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Siddiqui M, Ambre S, Keay SK, Rhyne JM, Zhang CO, Barchi JJ. Glycoamino Acid Analogues of the Thomsen-Friedenreich Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Antiproliferative Factor Glycopeptides. ACS Omega 2017; 2:5618-5632. [PMID: 28983523 PMCID: PMC5623948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoamino acid analogues of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen disaccharide, where the 4' and 4″ hydroxyl groups were substituted with fluorine or hydrogen, were synthesized and incorporated into the asialylated antiproliferative factor (as-APF), a biologically active form of APF, a glycopeptide found in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis. Various strategies were employed to incorporate the fluorine atom at the 4-positions of either the galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine unit of the disaccharide antigen, based on stereochemistry and reactivity. These glycopeptides were evaluated in antiproliferative assays on both primary normal bladder epithelial cells and T24 bladder carcinoma cells. Unlike many previously published substitutions to APF, mono-4'-fluorination of the GalNAc residue did not affect the activity, whereas fluoro-derivatives of the galactose 4″-position or both 4' and 4″ hydroxyls showed a reduced potency relative to the monosubstituted GalNAc derivative. A fourth compound where the 4″ position of galactose was deoxygenated showed a lower potency than the parent and monosubstituted compounds. These results suggest that specific substitutions in the sugar moieties in the APF can be tolerated, and the glycomimetic design of APF analogues can include fluorine in the GalNAc sugar of the disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqbool
A. Siddiqui
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Shailesh Ambre
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Susan K. Keay
- Medical
Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Baltimore
Research and Education Foundation, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Rhyne
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of
Pathology, University of Maryland School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Joseph J. Barchi
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 301-846-5905. Fax: 301-846-6033 (J.J.B.)
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Gade P, Kimball AS, DiNardo AC, Gangwal P, Ross DD, Boswell HS, Keay SK, Kalvakolanu DV. Death-associated Protein Kinase-1 Expression and Autophagy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Are Dependent on Activating Transcription Factor-6 and CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein-β. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22030-22042. [PMID: 27590344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of DAPK1, a critical regulator of autophagy and apoptosis, is lost in a wide variety of tumors, although the mechanisms are unclear. A transcription factor complex consisting of ATF6 (an endoplasmic reticulum-resident factor) and C/EBP-β is required for the IFN-γ-induced expression of DAPK1 IFN-γ-induced proteolytic processing of ATF6 and phosphorylation of C/EBP-β are obligatory for the formation of this transcriptional complex. We report that defects in this pathway fail to control growth of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Consistent with these observations, IFN-γ and chemotherapeutics failed to activate autophagy in CLL patient samples lacking ATF6 and/or C/EBP-β. Together, these results identify a molecular basis for the loss of DAPK1 expression in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Gade
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Douglas D Ross
- Medicine and the Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - H Scott Boswell
- the Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Susan K Keay
- Medicine and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
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Keay SK, Zhang CO. Abnormal Akt signalling in bladder epithelial cell explants from patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome can be induced by antiproliferative factor treatment of normal bladder cells. BJU Int 2016; 118:161-72. [PMID: 26919663 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether protein kinase B (Akt) signalling and secretion of specific downstream effector proteins are abnormal in specific cell fractions of bladder epithelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), as explanted bladder epithelial cells from patients with IC/BPS produce a frizzled 8-related glycopeptide antiproliferative factor (APF) that inhibits normal bladder epithelial cell proliferation and expression of several proteins known to be regulated by Akt signalling. A related secondary objective was to determine whether treatment of normal bladder epithelial cells with active synthetic asialo-antiproliferative factor (as-APF) induces similar changes in Akt signalling and specific downstream effector proteins/mRNAs. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cell proteins were extracted into four subcellular fractions from primary bladder epithelial explants of six patients who fulfilled modified National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) criteria for IC/BPS and six age- and gender-matched controls. Total and/or phosphorylated cellular Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and β-catenin; total cellular JunB; and secreted matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) levels were determined by Western blot. MMP2, JunB, p53, uroplakin 3 (UPK3), and β-actin mRNAs were quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Akt activity was determined by nonradioactive assay. RESULTS IC/BPS cells had lower Akt activity, along with lower Akt ser473- and GSK3β ser9-phosphorylation and higher β-catenin ser33,37/thr41-phosphorylation in specific fractions as compared with matched control cells. IC/BPS explants also had evidence of additional downstream abnormalities compared with control cells, including lower nuclear JunB; lower secreted MMP2 and HB-EGF; plus lower MMP2, JunB, and UPK3 mRNAs but higher p53 mRNA relative to β-actin. Each of these IC/BPS cell abnormalities was also induced in normal cells by as-APF. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that IC/BPS cells have abnormal Akt activity with downstream protein expression abnormalities including decreased MMP2 and HB-EGF secretion. They also support the hypothesis that APF plays a role in the pathogenesis of IC/BPS via its effects on cell Akt signalling and HB-EGF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Keay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Shah J, Poonawala H, Keay SK, Serulle Y, Steven A, Gandhi D, Cole JW. Varicella-Zoster Virus Vasculopathy: A Case Report Demonstrating Vasculitis using Black-Blood MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 27065314 PMCID: PMC4825687 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections are rare but important causes of stroke. Among these, varicella zoster virus has been known to cause ischemic stroke. During an attack of herpes zoster ophthalmicus, it has been hypothesized that the virus replicates in the trigeminal ganglion and travels via the trigeminal nerve centrally to cause cerebral vasculopathy. Here we present a case of a 69 year-old Caucasian immunocompromised woman who suffered recurrent ischemic infarcts within the same vascular distribution following an episode of zoster ophthalmicus three months prior. An imaging technique termed black-blood magnetic resonance imaging was utilized to aid in the diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis. The case is used to provide a literature review of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebral varicella zoster vasculopathy. In situations where an isolated unilateral cerebral vasculopathy is identified, neurologists are urged to consider varicella zoster as a treatable etiologic agent, as untreated vasculopathy can lead to further strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Husain Poonawala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan K Keay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Medical Service, VAMHCS, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yafell Serulle
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew Steven
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dheeraj Gandhi
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John W Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System (VAMHCS) Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Morrison VA, Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Schmader KE, Guatelli JC, Betts RF, Gelb LD, Pachucki CT, Keay SK, Menzies B, Griffin MR, Kauffman CA, Marques AR, Toney JF, Simberkoff MS, Serrao R, Arbeit RD, Gnann JW, Greenberg RN, Holodniy M, Keitel WA, Yeh SS, Davis LE, Crawford GE, Neuzil KM, Johnson GR, Zhang JH, Harbecke R, Chan ISF, Keller PM, Williams HM, Boardman KD, Silber JL, Annunziato PW. Safety of zoster vaccine in elderly adults following documented herpes zoster. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:559-63. [PMID: 23633406 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After completion of the Shingles Prevention Study (SPS; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Number 403), SPS participants who had initially received placebo were offered investigational zoster vaccine without charge. This provided an opportunity to determine the relative safety of zoster vaccine in older adults following documented herpes zoster (HZ). METHODS A total of 13 681 SPS placebo recipients who elected to receive zoster vaccine were followed for serious adverse events (SAE) for 28 days after vaccination. In contrast to the SPS, a prior episode of HZ was not a contraindication to receiving zoster vaccine. The SPS placebo recipients who received zoster vaccine included 420 who had developed documented HZ during the SPS. RESULTS The mean interval between the onset of HZ and the receipt of zoster vaccine in the 420 recipients with prior HZ was 3.61 years (median interval, 3.77 years [range, 3-85 months]); the interval was <5 years for approximately 80% of recipients. The proportion of vaccinated SPS placebo recipients with prior HZ who developed ≥ 1 SAE (0.95%) was not significantly different from that of vaccinated SPS placebo recipients with no prior history of HZ (0.66%), and the distribution of SAEs in the 2 groups was comparable. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the general safety of zoster vaccine in older persons is not altered by a recent history of documented HZ, supporting the safety aspect of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation to administer zoster vaccine to all persons ≥ 60 years of age with no contraindications, regardless of a prior history of HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki A Morrison
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA.
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Kim J, Keay SK, You S, Loda M, Freeman MR. A synthetic form of frizzled 8-associated antiproliferative factor enhances p53 stability through USP2a and MDM2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50392. [PMID: 23236372 PMCID: PMC3516501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Frizzled 8-associated Antiproliferative Factor (APF) is a sialoglycopeptide urinary biomarker of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), a chronic condition of unknown etiology with variable symptoms that generally include pelvic and/or perineal pain, urinary frequency, and urgency. We previously reported that native human APF suppresses the proliferation of normal bladder epithelial cells through a mechanism that involves increased levels of p53. The goal of this study was to delineate the regulatory mechanism whereby p53 expression is regulated by APF. Two APF-responsive cell lines (T24 bladder carcinoma cells and the immortalized human bladder epithelial cell line, TRT-HU1) were treated with asialo-APF (as-APF), a chemically synthesized form of APF. Biochemical analysis revealed that as-APF increased p53 levels in two ways: by decreasing ubiquitin specific protease 2a (USP2a) expression leading to enhanced ubiquitination of murine double minute 2 E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2), and by suppressing association of p53 with MDM2, thus impairing p53 ubiquitination. Biological responses to as-APF were suppressed by increased expression of wild type, but not mutant USP2a, which enhanced cell growth via upregulation of a cell cycle mediator, cyclin D1, at both transcription and protein levels. Consistent with this, gene silencing of USP2a with siRNA arrested cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that APF upregulates cellular p53 levels via functional attenuation of the USP2a-MDM2 pathway, resulting in p53 accumulation and growth arrest. These data also imply that targeting USP2a, MDM2, p53 and/or complex formation by these molecules may be relevant in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to IC/PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Yang W, Kim Y, Kim TK, Keay SK, Kim KP, Steen H, Freeman MR, Hwang D, Kim J. Integration analysis of quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics data identifies potential targets of frizzled-8 protein-related antiproliferative factor in vivo. BJU Int 2012; 110:E1138-46. [PMID: 22738385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a prevalent and debilitating pelvic disorder generally accompanied by chronic pain combined with chronic urinating problems. Over one million Americans are affected, especially middle-aged women. However, its aetiology or mechanism remains unclear. No efficient drug has been provided to patients. Several urinary biomarker candidates have been identified for IC; among the most promising is antiproliferative factor (APF), whose biological activity is detectable in urine specimens from >94% of patients with both ulcerative and non-ulcerative IC. The present study identified several important mediators of the effect of APF on bladder cell physiology, suggesting several candidate drug targets against IC. In an attempt to identify potential proteins and genes regulated by APF in vivo, and to possibly expand the APF-regulated network identified by stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), we performed an integration analysis of our own SILAC data and the microarray data of Gamper et al. (2009) BMC Genomics 10: 199. Notably, two of the proteins (i.e. MAPKSP1 and GSPT1) that are down-regulated by APF are involved in the activation of mTORC1, suggesting that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is potentially a critical pathway regulated by APF in vivo. Several components of the mTOR pathway are currently being studied as potential therapeutic targets in other diseases. Our analysis suggests that this pathway might also be relevant in the design of diagnostic tools and medications targeting IC. OBJECTIVE • To enhance our understanding of the interstitial cystitis urine biomarker antiproliferative factor (APF), as well as interstitial cystitis biology more generally at the systems level, we reanalyzed recently published large-scale quantitative proteomics and in vivo transcriptomics data sets using an integration analysis tool that we have developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS • To identify more differentially expressed genes with a lower false discovery rate from a previously published microarray data set, an integrative hypothesis-testing statistical approach was applied. • For validation experiments, expression and phosphorylation levels of select proteins were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS • Integration analysis of this transcriptomics data set with our own quantitative proteomics data set identified 10 genes that are potentially regulated by APF in vivo from 4140 differentially expressed genes identified with a false discovery rate of 1%. • Of these, five (i.e. JUP, MAPKSP1, GSPT1, PTGS2/COX-2 and XPOT) were found to be prominent after network modelling of the common genes identified in the proteomics and microarray studies. • This molecular signature reflects the biological processes of cell adhesion, cell proliferation and inflammation, which is consistent with the known physiological effects of APF. • Lastly, we found the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway was down-regulated in response to APF. CONCLUSION • This unbiased integration analysis of in vitro quantitative proteomics data with in vivo quantitative transcriptomics data led to the identification of potential downstream mediators of the APF signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, USA
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Yang W, Chung YG, Kim Y, Kim TK, Keay SK, Zhang CO, Ji M, Hwang D, Kim KP, Steen H, Freeman MR, Kim J. Quantitative proteomics identifies a beta-catenin network as an element of the signaling response to Frizzled-8 protein-related antiproliferative factor. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.007492. [PMID: 21422242 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.007492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiproliferative factor (APF), a Frizzled-8 protein-related sialoglycopeptide involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis, potently inhibits proliferation of normal urothelial cells as well as certain cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the growth-inhibitory effect of APF, we performed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture analysis of T24 bladder cancer cells treated with and without APF. Among over 2000 proteins identified, 54 were significantly up-regulated and 48 were down-regulated by APF treatment. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that a protein network involved in cell adhesion was substantially altered by APF and that β-catenin was a prominent node in this network. Functional assays demonstrated that APF down-regulated β-catenin, at least in part, via proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Moreover, silencing of β-catenin mimicked the antiproliferative effect of APF whereas ectopic expression of nondegradable β-catenin rescued growth inhibition in response to APF, confirming that β-catenin is a key mediator of APF signaling. Notably, the key role of β-catenin in APF signaling is not restricted to T24 cells, but was also observed in an hTERT-immortalized human bladder epithelial cell line, TRT-HU1. In addition, the network model suggested that β-catenin is linked to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), implying a potential connection between APF and inflammation. Functional assays verified that APF increased the production of prostaglandin E(2) and that down-modulation of β-catenin elevated COX-2 expression, whereas forced expression of nondegradable β-catenin inhibited APF-induced up-regulation of COX-2. Furthermore, we confirmed that β-catenin was down-regulated whereas COX-2 was up-regulated in epithelial cells explanted from IC bladder biopsies compared with control tissues. In summary, our quantitative proteomics study describes the first provisional APF-regulated protein network, within which β-catenin is a key node, and provides new insight that targeting the β-catenin signaling pathway may be a rational approach toward treating interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Shahjee HM, Koch KR, Guo L, Zhang CO, Keay SK. Antiproliferative factor decreases Akt phosphorylation and alters gene expression via CKAP4 in T24 bladder carcinoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010; 29:160. [PMID: 21143984 PMCID: PMC3020166 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy worldwide, and outcomes for patients with advanced bladder cancer remain poor. Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a potent glycopeptide inhibitor of epithelial cell proliferation that was discovered in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis, a disorder with bladder epithelial thinning and ulceration. APF mediates its antiproliferative activity in primary normal bladder epithelial cells via cytoskeletal associated protein 4 (CKAP4). Because synthetic asialo-APF (as-APF) has also been shown to inhibit T24 bladder cancer cell proliferation at nanomolar concentrations in vitro, and because the peptide segment of APF is 100% homologous to part of frizzled 8, we determined whether CKAP4 mediates as-APF inhibition of proliferation and/or downstream Wnt/frizzled signaling events in T24 cells. Methods T24 cells were transfected with double-stranded siRNAs against CKAP4 and treated with synthetic as-APF or inactive control peptide; cells that did not undergo electroporation and cells transfected with non-target (scrambled) double-stranded siRNA served as negative controls. Cell proliferation was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Expression of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), β-catenin, p53, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) mRNA was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Akt, GSK-3β, MMP2, β-catenin, and p53 protein expression, plus Akt, GSK-3β, and β-catenin phosphorylation, were determined by Western blot. Results T24 cell proliferation, MMP2 expression, Akt ser473 and thr308 phosphorylation, GSK3β tyr216 phosphorylation, and β-catenin ser45/thr41 phosphorylation were all decreased by APF, whereas p53 expression, and β-catenin ser33,37/thr41 phosphorylation, were increased by APF treatment in non-electroporated and non-target siRNA-transfected cells. Neither mRNA nor total protein expression of Akt, GSK3β, or β-catenin changed in response to APF in these cells. In addition, the changes in cell proliferation, MMP2/p53 mRNA and protein expression, and Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin phosphorylation in response to APF treatment were all specifically abrogated following CKAP4 siRNA knockdown. Conclusions Synthetic as-APF inhibits cell proliferation in T24 bladder carcinoma cells via the CKAP4 receptor. The mechanism for this inhibition involves regulating phosphorylation of specific cell signaling molecules (Akt, GSK3β, and β-catenin) plus mRNA and protein expression of p53 and MMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanief M Shahjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Kim J, Ji M, DiDonato JA, Rackley RR, Kuang M, Sadhukhan PC, Mauney JR, Keay SK, Freeman MR, Liou LS, Adam RM. An hTERT-immortalized human urothelial cell line that responds to anti-proliferative factor. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:2-9. [PMID: 21136194 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the urothelium, the specialized epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, are critical for understanding diseases affecting the lower urinary tract, including interstitial cystitis, urinary tract infections and cancer. However, our understanding of urothelial pathophysiology has been hampered by a lack of appropriate model systems. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of a non-transformed urothelial cell line (TRT-HU1), originally explanted from normal tissue and immortalized with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase. We demonstrate responsiveness of the cells to anti-proliferative factor (APF), a glycopeptide implicated in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis. TRT-HU1 carries a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 9, an early genetic lesion in development of bladder cancer. TRT-HU1 urothelial cells displayed growth and migration characteristics similar to the low-grade papilloma cell line RT4. In contrast, we observed marked differences in both phenotype and gene expression profiles between TRT-HU1 and the highly malignant T24 cell line. Together, these findings provide the first demonstration of a non-transformed, continuous urothelial cell line that responds to APF. This cell line will be valuable for studies of both benign and malignant urothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kaczmarek P, Tocci GM, Keay SK, Adams KM, Zhang CO, Koch KR, Grkovic D, Guo L, Michejda CJ, Barchi JJ. Structure-Activity Studies on Antiproliferative Factor (APF) Glycooctapeptide Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:390-4. [PMID: 24900223 DOI: 10.1021/ml100087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiproliferative factor (APF), a sialylated glycopeptide secreted by explanted bladder epithelial cells from interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) patients, and its unsialylated analogue (as-APF) significantly decrease proliferation of bladder epithelial cells and/or certain carcinoma cell lines in vitro. We recently reported a structure-activity relationship profile for the peptide portion of as-APF and revealed that truncation of the C-terminal alanine did not significantly affect antiproliferative activity. To better understand the structural basis for the maintenance of activity of this truncated eight amino acid as-APF (as-APF8), we synthesized several amino acid-substituted derivatives and studied their ability to inhibit bladder epithelial cell proliferation in vitro as well as their solution conformations by CD and NMR spectroscopy. While single amino acid changes to as-APF8 often strongly reduced activity, full potency was retained when the trivaline tail was replaced with three alanines. The Ala(6-8) derivative 9 is the simplest, fully potent APF analogue synthesized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gillian M. Tocci
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory
| | - Susan K. Keay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | | | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Kristopher R. Koch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - David Grkovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Li Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Planey SL, Keay SK, Zhang CO, Zacharias DA. Palmitoylation of cytoskeleton associated protein 4 by DHHC2 regulates antiproliferative factor-mediated signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:1454-63. [PMID: 19144824 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we identified cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) as a major substrate of the palmitoyl acyltransferase, DHHC2, using a novel proteomic method called palmitoyl-cysteine identification, capture and analysis (PICA). CKAP4 is a reversibly palmitoylated and phosphorylated protein that links the ER to the cytoskeleton. It is also a high-affinity receptor for antiproliferative factor (APF), a small sialoglycopeptide secreted from bladder epithelial cells of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). The role of DHHC2-mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 in the antiproliferative response of HeLa and normal bladder epithelial cells to APF was investigated. Our data show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of DHHC2 and consequent suppression of CKAP4 palmitoylation inhibited the ability of APF to regulate cellular proliferation and blocked APF-induced changes in the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and ZO-1 (genes known to play a role in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis). Immunocytochemistry revealed that CKAP4 palmitoylation by DHHC2 is required for its trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane and for its nuclear localization. These data suggest an important role for DHHC2-mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 in IC and in opposing cancer-related cellular behaviors and support the idea that DHHC2 is a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia L Planey
- Whitney Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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Kim J, Keay SK, Freeman MR. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor functionally antagonizes interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation. BJU Int 2008; 103:541-6. [PMID: 18990151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the mechanism underlying the potential functional relationship between interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), as APF has previously been shown to decrease the proliferation rate of normal bladder epithelial cells and the amount of HB-EGF produced by these cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS APF-responsive T24 transitional carcinoma bladder cells were treated with high-pressure liquid chromatography-purified native APF with or without HB-EGF to determine the involvement of signalling pathways and proliferation by Western blot analysis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)/MAPK assays, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Cyclic stretch induced the secretion of HB-EGF from T24 cells overexpressing the HB-EGF precursor, resulting in enhanced proliferation. T24 cells treated with APF had increased p38MAPK activity and suppressed cell growth, events that were both reversed by treatment with a p38MAPK-selective inhibitor. Activation of Erk/MAPK by HB-EGF was inhibited by APF, and APF did not stimulate p38MAPK in the presence of soluble HB-EGF or when cells overexpressed constitutively secreted HB-EGF. Lastly, APF inhibitory effects on cell growth were attenuated by HB-EGF. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that HB-EGF and APF are functionally antagonistic and signal through parallel MAPK signalling pathways in bladder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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Kaczmarek P, Keay SK, Tocci GM, Koch KR, Zhang CO, Barchi JJ, Grkovic D, Guo L, Michejda CJ. Structure-activity relationship studies for the peptide portion of the bladder epithelial cell antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5974-83. [PMID: 18788730 DOI: 10.1021/jm8002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the peptide portion of antiproliferative factor (APF), a sialylated frizzled-8 related glycopeptide that inhibits normal bladder epithelial and urothelial carcinoma cell proliferation. Glycopeptide derivatives were synthesized by solid-phase methods using standard Fmoc chemistry and purified by RP-HPLC; all intermediate and final products were verified by HPLC-MS and NMR analyses. Antiproliferative activity of each derivative was determined by inhibition of (3)H-thymidine incorporation in primary normal human bladder epithelial cells. Structural components of the peptide segment of APF that proved to be important for biological activity included the presence of at least eight of the nine N-terminal amino acids, a negative charge in the C-terminal amino acid, a free amino group at the N-terminus, maintenance of a specific amino acid sequence in the C-terminal tail, and trans conformation for the peptide bonds. These data provide critical guidelines for optimization of structure in design of APF analogues as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczmarek
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Zhang J, Planey SL, Ceballos C, Stevens SM, Keay SK, Zacharias DA. Identification of CKAP4/p63 as a major substrate of the palmitoyl acyltransferase DHHC2, a putative tumor suppressor, using a novel proteomics method. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1378-88. [PMID: 18296695 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800069-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the post-translational addition of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to specific cysteine residues by a labile thioester linkage. Palmitoylation is mediated by a family of at least 23 palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) characterized by an Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) motif. Many palmitoylated proteins have been identified, but PAT-substrate relationships are mostly unknown. Here we present a method called palmitoyl-cysteine isolation capture and analysis (or PICA) to identify PAT-substrate relationships in a living vertebrate system and demonstrate its effectiveness by identifying CKAP4/p63 as a substrate of DHHC2, a putative tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- The Whitney Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, USA
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Coowanitwong I, Keay SK, Natarajan K, Garimella TS, Mason CW, Grkovic D, Bauer KS. Toxicokinetic study of recombinant human heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (rhHB-EGF) in female Sprague Dawley rats. Pharm Res 2007; 25:542-50. [PMID: 17668298 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of recombinant heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in female Sprague Dawley rats following intra-bladder and intravenous administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS rhHB-EGF was administered once daily for 6 or 27 days at doses of 3, 10, or 30 microg/kg. 125I-rhHB-EGF was administered on day 7 or 28 for pharmacokinetic analysis. Toxicity was assessed by general appearance and behavior, gross necropsy, blood chemistry and microscopic evaluation. RESULTS Plasma AUCss of [125I] rhHB-EGF equivalents following IB administration for 7 days were 4.28+/-2.29, 7.75+/-2.70, and 7.11+/-1.42 ng ml(-1) h(-1) at doses of 3, 10, and 30 microg/kg, respectively. Following IV administration, the AUCss on day 7 increased from 27.0+/-2.66 to 124+/-5.09 and 385.11+/-7.57 ng ml(-1) h(-1) with increasing the dose from 3 to 10 and 30 microg/kg. Similar AUCss data was obtained after 28 day administration. No toxicity was evident upon gross examination. Histologic examination revealed subacute inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration of the urinary bladder in animals from all groups dosed by the IB route. CONCLUSIONS Plasma and bladder concentrations of recombinant human [125I] rhHB-EGF equivalents were significantly lower following the IB route than following IV administration. Histologic tissue examination indicated no toxicity attributable to rhHB-EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intira Coowanitwong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Kim J, Keay SK, Dimitrakov JD, Freeman MR. p53 mediates interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF)-induced growth inhibition of human urothelial cells. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3795-9. [PMID: 17628545 PMCID: PMC1939966 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a sialoglycopeptide elevated in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis, a urinary bladder disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by chronic pelvic pain. The present study was directed toward uncovering a pathway through which APF signals. Treatment of human urothelial cells with native APF resulted in growth inhibition accompanied by blockade of cell cycle transit and increased p53. Reduced expression of p53 by RNA interference diminished, while ectopic expression of p53 mimicked, the effects of APF. These are the first findings implicating the network of p53 target genes in urothelial defects associated with interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- The Urological Diseases Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhang CO, Guo L, Keay SK. 297: Decreased Expression of Claudins 1, 4 and 8 in Bladder Epithelial Cell Explants from Interstitial Cystitis Patients as Compared to Normal Controls. J Urol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(18)30562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kim J, Keay SK, Dimitrakov JD, Freeman MR. 1379: P53 As a Downstream Mediator of Signaling by Antiproliferative Factor (APF). J Urol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(18)31593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Erickson DR, Kunselman AR, Bentley CM, Peters KM, Rovner ES, Demers LM, Wheeler MA, Keay SK. Changes in urine markers and symptoms after bladder distention for interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2007; 177:556-60. [PMID: 17222633 PMCID: PMC2373609 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated changes in urine markers and symptom scores after bladder distention in patients with interstitial cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study subjects were 33 new patients who had undergone no prior interstitial cystitis treatment. Urine specimens were taken before and 1 month after bladder distention. University of Wisconsin symptom scores were done the same day as the urine specimen collection. Urine marker levels and symptom scores before and after distention were compared. Changes in markers were tested for associations with changes in symptom scores and other markers. Markers and specific symptoms before distention were tested for their association with post-distention symptom improvement. RESULTS After distention the median total University of Wisconsin score decreased significantly (28.5 before, 20 after, p <0.001). A total of 12 patients (36%) had at least 30% improvement in University of Wisconsin score, and 8 patients (24%) had at least 50% improvement. No pre-distention markers or symptoms predicted which patients would have a good response. There were 2 urine markers that improved significantly after distention: anti-proliferative factor activity (median -96% before, -17% after, p <0.001) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor levels (median 0.34 ng/mg creatinine before, 4.1 after, p <0.001). None of the changes in urine markers associated with changes in symptom scores. CONCLUSIONS The median symptom score for newly diagnosed patients with interstitial cystitis decreased after distention, but only a minority of patients had at least 30% symptom improvement. Bladder distention altered urine anti-proliferative factor activity and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor levels toward normal, but the mechanism of symptom relief after distention is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Erickson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA.
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Conrads TP, Tocci GM, Hood BL, Zhang CO, Guo L, Koch KR, Michejda CJ, Veenstra TD, Keay SK. CKAP4/p63 is a receptor for the frizzled-8 protein-related antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37836-43. [PMID: 17030514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604581200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a low molecular weight sialoglycopeptide that is secreted by bladder cells from interstitial cystitis patients and is a potent inhibitor of both normal bladder epithelial and bladder carcinoma cell proliferation. We hypothesized that APF may produce its antiproliferative effects by binding to a transmembrane receptor. This study demonstrates that cytoskeleton-associated protein 4/p63 (CKAP4/p63), a type II transmembrane receptor, binds with high affinity to APF. The antiproliferative activity of APF is effectively inhibited by preincubation with anti-CKAP4/p63-specific antibodies, as well as by short interfering RNA knockdown of CKAP4/p63. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy showed co-localization of anti-CKAP4/p63 and rhodamine-labeled synthetic APF binding in both cell membrane and perinuclear areas. APF also inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cervical carcinoma cells that are known to express CKAP4/p63. These data indicate that CKAP4/p63 is an important epithelial cell receptor for APF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD, Arbeit RD, Simberkoff MS, Gershon AA, Davis LE, Weinberg A, Boardman KD, Williams HM, Zhang JH, Peduzzi PN, Beisel CE, Morrison VA, Guatelli JC, Brooks PA, Kauffman CA, Pachucki CT, Neuzil KM, Betts RF, Wright PF, Griffin MR, Brunell P, Soto NE, Marques AR, Keay SK, Goodman RP, Cotton DJ, Gnann JW, Loutit J, Holodniy M, Keitel WA, Crawford GE, Yeh SS, Lobo Z, Toney JF, Greenberg RN, Keller PM, Harbecke R, Hayward AR, Irwin MR, Kyriakides TC, Chan CY, Chan ISF, Wang WWB, Annunziato PW, Silber JL. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2271-84. [PMID: 15930418 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1500] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and severity of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia increase with age in association with a progressive decline in cell-mediated immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We tested the hypothesis that vaccination against VZV would decrease the incidence, severity, or both of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia among older adults. METHODS We enrolled 38,546 adults 60 years of age or older in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an investigational live attenuated Oka/Merck VZV vaccine ("zoster vaccine"). Herpes zoster was diagnosed according to clinical and laboratory criteria. The pain and discomfort associated with herpes zoster were measured repeatedly for six months. The primary end point was the burden of illness due to herpes zoster, a measure affected by the incidence, severity, and duration of the associated pain and discomfort. The secondary end point was the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. RESULTS More than 95 percent of the subjects continued in the study to its completion, with a median of 3.12 years of surveillance for herpes zoster. A total of 957 confirmed cases of herpes zoster (315 among vaccine recipients and 642 among placebo recipients) and 107 cases of postherpetic neuralgia (27 among vaccine recipients and 80 among placebo recipients) were included in the efficacy analysis. The use of the zoster vaccine reduced the burden of illness due to herpes zoster by 61.1 percent (P<0.001), reduced the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia by 66.5 percent (P<0.001), and reduced the incidence of herpes zoster by 51.3 percent (P<0.001). Reactions at the injection site were more frequent among vaccine recipients but were generally mild. CONCLUSIONS The zoster vaccine markedly reduced morbidity from herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Oxman
- Shingles Prevention Study (Mail code 111F-1), VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161,USA.
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Erickson DR, Tomaszewski JE, Kunselman AR, Bentley CM, Peters KM, Rovner ES, Demers LM, Wheeler MA, Keay SK. Do the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases cystoscopic criteria associate with other clinical and objective features of interstitial cystitis? J Urol 2005; 173:93-7. [PMID: 15592040 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000146466.71311.ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared urine markers, bladder biopsy findings and clinical features of patients with symptoms of interstitial cystitis (IC) who did or did not meet the cystoscopic criteria defined by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine markers and symptom questionnaires were measured before and 1 month after bladder distention for IC. Bladder biopsies were taken at the time of distention. At distention patients were defined as meeting or not meeting the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases established cystoscopic criteria for IC. The 2 patient groups were compared. RESULTS Urine marker levels were similar for the 2 groups, including antiproliferative factor, epidermal growth factor, heparin binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, interleukins 6 and 8, and methylhistamine. Bladder biopsy features were similar for the 2 groups. Bladder capacity with the patients under anesthesia was higher in those who did not meet the criteria (median 750 vs 1,000 ml, p = 0.005). Median age at symptom onset was 26 years in both groups. On the University of Wisconsin symptom scale patients who met the criteria had higher scores for daytime frequency (p = 0.002) and nocturia (p = 0.01). Symptom characteristics and symptom response after bladder distention were similar for the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Patients who met the cystoscopic criteria had worse daytime frequency and nocturia, and lower bladder capacity under anesthesia. However, the 2 groups had similar urine markers and bladder biopsy findings. The cystoscopic criteria do not appear to identify a distinct pathophysiological subset of patients with IC symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Erickson
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Van QN, Klose JR, Lucas DA, Prieto DA, Luke B, Collins J, Burt SK, Chmurny GN, Issaq HJ, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Keay SK. The use of urine proteomic and metabonomic patterns for the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis and bacterial cystitis. Dis Markers 2004; 19:169-83. [PMID: 15258332 PMCID: PMC3850593 DOI: 10.1155/2004/530647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The advent of systems biology approaches that have stemmed from the sequencing of the human genome has led to the search for new methods to diagnose diseases. While much effort has been focused on the identification of disease-specific biomarkers, recent efforts are underway toward the use of proteomic and metabonomic patterns to indicate disease. We have developed and contrasted the use of both proteomic and metabonomic patterns in urine for the detection of interstitial cystitis (IC). The methodology relies on advanced bioinformatics to scrutinize information contained within mass spectrometry (MS) and high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectral patterns to distinguish IC-affected from non-affected individuals as well as those suffering from bacterial cystitis (BC). We have applied a novel pattern recognition tool that employs an unsupervised system (self-organizing-type cluster mapping) as a fitness test for a supervised system (a genetic algorithm). With this approach, a training set comprised of mass spectra and 1H-NMR spectra from urine derived from either unaffected individuals or patients with IC is employed so that the most fit combination of relative, normalized intensity features defined at precise m/z or chemical shift values plotted in n-space can reliably distinguish the cohorts used in training. Using this bioinformatic approach, we were able to discriminate spectral patterns associated with IC-affected, BC-affected, and unaffected patients with a success rate of approximately 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que N. Van
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - John R. Klose
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - David A. Lucas
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - DaRue A. Prieto
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Brian Luke
- Advanced Biomedical Computer CenterSAIC-Frederick Inc.NCI-FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jack Collins
- Advanced Biomedical Computer CenterSAIC-Frederick Inc.NCI-FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Stanley K. Burt
- Advanced Biomedical Computer CenterSAIC-Frederick Inc.NCI-FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Gwendolyn N. Chmurny
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Haleem J. Issaq
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Timothy D. Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical TechnologiesSAIC-FrederickInc.NCI FrederickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Susan K. Keay
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD 21201USA
- Research ServiceVA Maryland Health Care SystemBaltimoreMD 21201USA
- *Susan K. Keay:
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Keay SK, Szekely Z, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Barchi JJ, Zhang CO, Koch KR, Michejda CJ. An antiproliferative factor from interstitial cystitis patients is a frizzled 8 protein-related sialoglycopeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11803-8. [PMID: 15282374 PMCID: PMC511055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404509101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis, a chronic painful urinary bladder disorder characterized by thinning or ulceration of the bladder epithelial lining; its etiology is unknown. We have identified a glycosylated frizzled-related peptide inhibitor of cell proliferation that is secreted specifically by bladder epithelial cells from patients with this disorder. This antiproliferative factor (APF) profoundly inhibits bladder cell proliferation by means of regulation of cell adhesion protein and growth factor production. The structure of APF was deduced by using ion trap mass spectrometry (MS), enzymatic digestion, lectin affinity chromatography, and total synthesis, and confirmed by coelution of native and synthetic APF derivatives on microcapillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography (microRPLC)/MS. APF was determined to be an acidic, heat-stable sialoglycopeptide whose peptide chain has 100% homology to the putative sixth transmembrane domain of frizzled 8. Both synthetic and native APF had identical biological activity in normal bladder epithelial cells and T24 bladder cancer cells. Northern blot analysis indicated binding of a probe containing the sequence for the frizzled 8 segment with mRNA extracted from cells of patients with interstitial cystitis but not controls. APF is therefore a frizzled-related peptide growth inhibitor shown to contain exclusively a transmembrane segment of a frizzled protein and is a potential biomarker for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Keay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Rashid HH, Reeder JE, O'Connell MJ, Zhang CO, Messing EM, Keay SK. Interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) as a cell-cycle modulator. BMC Urol 2004; 4:3. [PMID: 15068487 PMCID: PMC411044 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disorder of unknown etiology. Antiproliferative factor (APF), a peptide found in the urine of IC patients, has previously been shown to decrease incorporation of thymidine by normal bladder epithelial cells. This study was performed to determine the effect of APF on the cell cycle of bladder epithelial cells so as to better understand its antiproliferative activity. Methods Explant cultures from normal bladder biopsy specimens were exposed to APF or mock control. DNA cytometry was performed using an automated image analysis system. Cell cycle phase fractions were calculated from the DNA frequency distributions and compared by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results APF exposure produced statistically significant increases in the proportion of tetraploid and hypertetraploid cells compared to mock control preparations, suggesting a G2 and/or M phase cell cycle block and the production of polyploidy. Conclusions APF has a specific effect on cell cycle distributions. The presence of a peptide with this activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis through disruption of normal urothelial proliferation and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani H Rashid
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jay E Reeder
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mary J O'Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Chen-Ou Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center and Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward M Messing
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Susan K Keay
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center and Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Erickson DR, Xie SX, Bhavanandan VP, Wheeler MA, Hurst RE, Demers LM, Kushner L, Keay SK. A comparison of multiple urine markers for interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2002; 167:2461-9. [PMID: 11992058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We measured several urine markers in 24-hour specimens from patients with interstitial cystitis and healthy controls. For each marker we determined whether the urine level was significantly different in interstitial cystitis and control cases, and whether the marker level correlated with the symptom score. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study participants included 36 female patients with interstitial cystitis and 36 age matched female volunteers. Multiple urine aliquots were obtained to measure the various markers. RESULTS Certain markers were significantly increased in interstitial cystitis, including anti-proliferative factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 and interleukin (IL)-6. Markers significantly decreased in interstitial cystitis were heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and methylhistamine. Other markers were not significantly different in the interstitial cystitis and control groups, including total glycosaminoglycans, epitectin, hyaluronic acid, IL-8, IL-1 and nitrates plus nitrites. IGF-1 was undetectable in 24-hour urine samples but spot voided samples from the same interstitial cystitis population had IGF-1 levels similar to previously reported levels. The only significant association of marker with symptom score was a positive correlation of IL-6 with nocturia. For all markers the conclusions were the same whether the marker was normalized to creatinine or to 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed several previously reported urine alterations in interstitial cystitis, including increased anti-proliferative factor, epidermal growth factor, IGF binding protein-3 and IL-6, and decreased heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Of all markers studied anti-proliferative factor had the least overlap in the interstitial cystitis and control groups, and so it is the most likely candidate to become a diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Erickson
- Division of Urology, Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder disorder of unknown aaetiology. Although several investigators have attempted to identify an infectious cause for IC, none has yet been found. Our own studies to search for an infectious cause discovered instead, a toxic factor in the urine of approximately 95% of IC patients that is made by and inhibits, the normal proliferation of bladder epithelial cells. Additional research is necessary to determine whether this factor is encoded by the eucaryotic cells themselves or an unidentified intracellular microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Keay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Keay SK, Zhang CO, Shoenfelt J, Erickson DR, Whitmore K, Warren JW, Marvel R, Chai T. Sensitivity and specificity of antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor as urine markers for interstitial cystitis. Urology 2002; 57:9-14. [PMID: 11378043 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously determined that the urine of interstitial cystitis (IC) patients specifically contains a factor (antiproliferative factor [APF]) that inhibits primary bladder epithelial cell proliferation, and that it has significantly decreased levels of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and increased levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) compared with urine from asymptomatic controls and patients with bacterial cystitis. We sought to confirm the specificity of these findings for IC using a larger patient population, including control patients with a variety of urogenital disorders. Clean catch urine specimens were collected from 219 symptomatic IC patients, 113 asymptomatic controls without bladder disease, and 211 patients with various urogenital diseases including acute bacterial cystitis, vulvovaginitis, chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, overactive bladder, hematuria, stress incontinence, neurogenic bladder, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder or pelvic pain without voiding symptoms, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, or miscellaneous diagnoses including anatomic disorders. APF activity was determined by (3)H-thymidine incorporation into primary normal adult human bladder epithelial cells. HB-EGF and EGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. APF activity was present significantly more often in IC than control urine specimens (P <0.005 for IC vs any control group; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 95%, P <10(-82) for IC vs all controls). HB-EGF levels were also significantly lower and EGF levels significantly higher in IC urine than in specimens from controls (P <10(-84) and P <10(-36), respectively). These findings confirm the utility of APF, HB-EGF, and EGF as markers for IC. Understanding the reasons for altered levels of these markers may lead to understanding the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Keay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Appropriate diagnostic tests for interstitial cystitis remain uncertain. One or more promising markers for this disease have been described which may provide a noninvasive means for diagnosis as well as clues to pathogenesis of this disease. Treatment remains empiric.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Erickson DR, Morgan KC, Ordille S, Keay SK, Xie SX. Nonbladder related symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2001; 166:557-61; discussion 561-2. [PMID: 11458068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical experience and epidemiological studies suggest that patients with interstitial cystitis have multiple nonbladder related symptoms. However, to our knowledge this finding has not been tested with a validated questionnaire and matched controls. With the University of Wisconsin scale, we compare the scores for patients with interstitial cystitis to those for control subjects. This validated questionnaire includes 7 bladder and 18 reference symptoms not related to the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 35 female patients with interstitial cystitis and 35 age matched female controls completed the University of Wisconsin questionnaire. RESULTS For the 7 bladder symptoms the difference between interstitial cystitis and control groups was extremely significant (p = 0.0001). Patients with interstitial cystitis had higher scores than controls for 2 reference symptoms, including other pelvic discomfort, backache, dizziness, chest pain, aches in joints, abdominal cramps, nausea, heart pounding and headache (p <0.01). However, they did not have higher scores for blind spots and/or blurred vision, numbness and/or tingling in fingers or toes, swollen ankles, feeling of suffocation, sore throat, cough, flu, nasal congestion and ringing in ears. The majority of patients with interstitial cystitis had a 0 score for all but 2 of the reference symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Patients with interstitial cystitis had increased scores for 9 reference symptoms but did not indiscriminately report high scores for generalized complaints. This result suggests that in some cases of interstitial cystitis the pathophysiology may affect other organ systems besides the bladder. Alternatively, some of these symptoms may result from changes in sleep pattern or other factors associated with interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Erickson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology and Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Our objective was to determine whether there is a greater concordance of interstitial cystitis (IC) among monozygotic than dizygotic twins. Members of the Interstitial Cystitis Association (ICA) who responded to a survey about first-degree family members with IC symptoms or confirmed IC were requested to identify themselves if they were 1 of a twin pair. Each twin respondent and co-twin were then evaluated via a questionnaire and acquisition of hydrodistention reports as to their meeting modified National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) criteria for IC. Of the co-twins of 8 monozygotic twin respondents, 2 had probable and 3 had confirmed IC compared with none of the co-twins of the 26 dizygotic twin respondents (including 15 female co-twins). There is a greater concordance of IC among monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs suggesting a genetic susceptibility to IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Warren
- University of Maryland, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Warren JW, Horne LM, Hebel JR, Marvel RP, Keay SK, Chai TC. Pilot study of sequential oral antibiotics for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2000; 163:1685-8. [PMID: 10799160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interstitial cystitis is a chronic disease of unknown etiology characterized by bladder pain, urgency and frequency. Although a single microbe has not been implicated as a cause of interstitial cystitis, several groups noted various organisms in the urine of some women with interstitial cystitis and some patients reported that antibiotics decrease symptoms. Consequently we performed a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled pilot study of sequential oral antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We randomized 50 patients with interstitial cystitis to receive 18 weeks of placebo or antibiotics, including rifampin plus a sequence of doxycycline, erythromycin, metronidazole, clindamycin, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks each. RESULTS Intent to treat analysis demonstrated that 12 of 25 patients (48%) in the antibiotic and 6 of 25 (24%) in the placebo group reported overall improvement (p = 0.14), while 10 and 5, respectively, noticed improvement in pain and urgency (p = 0.22). In the antibiotic group 20 participants (80%) had adverse effects compared with 10 (40%) in the placebo group (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that these antibiotics alone or in combination may sometimes be associated with decreased symptoms in some patients but they do not represent a major advance in therapy for interstitial cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lim JK, Gunther NW, Zhao H, Johnson DE, Keay SK, Mobley HL. In vivo phase variation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbrial genes in women with urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3303-10. [PMID: 9632599 PMCID: PMC108346 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3303-3310.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1997] [Accepted: 04/21/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae, expressed by most Escherichia coli strains, are thought to attach to human uroepithelium as an initial step in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTI). Numerous reports using both in vitro and murine models support this role for type 1 fimbriae in colonization. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have directly examined the expression of fimbriae in vivo. To determine whether type 1 fimbrial genes are transcribed during an acute UTI, we employed a modification of an established method. The orientation (ON or OFF) of the invertible promoter element, which drives transcription of type 1 fimbrial genes, was determined by PCR amplification using primers that flank the invertible element, followed by SnaBI digestion. The orientation of the type 1 fimbrial switch was determined under three experimental conditions. First, E. coli strains from different clinical sources (acute pyelonephritis patients, cystitis patients, and fecal controls) were tested under different in vitro culture conditions (agar versus broth; aerated versus static). The genes in the more-virulent strains (those causing acute pyelonephritis) demonstrated a resistance, in aerated broth, to switching from OFF to ON, while those in fecal strains readily switched from OFF to ON. Second, bladder and kidney tissue from CBA mice transurethrally inoculated with E. coli CFT073 (an established murine model of ascending UTI) was assayed. The switches directly amplified from infected bladder and kidney tissues were estimated to be 33 and 39% ON, respectively, by using a standard curve. Finally, bacteria present in urine samples collected from women with cystitis were tested for type 1 fimbria switch orientation. For all 11 cases, an average of only 4% of the switches in the bacteria in the urine were ON. In 7 of the 11 cases, we found that all of the visible type 1 fimbrial switches were in the OFF position (upper limit of detection of assay, 98% OFF). Strains recovered from these urine samples, however, were shown after culture in vitro to be capable of switching the fimbrial gene to the ON position and expressing mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin. The results from experimental infections and cases of cystitis in women suggest that type 1 fimbrial genes are transcribed both in the bladder and in the kidney. However, those bacteria found in the urine and not attached to the uroepithelium are not transcriptionally active for type 1 fimbrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Abstract
A monoclonal antibody was made which identifies a 160-180 kDa structural protein in guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infected cells by Western blot using non-reducing conditions. This protein was shown to be a virion structural protein by purification of GPCMV on a density viscosity gradient and Western blot analysis. Phosphoanacetic acid (PAA) experiments suggest that the protein is a late GPCMV protein. In vitro the monoclonal antibody labels a cytoplasmic protein in infected guinea pig embryo fibroblasts by 12 h postinfection. The monoclonal antibody also identifies GPCMV infected cells in vivo in paraffin embedded formalin fixed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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