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Udomnilobol U, Dunkoksung W, Sakares W, Jianmongkol S, Prueksaritanont T. Assessing the relative contribution of CYP3A-and P-gp-mediated pathways to the overall disposition and drug-drug interaction of dabigatran etexilate using a comprehensive mechanistic physiological-based pharmacokinetic model. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356273. [PMID: 38515840 PMCID: PMC10955231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate (DABE) is a clinical probe substrate for studying drug-drug interaction (DDI) through an intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp). A recent in vitro study, however, has suggested a potentially significant involvement of CYP3A-mediated oxidative metabolism of DABE and its intermediate monoester BIBR0951 in DDI following microdose administration of DABE. In this study, the relative significance of CYP3A- and P-gp-mediated pathways to the overall disposition of DABE has been explored using mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach. The developed PBPK model linked DABE with its 2 intermediate (BIBR0951 and BIBR1087) and active (dabigatran, DAB) metabolites, and with all relevant drug-specific properties known to date included. The model was successfully qualified against several datasets of DABE single/multiple dose pharmacokinetics and DDIs with CYP3A/P-gp inhibitors. Simulations using the qualified model supported that the intestinal CYP3A-mediated oxidation of BIBR0951, and not the gut P-gp-mediated efflux of DABE, was a key contributing factor to an observed difference in the DDI magnitude following the micro-versus therapeutic doses of DABE with clarithromycin. Both the saturable CYP3A-mediated metabolism of BIBR0951 and the solubility-limited DABE absorption contributed to the relatively modest nonlinearity in DAB exposure observed with increasing doses of DABE. Furthermore, the results suggested a limited role of the gut P-gp, but an appreciable, albeit small, contribution of gut CYP3A in mediating the DDIs following the therapeutic dose of DABE with dual CYP3A/P-gp inhibitors. Thus, a possibility exists for a varying extent of CYP3A involvement when using DABE as a clinical probe in the DDI assessment, across DABE dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomsak Udomnilobol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Dunkoksung
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchara Sakares
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Boonyong C, Jianmongkol S. Predicting molecular mechanism of silymarin-potentiated diclofenac toxicity: Insight from in silico molecular docking. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:339-345. [PMID: 37859669 PMCID: PMC10582735 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin was shown to enhance diclofenac toxicity by inducing the loss of mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) in Caco-2 cells, independent of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study employed in silico molecular docking to further investigate the potential interaction between silymarin and specific mitochondrial proteins involved in the loss of mitochondria integrity, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of potentiation. The target proteins for our docking analysis included mitochondrial complex I and III, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC), and cyclophilin D (CypD). Our results indicated that diclofenac could bind to both mitochondrial complex I and III. In contrast, silymarin exhibited a strong interaction with mitochondrial complex I with the binding energy (ΔG) -7.74 kcal/mol and the inhibition constant (Ki) 2.12 µM, while not showing significant interaction with mitochondrial complex III. Additionally, silymarin had the potential to induce the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore by binding with VDAC in the outer mitochondrial membrane with ΔG -6.08 kcal/mol and Ki 34.94 µM. However, silymarin did not exhibit significant interaction with CypD in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, mitochondrial complex I and VDAC could be the potentiation targets of silymarin, resulting in the disruption of mitochondria integrity and enhancing the toxicity of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Lertnitikul N, Liangsakul J, Jianmongkol S, Suttisri R. Three new cytotoxic stilbene dimers from paphiopedilum dianthum. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3685-3693. [PMID: 35848369 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new stilbene dimers, paphiodianthins A-C (1-3), and nine known stilbenes, lignan and flavonoids (4-12) were isolated from the roots and leaves of Paphiopedilum dianthum (Orchidaceae). The structures of new compounds were elucidated from their NMR, HRESIMS and IR spectroscopic data. Cytotoxic activity of all isolated compounds was evaluated by in vitro MTT assay against two human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Caco-2), doxorubicin-resistant and mitoxantrone-resistant MCF-7 sublines, as well as a normal cell line (NIH/3T3). Stilbenes 1, 3, 10 and 11 were strongly cytotoxic to both cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.50 to 4.51 µM. Compounds 1, 10 and 11 were also active against chemotherapy-resistant MCF-7 sublines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthalert Lertnitikul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jatupol Liangsakul
- Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Udomnilobol U, Jianmongkol S, Prueksaritanont T. The Potentially Significant Role of CYP3A-Mediated Oxidative Metabolism of Dabigatran Etexilate and Its Intermediate Metabolites in Drug-Drug Interaction Assessments Using Microdose Dabigatran Etexilate. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1216-1226. [PMID: 37230768 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate (DABE), a double ester prodrug of dabigatran, is a probe substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) commonly used in clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. When compared with its therapeutic dose at 150 mg, microdose DABE (375 µg) showed approximately 2-fold higher in DDI magnitudes with CYP3A/P-gp inhibitors. In this study, we conducted several in vitro metabolism studies to demonstrate that DABE, at a theoretical gut concentration after microdosing, significantly underwent NADPH-dependent oxidation (~40%-50%) in parallel to carboxylesterase-mediated hydrolysis in human intestinal microsomes. Furthermore, NADPH-dependent metabolism of its intermediate monoester, BIBR0951, was also observed in both human intestinal and liver microsomes, accounting for 100% and 50% of total metabolism, respectively. Metabolite profiling using high resolution mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of several novel oxidative metabolites of DABE and of BIBR0951 in the NADPH-fortified incubations. CYP3A was identified as the major enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of both compounds. The metabolism of DABE and BIBR0951 was well described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with Km ranging 1-3 µM, significantly below the expected concentrations following the therapeutic dose of DABE. Overall, the present results suggested that CYP3A played a significant role in the presystemic metabolism of DABE and BIBR0951 following microdose DABE administration, thus attributing partly to the apparent overestimation in the DDI magnitude observed with the CYP3A/P-gp inhibitors. Therefore, DABE at the microdose, unlike the therapeutic dose, would likely be a less predictive tool and should be considered as a clinical dual substrate for P-gp and CYP3A when assessing potential P-gp-mediated impacts by dual CYP3A/P-gp inhibitors. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: This is the first study demonstrating a potentially significant role of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the prodrug DABE following a microdose but not a therapeutic dose. This additional pathway, coupled with its susceptibility to P-glycoprotein (P-gp), may make DABE a clinical dual substrate for both P-gp and CYP3A at a microdose. The study also highlights the need for better characterization of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a clinical drug-drug interaction probe substrate over the intended study dose range for proper result interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udomsak Udomnilobol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (U.U., S.J.) and Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR) (U.U., T.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (U.U., S.J.) and Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR) (U.U., T.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (U.U., S.J.) and Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR) (U.U., T.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wongwanakul R, Aueviriyavit S, Furihata T, Gonil P, Sajomsang W, Maniratanachote R, Jianmongkol S. Quaternization of high molecular weight chitosan for increasing intestinal drug absorption using Caco-2 cells as an in vitro intestinal model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7904. [PMID: 37193745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential use of a quaternized chitosan (MW 600 kDa) with 65% of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium (600-HPTChC65) as an absorptive enhancer was investigated in Caco-2 monolayers. 600-HPTChC65 (0.005% w/v) quickly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) to the maximum level in 40 min with full recovery within 6 h after removal. Its TEER reduction was corresponded to increased FD4 transport across the monolayers and disrupted localization of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin at the cell borders. 600-HPTChC65 was densely localized at the membrane surface and intercellular junctions. This chitosan (0.08-0.32% w/v) reduced the efflux ratio of [3H]-digoxin by 1.7- 2 folds, suggesting an increased [3H]-digoxin transport across the monolayers. Its binding with P-gp on Caco-2 monolayer increased the signal of fluorescence-labeled anti-P-gp (UIC2) reactivity due to conformational change. 600-HPTChC65 (0.32% w/v) had no effect on P-gp expression in the Caco-2 monolayers. These results suggest that 600-HPTChC65 could enhance drug absorption through tight junction opening and decreased P-gp function. Its interaction with the absorptive barrier mainly resulted in disrupting ZO-1 and occludin organization as well as changing in P-gp conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratjika Wongwanakul
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pattarapond Gonil
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Warayuth Sajomsang
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Maniratanachote
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Boonyong C, Angkhasirisap W, Kengkoom K, Jianmongkol S. Different protective capability of chlorogenic acid and quercetin against indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal ulceration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:427-436. [PMID: 36617303 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study compared the protective effects against indomethacin-induced GI ulceration of chlorogenic acid with quercetin in rats. METHODS Rats were orally given chlorogenic acid or quercetin (100 mg/kg; 5 days), followed by indomethacin (40 mg/kg; single dose). After 24 h, GI tissues were assessed for histopathological damages, then analysed by ELISA and western blot methods. Cell viability was measured in vitro by MTT assay. KEY FINDINGS Unlike quercetin, chlorogenic acid could not prevent gastric ulcers in indomethacin-treated rats. The levels of gastric prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the chlorogenic acid-treated group were not different from those receiving indomethacin alone. Nevertheless, both compounds alleviated jejunum ulcers through suppression of PERK/eIF-2/ATF-4/CHOP-related endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and decrease Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, at 100 µM, they abolished the cytotoxicity of tunicamycin (an ER stress inducer) in gastric (AGS) and intestinal (Caco-2) cells. In silico docking studies suggested that both compounds could interact with key amino acid residues in the -catalytic domain of PERK. CONCLUSION Chlorogenic acid and quercetin exerted comparable protective effects against indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcer through suppression of ER stress-mediated apoptosis but, unlike quercetin, chlorogenic acid offered no protection against gastric ulceration due to its -inability to increase PGE2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wannee Angkhasirisap
- Academic Service Division, National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Kengkoom
- Academic Service Division, National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Sein KL, Lertnitikul N, Suttisri R, Jianmongkol S. Anticancer and chemosensitizing activities of stilbenoids from three orchid species. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2022; 396:749-758. [PMID: 36472629 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have isolated and identified several bioactive flavonoids and stilbenoids with potential anticancer activity from Thai orchids. In this study, we further investigated the cytotoxic and chemosensitizing activities of these phytochemicals (namely, pinocembrin, cardamonin, isalpinin, galangin, pinosylvin monomethyl ether, 2,3'-dihydroxy-5'-methoxystilbene, (E)-2,5'-dihydroxy-2'-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-3'-methoxystilbene, 2,3-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxystilbene, 2,3'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxystilbene, 3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene and batatasin III) against breast cancer MCF7 cells and its two multidrug resistant (MDR) sublines (MCF7/DOX and MCF7/MX). Cytotoxicity was determined with MTT assay for the estimation of the half maximal cytotoxic concentrations (IC50). Effects of the test compounds on activities of efflux transporters (BCRP, P-gp, MRP1, and MRP2) were evaluated with substrate accumulation assays using fluorometry and flow cytometry analysis. Out of these 11 test compounds, the stilbene pinosylvin monomethyl ether displayed its cytotoxicity specifically toward MCF7 cells (IC50 = 6.2 ± 1.2 μM, 72-h incubation) with 4.96 folds higher than normal fibroblast. Its potency decreased in MCF7/DOX and MCF7/MX cells by 3.94 and 7.38 folds, respectively. Our transporter assay indicated that this stilbene significantly reduced the activities of P-gp, MRP1, and MRP2, but not BCRP. After 48-h co-incubation, this stilbene (at 2 μM) synergistically increased doxorubicin- and mitoxantrone-mediated cytotoxicity in MCF7, MCF7/DOX, and MCF7/MX cells potentially by increasing the intracellular level of cytotoxic drug. Pinosylvin monomethyl ether could sensitize breast cancer cells to chemotherapy and overcome MDR, in part, via the inhibition of drug efflux transporters.
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Wongsakul A, Lertnitikul N, Suttisri R, Jianmongkol S. N-Trans-p-Coumaroyltyramine Enhances Indomethacin- and Diclofenac-induced Apoptosis Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-dependent Mechanism in MCF-7 Cells. Anticancer Res 2022; 42:1833-1844. [PMID: 35347001 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The anticancer potential of indomethacin and diclofenac has been reported against several types of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the enhancement effect of a coumaric acid derivative found in some Piper plants, N-trans-p-coumaroyltyramine (TCT) on indomethacin and diclofenac cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCF-7 and mitoxantrone-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/MX) cancer cells were treated with indomethacin or diclofenac in the presence of TCT for 48 h. Cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial function and signaling proteins were assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Hoechst 33342, tetramethyl-rhodamine-ethyl-ester and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Combination treatment resulted in significant reduction of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas the ratio of BCL2-associated X, apoptosis regulator to BCL2 apoptosis regulator, and apoptosis increased. The enhancing effect of TCT was related to reduced nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 expression, and increased activation of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha/activating transcription factor 4/C/EBP homologous protein signaling pathways. CONCLUSION TCT in combination with indomethacin or diclofenac promoted endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana Wongsakul
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nonthalert Lertnitikul
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chaisit S, Jianmongkol S. Rhinacanthin-C enhances chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells via the downregulation of P-glycoprotein through inhibition of Akt/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: High expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been linked to multidrug resistance (MDR) and chemotherapeutic failure. Previously, we demonstrated that rhinacanthin-C, a naphthoquinone from Rhinacanthus nasutus, was able to enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin against breast cancer MCF-7 cells via direct P-gp inhibition. In this study, we looked at its effect on P-gp downregulation and the mechanism involved in the resistance of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin. Methods: Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/DOX) cells were exposed to rhinacanthin-C for 24-48 hours prior to the assessment of their chemosensitivity via MTT assay, P-gp activity via calcein-AM uptake assay, P-gp expression, and signaling via qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. Results: Pretreatment with 1 µM of rhinacanthin-C for 48 hours significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, as well as camptothecin and etoposide, to MCF-7/DOX cells. In the rhinacanthin-C-treated cells, reduction of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp levels and increased intracellular calcein were observed. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt, NF-ᴋB and IκB-α, along with YB-1 expression, significantly decreased after 24-hour treatment with rhinacanthin-C. In contrast, the naphthoquinone had no effect on expression levels of ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 under similar conditions. Conclusion: Rhinacanthin-C, at a non-cytotoxic concentration (1 µM), could downregulate P-gp expression in MCF-7/DOX cells via the inhibition of the Akt/NF-ᴋB signaling pathway and YB-1 expression. Long-term exposure to this natural naphthoquinone may increase the chemosensitivity of cancer cells with MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwichak Chaisit
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Rattanacheeworn P, Kerr SJ, Kittanamongkolchai W, Townamchai N, Udomkarnjananun S, Praditpornsilpa K, Thanusuwannasak T, Udomnilobol U, Jianmongkol S, Ongpipattanakul B, Prueksaritanont T, Avihingsanon Y, Chariyavilaskul P. Quantification of CYP3A and Drug Transporters Activity in Healthy Young, Healthy Elderly and Chronic Kidney Disease Elderly Patients by a Microdose Cocktail Approach. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726669. [PMID: 34603040 PMCID: PMC8486002 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ageing and chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. Since mechanisms are related and remain unclear, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and drug transporter activities were investigated in the elderly with or without CKD and compared to healthy adults using a microdose cocktail. Methods: Healthy young participants (n = 20), healthy elderly participants (n = 16) and elderly patients with CKD (n = 17) received, in study period 1, a single dose of microdose cocktail probe containing 30 µg midazolam, 750 µg dabigatran etexilate, 100 µg atorvastatin, 10 µg pitavastatin, and 50 µg rosuvastatin. After a 14-day wash-out period, healthy young participants continued to study period 2 with the microdose cocktail plus rifampicin. PK parameters including area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), and half-life were estimated before making pairwise comparisons of geometric mean ratios (GMR) between groups. Results: AUC and Cmax GMR (95% confidence interval; CI) of midazolam, a CYP3A probe substrate, were increased 2.30 (1.70-3.09) and 2.90 (2.16-3.88) fold in healthy elderly and elderly patients with CKD, respectively, together with a prolonged half-life. AUC and Cmax GMR (95%CI) of atorvastatin, another CYP3A substrate, was increased 2.14 (1.52-3.02) fold in healthy elderly and 4.15 (2.98-5.79) fold in elderly patients with CKD, indicating decreased CYP3A activity related to ageing. Associated AUC changes in the probe drug whose activity could be modified by intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, dabigatran etexilate, were observed in patients with CKD. However, whether the activity of pitavastatin and rosuvastatin is modified by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B) and of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), respectively, in elderly participants with or without CKD was inconclusive. Conclusions: CYP3A activity is reduced in ageing. Intestinal P-gp function might be affected by CKD, but further confirmation appears warranted. Clinical Trial Registration:http://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/ (TCTR 20180312002 registered on March 07, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyabhorn Rattanacheeworn
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Biostatistics Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center Under the Royal Patronage, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natavudh Townamchai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center of Geriatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanundorn Thanusuwannasak
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Udomsak Udomnilobol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsri Ongpipattanakul
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Abstract
Rhinacanthin-C is a natural bioactive naphthoquinone ester with potential chemotherapeutic value in cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated its apoptotic induction ability and the involved mechanisms through the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2) signaling pathways in doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer MCF-7 (MCF-7/DOX) cells. Our 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that rhinacanthin-C (3-28 µM) significantly decreased the viability of MCF-7/DOX cells and potentiated hydrogen peroxide cytotoxicity. This naphthoquinone was able to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), as measured by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. This compound increased the number of apoptotic cells by elevating the ratio of apoptotic checkpoint proteins Bax/Bcl-2 and by decreasing the expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Furthermore, Western blotting analyses showed that treatment with rhinacanthin-C (3-28 µM) for 24 h significantly decreased the expression levels of the phosphorylated forms of MAPK proteins (i.e., extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38), Akt, GSK-3β and Nrf2 proteins in MCF-7/DOX cells. Inhibition of the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway led to a significant reduction in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)(H): quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) proteins. These findings suggested that rhinacanthin-C was able to induce apoptosis in MCF-7/DOX cells through increased ROS production and suppression of the cell survival systems mediated by the MAPKs and Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwichak Chaisit
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Chulalongkorn University
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12
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Ngampanya A, Udomnilobol U, Sermsappasuk P, Pornputtapong N, Ongpipattanakul B, Patel N, Jianmongkol S, Prueksaritanont T. Development and Qualification of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Finasteride and Minoxidil Following Scalp Application. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2301-2310. [PMID: 33609522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop and qualify a PBPK model for scalp application using two drugs with marked differences in physicochemical properties and PK profiles. The parameters related to scalp physiology, drug PK, and formulations were incorporated into a Multi-Phase and Multi-Layer (MPML) Mechanistic Dermal Absorption (MechDermA) model within the Simcyp® Simulator V17. The finasteride PBPK model was linked to its effect on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in plasma and scalp using an indirect response model. Predicted PK (and PD for finasteride) profiles and parameters were compared against the clinically reported data and justified by visual predictive checks and two-fold error criteria for model verification. The PBPK/PD model for finasteride reasonably demonstrated an ability to predict its respective PK and PD profiles, and parameters following scalp application under various clinical scenarios. Using the same scalp physiological input parameters, the minoxidil PBPK model was then developed and satisfactorily qualified with independent clinical datasets. Collectively, these results suggested that the established PBPK model may have broader utility for other topical formulations intended for scalp application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpar Ngampanya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Udomsak Udomnilobol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pakawadee Sermsappasuk
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pornputtapong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsri Ongpipattanakul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nikunjkumar Patel
- Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Level 2 - Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Chulalongkorn University Drug Discovery and Drug Development Research Center (Chula4DR), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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13
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Rattanacheeworn P, Chamnanphon M, Thongthip S, Kittanamongkolchai W, Townamchai N, Avihingsanon Y, Udomnilobol U, Prueksaritanont T, Jianmongkol S, Chariyavilaskul P. SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 Gene Polymorphisms in a Thai Population. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2020; 13:521-530. [PMID: 33122935 PMCID: PMC7591071 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s268457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Genetic polymorphisms of drug transporters influence drug transporter activity and alter pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are important transporters encoded by solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) gene, respectively. Polymorphisms in these genes are associated with increased plasma statins concentrations, statin-induced myopathy and poor response to allopurinol treatment. Purpose We explored allele and genotype frequencies of SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 genes including their predicted phenotypes in 53 Thai participants. Of these, 17 had chronic kidney disease and were on statins. Materials and Methods Genotyping analysis for SLCO1B1 c.521T>C (rs4149056), c.388A>G (rs2306283), g.-11187G>A (rs4149015), and ABCG2 c.421C>A (rs2231142) was done by using TaqMan® Real time PCR. All were tested for Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium. Results Most of the participants (80%) had normal function haplotypes SLCO1B1 (*1A and *1B) while decreased (*5, *15, and *17) and unknown (*21) function haplotypes were less observed. Four phenotypes of SLCO1B1 were observed: 69.81% had normal function (*1A/*1A,*1A/*1B, and *1B/*1B), 13.21% had intermediate function (*1A/*17, *1B/*15 and *1B/*17), 9.43% had indeterminate function (*1A/*21 and *1B/*21) and 7.55% had low function (*5/*15, *15/*15, and *15/*17). ABCG2 c.421A allele frequency was 25%. The frequency of ABCG2 c.421CA and AA phenotypes were 37.7% and 5.7%, respectively. The allele and genotype frequencies observed are consistent with reports in Asians. However, there were differences in major allele distributions between Asians and Caucasians for SLCO1B1 c.388A>G; SLCO1B1 c.388G were highly found in Asians, but c.388A were more observed in Caucasians. Conclusion This study showed that in the Thai population, there were 4 SNPs of SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 genes. This finding may be clinically applied to minimize inter-individual variability of drugs such as statins and allopurinol. Further study with a larger sample size is needed to assess the drug profiles and responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyabhorn Rattanacheeworn
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monpat Chamnanphon
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thongthip
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center Under the Royal Patronage, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wonngarm Kittanamongkolchai
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center Under the Royal Patronage, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natavudh Townamchai
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Udomsak Udomnilobol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Chulalongkorn University Drug and Health Products Innovation Promotion Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Boonyong C, Vardhanabhuti N, Jianmongkol S. Modulation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced, ER stress-mediated apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by different polyphenolic antioxidants: a mechanistic study. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1574-1584. [PMID: 32716561 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species could not prevent ER stress-associated cytotoxicity of indomethacin or diclofenac in Caco-2 cells. This study investigated the effects of three polyphenolic antioxidants epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), phyllanthin and hypophyllathin in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced Caco-2 apoptosis. METHODS Cells were treated with ER stressors (indomethacin, diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin) and the polyphenols for up to 72 h. Cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial function were monitored by MTT, Hoechst 33342 and TMRE assays, respectively. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Epigallocatechin gallate suppressed increases in p-PERK/p-eIF-2α/ATF-4/CHOP and p-IRE-1α/p-JNK1/2 expression levels in the cells treated with any of the ER stressors, leading to inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, phyllanthin increased apoptosis in the cells subsequently exposed to either diclofenac, tunicamycin or thapsigargin, but not in the indomethacin-treated cells. The potentiation effect of phyllanthin seen with the three ER stressors was related to suppression of survival p-Nrf-2/HO-1 expression, resulting in increased activation of the eIF-2α/ATF-4/CHOP pathway. On the other hand, hypophyllanthin had no significant effect on the ER stressor-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Epigallocatechin gallate, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin displayed different effects in the ER stress-mediated apoptosis, depending upon their interaction with the specific unfolded protein response signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Wonganan P, Limpanasithikul W, Jianmongkol S, Kerr SJ, Ruxrungtham K. Pharmacokinetics of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:551-564. [PMID: 32508203 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1772755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite dramatic increases in new drugs and regimens, a combination of two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) remains the backbone of many regimens to treat HIV. AREA COVERED This article summarizes the pharmacokinetic characteristics of approved NRTIs that are currently in the international treatment and prevention guidelines. EXPERT OPINION Compared to other NRTIs, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is more advantageous in terms of potency and safety. It is therefore a preferred choice in combination with emtricitabine (FTC) in most HIV treatment guidelines. The efficacy of the two-drug combination of NRTI/Integrase strand-transfer inhibitor, i.e. lamivudine/dolutegravir has been approved as an option for initial therapy. This regimen however has some limitations in patients with HBV coinfection. The two NRTI combinations tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TDF)/FTC and TAF/FTC have also been approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Interestingly, a promising long-acting nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, islatravir, formulated for implant was well tolerated and remained effective for up to a year, suggesting its potential as a single agent for PrEP. In the next decade, it remains to be seen whether NRTI-based regimens will remain the backbone of preferred ART regimens, or if the treatment will eventually move toward NRTI-sparing regimens to avoid long-term NRTI-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanuch Wonganan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand.,HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre , Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Boonyong C, Vardhanabhuti N, Jianmongkol S. Natural polyphenols prevent indomethacin-induced and diclofenac-induced Caco-2 cell death by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress regardless of their direct reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:583-591. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Indomethacin (INDO) and diclofenac (DIC) can induce intestinal cell death through induction of oxidative stress-mediated ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study investigated the cytoprotective potential of 11 polyphenols, namely caffeic acid (CAF), curcumin (CUR), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallic acid (GAL), hypophyllanthin (HYPO), naringenin (NAR), phyllanthin (PHY), piperine (PIP), quercetin (QUE), rutin (RUT) and silymarin (SLY) against these two NSAIDs in Caco-2 cells.
Methods
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined with fluorescence spectroscopy using specific probes (DHE, DCFH-DA, HPF). Cell viability and mitochondrial function were assessed by MTT and TMRE assays. The mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and CHOP proteins were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.
Key findings
All test polyphenols reduced NSAIDs-mediated ROS production. Only EGCG, QUE and RUT protected INDO-/DIC-induced cell death. These three polyphenols suppressed Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio, CHOP up-regulation and MMP disruption in NSAIDs-treated cells. CAF and NAR prevented cytotoxicity from INDO, but not DIC. The cytoprotective effect of NAR, but not CAF, involved alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio or MMP disruption, but not CHOP transcription.
Conclusion
The cytoprotective activity of polyphenols against NSAIDs-induced toxicity stemmed from either suppression of CHOP-related ER and mitochondria stresses or other CHOP-independent pathways, but not from the intrinsic ROS scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Dunkoksung W, Vardhanabhuti N, Siripong P, Jianmongkol S. Rhinacanthin-C Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions with Drug Transporters and Phase I Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1040-1049. [PMID: 31399508 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinacanthin-C is a major active constituent in Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, a plant widely used in herbal remedies. Its potential for pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction may exist with drug transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. This study assessed the possibility for rhinacanthin-C-mediated drug interaction by determining its inhibitory effects against major human efflux and influx drug transporters as well as various human cytochrome P450(CYP) isoforms. Rhinacanthin-C demonstrated a moderate permeability through the Caco-2 monolayers [Papp (AP-to-BL) = 1.26 × 10-6 cm/s]. It significantly inhibited transport mediated by both P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (IC50 = 5.20 µM) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) (IC50 = 0.83 µM) across Caco-2 and BCRP-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells (MDCKII) cells. This compound also strongly inhibited uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) (IC50 = 0.70 µM) and OATP1B3 (IC50 = 3.95 µM) in OATP1B-overexpressing HEK cells. In addition to its inhibitory effect on these drug transporters, rhinacanthin-C significantly inhibited multiple human CYP isoforms including CYP2C8 (IC50 = 4.56 µM), 2C9 (IC50 = 1.52 µM), 2C19 (IC50 = 28.40 µM), and 3A4/5 (IC50 = 53 µM for midazolam and IC50 = 81.20 µM for testosterone), but not CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, and 2E1. These results strongly support a high propensity for rhinacanthin-C as a perpetrator of clinical herb-drug interaction via inhibiting various influx and efflux drug transporters (i.e., P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3) and CYP isoforms (i.e., CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19). Thus, the potential for significant pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction should be addressed when herbal products containing rhinacanthin-C are to be used in conjunction with other prescription drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Dunkoksung
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Pongpun Siripong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
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18
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Dunkoksung W, Vardhanabhuti N, Jianmongkol S. Potential P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interaction of phyllanthin at the intestinal absorptive barrier. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:213-219. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated the absorptive potential of phyllanthin across the polarized Caco-2 monolayers and the potential role of phyllanthin in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug interaction.
Methods
The absorptive potential of phyllanthin was predicted from its apparent permeability (Papp) across the Caco-2 monolayers under the pH gradient condition (pH 6.5AP–7.4BL) at 37°C. Integrity of paracellular transport was assessed by monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lucifer yellow (LY) leakage. P-gp-mediated interaction was evaluated by transport studies of phyllanthin and rhodamine-123.
Key findings
The absorptive Papp of phyllanthin (34.90 ± 1.18 × 10−6 cm/s) was in the same rank order as the high permeable theophylline and antipyrine. Phyllanthin transport in the absorptive and secretive directions was comparable (the efflux ratio (ER) of 1.19 ± 0.01). Phyllanthin caused no changes in TEER nor LY leakage in the monolayers. However, phyllanthin increased rhodamine-123 ER in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting its inhibition on P-gp function. In addition, phyllanthin aqueous solubility was <5 μg/ml at 37°C.
Conclusions
Phyllanthin is a highly permeable compound that could passively diffuse through the absorptive barrier via transcellular pathway with little hindrance from P-gp. Phyllanthin could interfere with transport of P-gp drug substrates, when concomitantly administered. In addition, aqueous solubility could be a limiting factor in phyllanthin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Dunkoksung
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Boonyong C, Pattamadilok C, Suttisri R, Jianmongkol S. Benzophenones and xanthone derivatives from Garcinia schomburgkiana-induced P-glycoprotein overexpression in human colorectal Caco-2 cells via oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2017; 27:8-14. [PMID: 28314481 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up-regulation of P-gp is an adaptive survival mechanism of cancer cells from chemotherapy. Three new phytochemicals including two benzophenones, guttiferone K (GK) and oblongifolin C (OC), and a xanthone, isojacaruebin (ISO), are potential anti-cancer agents. However, the capability of these compounds to increase multidrug-resistance (MDR) through P-gp up-regulation in cancer cells has not been reported. PURPOSE This study was to investigate the effects of GK, OC and ISO on P-gp up-regulation in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). In addition, the mechanisms underlying their inductive effect were also determined. METHODS The inductive effect of GK, OC and ISO on P-gp expression at transcription level was measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The reactive oxygen species production was determined by 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. The protein content of P-gp and involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway was evaluated by western blot analysis. RESULTS GK, OC and ISO (50 µM, 24 h) were able to increase the amount of MDR1 mRNA and protein in Caco-2 cells. The presence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine significantly prevented the inductive effect of GK, OC and ISO on MDR1 mRNA level. Moreover, MAPK inhibitors including U0126 (an ERK1/2/MAPK inhibitor) and SB202190 (p38/MAPK inhibitor) suppressed an increase of MDR1 mRNA levels in the cells treated with benzophenones (GK, OC) and xanthone ISO, respectively. These findings were in agreement with the increase of phosphorylated form of either ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) or p38 (p-p38) upon treatment of the cells with these three compounds. In addition, OC and ISO, but not GK, increased mRNA of c-Jun level. CONCLUSION The benzophenones GK, OC and xanthone ISO are likely MDR inducers through up-regulation of P-gp expression at transcription level. Their molecular mechanisms involve oxidative stress-mediated activation of MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherdsak Boonyong
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutichot Pattamadilok
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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20
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Wongwanakul R, Jianmongkol S, Gonil P, Sajomsang W, Maniratanachote R, Aueviriyavit S. Biocompatibility study of quaternized chitosan on the proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells as an in vitro model of the intestinal barrier. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911516658780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of different chitosan derivatives for medical applications has increased recently. Among these chitosan derivatives, quaternized chitosan was designed to improve the solubility of chitosan in biological fluids for oral drug delivery while retaining the cationic character for mucoadhesion. However, the biocompatibility of quaternized chitosan on the human intestine is unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine the potential biological effects of quaternized chitosan on the intestinal barrier, in terms of cell proliferation and cell differentiation, using the Caco-2 cell line as an in vitro model. The lower the degree of substitution of quaternized chitosan, the lower the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effect on Caco-2 cells. In addition, the anti-proliferative effect of quaternized chitosan might induce a cell cycle disturbance and differentiation delay. Long-term continuous exposure (9 days) to quaternized chitosan caused a delay in differentiation of the Caco-2 cells even at non-cytotoxic quaternized chitosan doses (0.005% (w/v)), as shown by the low level of alkaline phosphatase in the quaternized chitosan–treated group compared to the control cells. In contrast, short-term discontinuous exposure to quaternized chitosan (0.005% (w/v) for 4 h/day over 9 days) that more realistically mimics the daily intestinal exposure did not inhibit the intestinal differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Thus, the use of a low degree of substitution and a low concentration of quaternized chitosan resulted in a good biocompatibility to the intestinal barrier supporting the potential usefulness of quaternized chitosan in the application of an oral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratjika Wongwanakul
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapond Gonil
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Warayuth Sajomsang
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Maniratanachote
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Sukhaphirom N, Vardhanabhuti N, Chirdchupunseree H, Pramyothin P, Jianmongkol S. Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin inhibit function of P-gp but not MRP2 in Caco-2 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:292-9. [PMID: 23278697 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to investigate the inhibitory effects of two lignans, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, on the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), using the in-vitro model of Caco-2 cells. In addition, the effect of prolonged exposure to these two compounds on the expression of active P-gp was also determined. METHODS The activity of P-gp and MRP2 was determined in the uptake assays by monitoring the intracellular accumulation of their specific substrates (calcein acetoxymethyl ester and 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, respectively) with fluorescence spectroscopy. KEY FINDINGS Hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin inhibited P-gp function with comparable potencies, but neither compound affected MRP2 activity. When the lignans were washed out before addition of substrate, the inhibitory action of both compounds against P-gp function was lost. These results suggested the reversibility of the inhibition. Moreover, prolonged exposure of the Caco-2 cells to both lignans (up to 7 days) had no effect on P-gp function. CONCLUSIONS Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin directly inhibited P-gp activity and did not interfere with MRP2 activity. It was likely that both phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin could reversibly inhibit P-gp function.
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Inchoo M, Chirdchupunseree H, Pramyothin P, Jianmongkol S. Endothelium-independent effects of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin on vascular tension. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Tight junction is a crucial structure in the control of paracellular transport across epithelial/endothelial barriers. This study investigated the protective effect of quercetin against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced tight junction disruption and hyperpermeability in ECV304 monolayers. Nonlethal concentration of H(2)O(2) (100 micromol/L; 4 hours) decreased expression of the tight junction proteins zonular occudens (ZO)-1 and occludin as well as disrupted the junction structure at the cell border. Concurrently, the increased activities of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were observed. Pretreatment with quercetin (10 micromol/L; 30 minutes) prior to H(2)O(2) prevented the loss of ZO-1 and occludin. In addition, the level of phosphorylated p38 MAPK, but not that of the phosphorylated ERK1/2, decreased in quercetin-pretreated group. These findings suggested that the protective effect of quercetin involved the inhibition of phosphorylated p38 MAP activity. Furthermore, quercetin could also preserve the functional integrity of ECV304 monolayers from H(2)O(2) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somrudee Chuenkitiyanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Chaothanaphat N, Dhumma-Upakorn P, Jianmongkol S. In vitro modulating effects of glutathione on vascular tension and involvement of extracellular calcium. Drug Discov Ther 2010; 4:19-25. [PMID: 22491148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the involvement of endothelium and extracellular calcium on the vasorelaxant activity of glutathione (GSH) using in vitro model of isolated rat aorta.The aortic tensions upon treatment with GSH in the presence and absence of endothelium were compared in various conditions. In phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings, GSH (2-8 mM) significantly induced vasorelaxation in concentration-dependent manner. The influence of endothelium was demonstrated in determining the responses of aortic muscle toward GSH treatment. GSH (up to 5 mM) caused a higher loss of vascular tensions in the endothelium-intact aortic rings than those in the endothelium-denude preparations. The vasorelaxant effect of GSH in endotheliumintact rings was inhibited by glibenclamide (3 μM), methylene blue (10 μM) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 μM), indicating the involvement of membrane K+ channels and NO-cGMP pathway. In the endothelium-denude preparations, only glibenclamide inhibited the modulating effect of GSH on aortic tension. Furthermore, the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of GSH was abolished in Ca2+-free medium containing EGTA, but not in the medium containing BAPTA-AM (10 μM). Taken together, our findings suggested that vasorelaxant activity of GSH depended on influx of extracellular Ca2+ to activate NO production in endothelium cells. In addition, other possible mechanisms included its hyperpolarizing actions in vascular muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chaothanaphat
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pothiwong W, Laorpaksa A, Pirarat N, Sirisawadi S, Intarapanya J, Jianmongkol S. Autoxidation of brain homogenates from various animals as measured by thiobarbituric acid assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 56:336-8. [PMID: 17897844 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The TBARS assay has been well recognized for determination of lipid peroxidation and oxidative injury in biological samples including brain homogenates. In general, the homogenates are freshly prepared using rat brains as the tissue sources. In this study, we compared the rates of spontaneous lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates obtained from bovine, canine, hen, rat, and swine. In addition, the influences of lyophilization process and storage time up to six months at -20 degrees C without the freeze-thaw cycle were also determined in the swine brain preparations. METHODS The standard assay for thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was performed at 37 degrees C, using spectrophotometry to quantify the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. RESULTS Rat brain homogenate exhibited the highest autoxidation rate (0.128+/-0.002 microM/min) whereas the bovine brain exhibited the lowest rate (0.032+/-0.001 microM/min). Swine brain homogenate could be kept at -20 degrees C up to 3 months without a significant increase in rate of autoxidation. Lyophilization caused a significant increase in the autoxidation rate of brain homogenate. However, the autoxidation rates of the lyophilized preparation were quite comparable throughout the six-month freezing time. DISCUSSION Swine brain was a good candidate for tissue source in the TBARS reaction. The homogenate could be kept in the lyophilized form under the storage condition at -20 degrees C without the freeze-thaw cycle in the dark for at least six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimon Pothiwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Dunbar AY, Jenkins GJ, Jianmongkol S, Nakatsuka M, Lowe ER, Lau M, Osawa Y. Tetrahydrobiopterin protects against guanabenz-mediated inhibition of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1448-56. [PMID: 16738031 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that guanabenz inhibits neuronal nitric-oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) and causes the enhanced proteasomal degradation of nNOS in vivo. Although the time- and NADPH-dependent inhibition of nNOS has been reported in studies where guanabenz was incubated with crude cytosolic preparations of nNOS, the exact mechanism for inhibition is not known. Moreover, even less is known about how the inhibition of nNOS triggers its proteasomal degradation. In the current study, we show, with the use of purified nNOS, that guanabenz treatment leads to the oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin and formation of a pterin-depleted nNOS, which is not able to form NO. With the use of 14C-labeled guanabenz, we were unable to detect any guanabenz metabolites or guanabenz-nNOS adducts, indicating that reactive intermediates of guanabenz probably do not play a role in the inhibition. Superoxide dismutase, however, prevents the guanabenz-mediated oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin and inhibition of nNOS, suggesting the role of superoxide as an intermediate. Studies in rats show that administration of tetrahydrobiopterin prevents the inhibition and loss of penile nNOS due to guanabenz, indicating that the loss of tetrahydrobiopterin plays a major role in the effects of guanabenz in vivo. Our findings are consistent with the destabilization and enhanced degradation of nNOS found after tetrahydrobiopterin depletion. These studies suggest that drug-mediated destabilization and subsequent enhanced degradation of protein targets will likely be an important toxicological consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Y Dunbar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Medical Science Research Building III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
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Lee AJ, Noon KR, Jianmongkol S, Lau M, Jenkins GJ, Osawa Y. Metabolism of aminoguanidine, diaminoguanidine, and NG-amino-L-arginine by neuronal NO-synthase and covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 18:1927-33. [PMID: 16359183 PMCID: PMC2533513 DOI: 10.1021/tx050263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is established that aminoguanidine (AG), diaminoguanidine (DAG), and NG-amino-l-arginine (NAA) are metabolism-based inactivators of the three major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In the case of neuronal NOS (nNOS), heme alteration is known to be a major cause of inactivation, although the exact mechanism by which this occurs is not well-understood. We show here by the use of LC/MS/MS techniques that AG, DAG, and NAA are metabolized by nNOS to products with corresponding mass ions at m/z of 45.2, 60.2, and 160.0, respectively. These results are consistent with the loss of a hydrazine moiety from each inactivator. These findings are confirmed by exact mass measurements and comparison to authentic standards in the case of the products for NAA and AG, respectively. Moreover, the major dissociable heme product that was formed during inactivation of nNOS by AG, DAG, and NAA had molecular ions at m/z 660.2, 675.2, and 775.3, respectively. These results are consistent with an adduct of heme and inactivator minus a hydrazine moiety. In support of this, MS/MS studies reveal a fragment ion of heme in each case. With the use of 14C-labeled heme, we also show that in the case of AG, the dissociable heme adduct accounts for approximately one-half of the heme that is altered. In addition, we employ a software-based differential metabolic profiling method by subtracting LC/MS data sets derived from samples that contained nNOS from those that did not contain the enzyme to search for products and substrates in complex reaction mixtures. The metabolic profiling method established in this study can be used as a general tool to search for substrates and products of enzyme systems, including the drug-metabolizing liver microsomal P450 cytochromes. We propose that the metabolism-based inactivation of nNOS by AG, DAG, and NAA occurs through oxidative removal of the hydrazine group and the formation of a radical intermediate that forms stable products after H-atom abstraction or reacts with the heme prosthetic moiety and inactivates nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoichi Osawa
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Yoichi Osawa, Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Medical Science Research Building III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, Tel: (734) 936-5797, Fax: (734) 763-4450,
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Vuletich JL, Lowe ER, Jianmongkol S, Kamada Y, Kent UM, Bender AT, Demady DR, Hollenberg PF, Osawa Y. Alteration of the heme prosthetic group of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase during inactivation by N(G)-amino-L-arginine in vitro and in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:110-8. [PMID: 12065761 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that N(G)-amino-L-arginine (NAA) is a metabolism-based inactivator of all three major nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. The mechanism by which this inactivation occurs, however, is not well understood. In the current study, we discovered that inactivation of the neuronal isoform of NOS (nNOS) by NAA in vitro results in covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group, in part, to products that contain an intact porphyrin ring and are either dissociable from or irreversibly bound to the protein. The alteration of the heme is concomitant with the loss of nNOS activity. Studies with nNOS containing a 14C-labeled prosthetic heme moiety indicate that the major dissociable product and the irreversibly bound heme adduct account for 21 and 28%, respectively, of the heme that is altered. Mass spectral analysis of the major dissociable product gave a molecular ion of m/z 775.3 that is consistent with the mass of an adduct of heme and NAA minus a hydrazine group. Peptide mapping of the irreversibly bound heme adduct indicates that the heme is bound to a residue in the oxygenase domain of nNOS. We show for the first time that metabolism-based inactivation of nNOS occurs in vivo as highly similar heme products are formed. Because inactivation and alteration may trigger ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of nNOS, NAA may be a useful biochemical tool for the study of these basic regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Vuletich
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA
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Demady DR, Jianmongkol S, Vuletich JL, Bender AT, Osawa Y. Agmatine enhances the NADPH oxidase activity of neuronal NO synthase and leads to oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:24-9. [PMID: 11125020 DOI: 10.1124/mol.59.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that agmatine, an endogenously formed decarboxylated arginine, is a weak competitive inhibitor of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) with an apparent Ki value of 660 microM [Biochem J 316:247-249, 1996]. Although agmatine is known to bind to alpha-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors, it has been suggested that some of the pharmacological actions of agmatine, such as the prevention of morphine tolerance, may be due to the inhibition of nNOS. In the current study, we have discovered that agmatine, at concentrations much lower than the reported Ki value, leads to a time-, concentration-, NADPH-, and calmodulin-dependent irreversible inactivation of nNOS. The kinetics of inactivation could be described by an apparent dissociation constant for the initial reversible complex (Ki) and a pseudo first-order inactivation constant (k(inact)) of 29 microM and 0.01 min(-1), respectively. As determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the mechanism of inactivation involves alteration of the prosthetic heme moiety of nNOS, in part to protein-bound products. Moreover, we discovered that agmatine causes a 3-fold increase in the NADPH oxidase activity of nNOS leading to the production of H2O2 and is a likely cause for the inactivation of the enzyme. Both the inactivation of nNOS and the oxidative stress produced should now be considered in the pharmacological actions of agmatine as well as provide insight into the potential biological effects of endogenously formed agmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Demady
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA
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Jianmongkol S, Vuletich JL, Bender AT, Demady DR, Osawa Y. Aminoguanidine-mediated inactivation and alteration of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13370-6. [PMID: 10788446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that aminoguanidine (AG) is a metabolism-based inactivator of the three major isoforms of nitric-oxide synthase. AG is thought to be of potential use in diseases, such as diabetes, where pathological overproduction of NO is implicated. We show here that during the inactivation of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) by AG that the prosthetic heme is altered, in part, to dissociable and protein-bound adducts. The protein-bound heme adduct is the result of cross-linking of the heme to residues in the oxygenase domain of nNOS. The dissociable heme product is unstable and reverts back to heme upon isolation. The alteration of the heme is concomitant with the loss in the ability to form the ferrous-CO complex of nNOS and accounts for at least two-thirds of the activity loss. Studies with [(14)C]AG indicate that alteration of the protein, in part on the reductase domain of nNOS, also occurs but at low levels. Thus, heme alteration appears to be the major cause of nNOS inactivation. The elucidation of the mechanism of inactivation of nNOS will likely lead to a better understanding of the in vivo effects of NOS inhibitors such as AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA
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Noguchi S, Jianmongkol S, Bender AT, Kamada Y, Demady DR, Osawa Y. Guanabenz-mediated inactivation and enhanced proteolytic degradation of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2376-80. [PMID: 10644688 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanabenz, a metabolism-based irreversible inactivator of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) in vitro, causes the loss of immunodetectable nNOS in vivo. This process is selective in that the slowly reversible inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine did not decrease the levels of nNOS in vivo. To better understand the mechanism for the loss of nNOS protein in vivo, we have investigated the effects of guanabenz and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine in HEK 293 cells stably transfected with the enzyme. We show here that guanabenz, but not N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, caused the inactivation and loss of nNOS protein in the HEK 293 cells. In studies with cycloheximide or in pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]methionine, we demonstrate that the loss of nNOS was due in large part to enhanced proteolysis of the protein with the half-life decreasing by one-half from 20 to 10 h. Other metabolism-based irreversible inactivators to nNOS, N(G)-methyl-L-arginine, and N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine, but not the reversible inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), caused a similar decrease in the half-life of nNOS. Proteasomal inhibitors, lactacystin, Cbz-leucine-leucine-leucinal, and N-acetyl-leucine-leucine-norleucinal, but not the lysosomal protease inhibitor leupeptin, were found to effectively inhibit the proteolytic degradation of nNOS. Thus we have shown for the first time that the irreversible inactivators of nNOS, perhaps through covalent alteration of the enzyme, enhance the proteolytic turnover of the enzyme by a mechanism involving the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0632, USA
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Jianmongkol S, Marable BR, Berkman CE, Talley TT, Thompson CM, Richardson RJ. Kinetic evidence for different mechanisms of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by (1R)- and (1S)-stereoisomers of isomalathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 155:43-53. [PMID: 10036217 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by isomalathion has been assumed to proceed by expulsion of diethyl thiosuccinyl to produce O, S-dimethyl phosphorylated AChE. If this assumption is correct, AChE inhibited by (1R)- or (1S)-isomalathions should reactivate at the same rate as AChE inhibited by configurationally equivalent (S)- or (R)-isoparathion methyl, respectively, which are expected to inhibit AChE by loss of 4-nitrophenoxyl to yield O,S-dimethyl phosphorylated AChEs. Previous work has shown that rat brain AChE inhibited by (1R)-isomalathions reactivates at the same rate as the enzyme inhibited by (S)-isoparathion methyl. However, although rat brain AChE inhibited by (R)-isoparathion methyl reactivates at a measurable rate, the enzyme inhibited by (1S)-isomalathions is intractable to reactivation. This surprising finding suggests the hypothesis that (1R)- and (1S)-stereoisomers of isomalathion inhibit AChE by different mechanisms, yielding enzymatic species distinguishable by their postinhibitory kinetics. The present study was carried out to test this hypothesis by comparing kinetic constants of reactivation (k+3) and aging (k+4) of hen brain AChE and bovine erythrocyte AChE inhibited by the four stereoisomers of isomalathion and the two stereoisomers of isoparathion methyl. Both AChEs inhibited by either (1R,3R)- or (1R,3S)-isomalathion had comparable corresponding k+3 values (spontaneous and oxime-mediated) to those of AChEs inhibited with (S)-isoparathion methyl. However, spontaneous and oxime-mediated k+3 values comparable to those of (R)-isoparathion methyl could not be obtained for AChEs inhibited by (1S,3R)- and (1S,3S)-isomalathion. Comparison of k+4 values for hen brain AChE inhibited by each stereoisomer of isomalathion and isoparathion methyl corroborated that only the (1S)-isomalathions failed to produce the expected O,S-dimethyl phosphoryl-conjugated enzymes. The results for (1R)-isomalathions suggest that the mechanism of inhibition of AChE by these isomers is the expected one involving diethyl thiosuccinyl as the primary leaving group. In contrast, the results for (1S)-isomalathions are consistent with an alternative mechanism of inhibition by these isomers implicating loss of thiomethyl as the primary leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jianmongkol
- Department of Environmental & Industrial Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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Jianmongkol S, Berkman CE, Thompson CM, Richardson RJ. Relative potencies of the four stereoisomers of isomalathion for inhibition of hen brain acetylcholinesterase and neurotoxic esterase in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 139:342-8. [PMID: 8806851 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1996.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic toxicity of malathion is exacerbated by its isomerization product, isomalathion, which inhibits detoxifying carboxylesterases as well as target acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Previous work has shown that the four stereoisomers of isomalathion, (1R, 3R), (1R, 3S), (1S, 3R), and (1S, 3S), differ in their inhibitory potencies against either rat brain or electric eel AChE. The present study examined the relative inhibitory potencies of these stereoisomers and the totally racemic mixture (1RS, 3RS) against hen brain AChE and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) to provide new data on stereoselective inhibition of neurotoxicologically significant esterases and to assess the potential of these compounds to cause organophosphorus (OP) compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). The order of potencies against hen brain AChE was (1R, 3R) > (1R, 3S) > (1RS, 3RS) > (1S, 3R) > (1S, 3S), with a 15-fold difference between the strongest (ki = 388 mM-1 min-1; 20 min I50 = 89.3 nM) and weakest (ki = 25.6 mM-1 min-1; 20 min I50 = 1354 nM) inhibitors. Both asymmetric centers contributed substantially and interdependently to inhibitory potency, but the effect of changing the configuration at phosphorus alone was greater than changing the configuration at carbon alone. None of the isomalathions was an effective inhibitor of hen brain NTE (extrapolated 20 min I50 values were 1.2 to 29 mM), yielding NTE/ AChE I50 ratios (neuropathy target ratios, NTRs) of 1.5 x 10(3) to 1.5 x 10(5). NTRs of this magnitude indicate that none of the isomalathions should initiate OPIDN, even after doses greatly exceeding the LD50. Therefore, reports of OPIDN or other neuropathic sequelae associated with malathion exposures in humans cannot be explained on the basis of NTE inhibition by contaminating isomalathions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jianmongkol
- Department of Environmental & Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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