2006 and the number of confirmed cases of acute hepatitis A and hepatitis E detected. Patients were followed up until recovery or death. Sera from 500 blood donors from the regional centre were tested for HEV and HAV IgG. In total, 28 cases of autochthonous hepatitis E were identified from 838 assays, and 20 cases of hepatitis A were identified from 4503 assays. Compared to hepatitis A cases, patients with hepatitis E were older (mean age 61 vs. 45 years, P = 0.003), less likely to present in winter (P = 0.028) and had more complications (five vs. one). The IgG seroprevalence rates in blood donors were 45% for HAV and 16% for HEV. There was no relationship between HAV and HEV IgG seropositivity. Autochthonous hepatitis E may be more common than hepatitis A, affects older patients, is less likely to occur in winter and may be associated with more complications. Patients with acute hepatitis, whatever their age or travel history, should be tested for HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Dalton
- Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro, Cornwall, UK.
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Dalton HR, Fellows HJ, Stableforth W, Joseph M, Thurairajah PH, Warshow U, Hazeldine S, Remnarace R, Ijaz S, Hussaini SH, Bendall RP. The role of hepatitis E virus testing in drug-induced liver injury. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26:1429-35. [PMID: 17850420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally acquired hepatitis E is an emerging infection in developed countries and can be misdiagnosed as drug-induced liver injury. AIM To study the role of hepatitis E virus (HEV) testing in drug-induced liver injury. METHODS Retrospective review of a cohort of patients with suspected drug-induced liver injury (n = 69) and hepatitis E (n = 45). The standard criteria for drug-induced liver injury were applied. Patients with suspected drug-induced liver injury who met these criteria were retrospectively tested for HEV on stored sera taken at the time of presentation. The two cohorts were compared to determine variables that predicted either of the diagnoses. RESULTS Forty-seven out of 69 patients had criterion-referenced drug-induced liver injury. 22/47 were HEV negative and thus had confirmed drug-induced liver injury. 19/47 were not tested for HEV, as there was no sera available from the time of presentation. 6/47 were HEV positive and thus did not have drug-induced liver injury, but had hepatitis E infection. Compared to patients with confirmed drug-induced liver injury, patients with hepatitis E were significantly more likely to be male (OR 3.09, CI 1.05-9.08); less likely to present in November and December (0.03, CI 0.01-0.52); have lower serum bilirubin (P = 0.015); and higher serum alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase/alkaline phosphatase ratio (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury is not secure without testing for HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Dalton
- Cornwall Gastrointestinal Unit, Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro, UK, and Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Truro, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Dalton
- Cornwall Gastrointestinal Unit, Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro TR1 3LJ, UK.
| | | | - M Banks
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, UK
| | - S Ijaz
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | - R Bendall
- Clinical Microbiology, Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust, Truro TR1 3LJ, UK
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Zhang S, Fernandez F, Hazeldine S, Deschamps J, Zhen J, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Further structural exploration of trisubstituted asymmetric pyran derivatives (2S,4R,5R)-2-benzhydryl-5-benzylamino-tetrahydropyran-4-ol and their corresponding disubstituted (3S,6S) pyran derivatives: a proposed pharmacophore model for high-affinity interaction with the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4239-47. [PMID: 16821783 DOI: 10.1021/jm0601699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report, we described a novel series of asymmetric pyran derivatives (2S,4R,5R)-2-benzhydryl-5-benzylamino-tetrahydropyran-4-ol and their enantiomers as blockers of monoamine transporters in the brain. In this report, we describe the further exploration of this series of molecules by incorporating functional groups in the molecular template, which should promote the formation of H bonds with the transporters. In addition, a new synthetic scheme for the asymmetric synthesis of disubstituted cis-(6-benzhydryl-tetrahydro-pyran-3-yl)-benzylamine analogues and their biological characterization is reported. All synthesized derivatives were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the brain by measuring their potency in inhibiting the uptake of [(3)H]DA, [(3)H]5-HT, and [(3)H]NE, respectively. The compounds were also tested for their binding potency at the DAT by their ability to inhibit binding of [(3)H]WIN 35, 428. The results indicated that the presence of functional groups, such as -OH, -NH(2), and the bioisosteric 5-substituted indole moiety in both di and trisubstituted compounds, significantly increased their potencies for the SERT and NET, especially for the NET. Among the trisubstituted compounds, (-)-4b exhibited the highest potency for the NET and the SERT (K(i) of 2.13 and 15.3 nM, respectively) and was a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Compound (-)-4a exhibited the highest selectivity for the NET. Among the disubstituted compounds, a number of compounds, such as (-)-9a, (+)-9b, (-)-9b, and (+)-9d, exhibited significant low-nanomolar potencies for the SERT and the NET. Interestingly, compound (-)-9d exhibited appreciable potencies at all three transporters. On the basis of our present and past findings, we propose a qualitative model for the interaction of these compounds with monoamine transporters, which will be refined further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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13
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Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Paluch J, Simpson C, Pugh S, Edelstein MK, Hazeldine S, Fontana J, LoRusso P, Horwitz JP, Corbett TH. Preclinical efficacy evaluations of XK-469: dose schedule, route and cross-resistance behavior in tumor bearing mice. Invest New Drugs 2002; 20:13-22. [PMID: 12003190 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014469828729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
XK-469 is advancing to Phase I clinical trials. Preclinical studies were carried out to assist in clinical applications. DOSE-SCHEDULE ROUTE TESTING: Single dose i.v. treatment with XK-469 produced lethality (LD20 to LD100) above 142 mg/kg. Optimum treatment required total dosages of 350 to 600 mg/kg. Furthermore, high individual i.v. dosages (100 to 142 mg/kg) were poorly tolerated, producing substantial weight loss (8 to 18% of body weight), poor appearance, and slow recovery (8 to 12 days). A 1-hour infusion of dosages more than 140 mg/kg, or BID injections 6 hrs apart, did not reduce lethality. However, lower individual dosages of 40 to 50 mg/kg/injection i.v. were well tolerated and could be given daily to reach an optimum total dose with minimal toxicities. Likewise, 75 mg/kg/injection i.v. could be used every other day to reach optimal treatment. The necropsy profiles of deaths from toxic dosages were essentially identical regardless of schedule (deaths 4 to 7 days post treatment). The profiles were: paralytic ileus or gastroparesis; GI epithelial damage; and marrow toxicity. Interestingly, the key lethal events were rapidly reversible and simple to overcome with lower dosages given daily or every other day. Based on these results, the high dose, Q21 day schedule should be avoided in clinical applications. Instead, a split dose regimen is recommended (e.g., daily, every other day, or twice weekly). XK-469 was also well tolerated by the oral route, requiring 35% higher dosages p.o. to reach the same efficacy and toxicity as produced i.v.. CROSS-RESISTANCE STUDIES: XK-469 resistance was produced by optimum treatments of i.v. implanted L1210 leukemia over seven passage generations. This leukemia subline (L1210/XK469) had reduced sensitivity to VP-16 (with a 4.0 log kill in i.v. implanted L1210/XK469 compared to an 8.0 log kill against i.v. implanted L1210/0). It also had a reduction in the sensitivity to 5-FU (with a 2.0 log kill in the implanted L1210/XK469 compared to a 4.0 log kill against i.v. implanted L1210/0). Other agents were approximately as active against the resistant tumor, including: Ara-C, Gemzar, Cytoxan, BCNU, DTIC, and CisDDPT. No case of collateral sensitivity was observed; i.e., no agent was markedly more active against the resistant subline L1210/XK-469 than against the parent tumor in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Polin
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA. ()).
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